A History of the World

by Andrew Marr

  Portugal/Portuguese ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  and colonization ref 1, ref 2

  and imperialism ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  rivalry with Spain ref 1

  and slave trade ref 1

  and trade ref 1

  Potemkin, Prince ref 1

  Potosí (Bolivia) ref 1

  Prague Spring (1968) ref 1

  press-gangs ref 1

  Priestley, Joseph ref 1

  Prinsep, James ref 1

  printing press, invention of ref 1

  Protestants ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Dutch ref 1, ref 2

  expulsion from Antwerp (1585) ref 1

  in France ref 1

  see also Reformation

  Prussia ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, see also Frederick the Great

  Ptolemy I, King of Egypt ref 1

  Ptolemy II ref 1

  Ptolemy III ref 1

  Ptolemy XII ref 1

  Ptolemy XIII ref 1

  Punic wars ref 1, ref 2

  puritanism ref 1, ref 2

  Pyrrhus, King of Epirus ref 1

  Qianlong, Emperor ref 1

  Qing dynasty ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  racism ref 1

  railways

  Britain ref 1

  United States ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Rameses III ref 1

  Rape of Nanking (1938) ref 1

  Reagan, Ronald ref 1

  Red Brigades ref 1

  Rees, Martin ref 1

  Reformation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Register, Katherine ref 1

  religion ref 1

  Africa ref 1

  ancient China ref 1, ref 2

  ancient Greece ref 1

  Byzantium ref 1

  hunter-gatherer societies ref 1

  Mesopotamia ref 1

  Minoan ref 1

  Roman ref 1, ref 2

  see also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Judaism

  Renaissance ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  revolutions (1848) ref 1, ref 2

  Ricardo, David ref 1

  Richelieu, Cardinal ref 1

  Rig Vedas ref 1

  Rivera, Primo de ref 1

  Robespierre, Maximilien ref 1, ref 2

  Rock, John ref 1

  Rockefeller, John D. ref 1

  Roebuck, John ref 1

  Roger II, King of Sicily ref 1

  Röhm, Ernst ref 1

  Romania ref 1, ref 2

  Romanovs ref 1

  Romans/Roman Empire ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and Augustus ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  and Caesar see Caesar, Julius

  and Christianity ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  collapse ref 1, ref 2

  conquest of Judah by Pompey ref 1

  corruption and decadence ref 1

  destruction of Gauls by Caesar ref 1

  gladiatorial fights ref 1

  grandeur and prosperity ref 1

  Jewish revolt against ref 1

  links with Han China ref 1

  military system and subjugation of foes ref 1

  money and politics ref 1, ref 2

  origins ref 1

  and Ptolemaic Egypt ref 1, ref 2

  Punic Wars and destruction of Carthage ref 1, ref 2

  religion and belief system ref 1, ref 2

  rise of ref 1

  rule of by Etruscans ref 1

  Senate ref 1

  society ref 1, ref 2

  and Spartacus revolt ref 1, ref 2

  taxation ref 1

  war against Greeks ref 1, ref 2

  Rome ref 1

  sacking of by Arabs (846) ref 1

  Romulus and Remus ref 1, ref 2

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Rosetta stone ref 1

  roundhouses ref 1, ref 2

  Roxana (wife of Alexander the Great) ref 1

  Royal Navy ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8

  Royal Society ref 1

  rubber ref 1

  ruling class, and first cities ref 1, ref 2

  Run ref 1

  Rurik ref 1

  Rus (Vikings) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Russell, William Howard ref 1

  Russia (pre-Soviet) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  agriculture ref 1

  conflict with Muslim khans ref 1

  conversion to Christianity of early ref 1

  and Crimean War ref 1

  Decembrist revolt ref 1

  emancipation of serfs ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  emergence of Moscow as dominant power ref 1

  expansion of empire ref 1

  February Revolution (1917) ref 1

  and First World War ref 1, ref 2

  fur trade ref 1

  industrial development ref 1

  instability of autocratic system ref 1

  invasion of Siberia ref 1

  and Ivan the Terrible ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Mongol invasions ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  October Revolution (1917) ref 1

  peasant rebellions ref 1, ref 2

  serfdom ref 1

  and Stroganovs ref 1

  and Vikings ref 1

  Russia (post Soviet) ref 1

  Ryoma, Sakamoto ref 1

  Saba/Sabaeans ref 1

  Sacks, Jonathan ref 1

  Saddam Hussein ref 1, ref 2

  Sahara ref 1

  St Peter’s Basilica (Rome) ref 1, ref 2

  St Petersburg ref 1

  Saint-Domingue (Haiti) ref 1

  sakoku ref 1

  Salome, Queen ref 1

  SALT 1 ref 1

  salt trade (Africa) ref 1

  Samaria ref 1

  Samaritans ref 1

  Samarkand ref 1, ref 2

  samurai ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  San Martín, José de ref 1

  San Salvador ref 1

  Sancho, Pedro ref 1

  Sand, Shlomo ref 1

  Sanger, Margaret ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Sanskrit ref 1, ref 2

  Saracens ref 1

  Sargon of Akkad ref 1

  Sarpi, Friar Paolo ref 1

  Sassanids ref 1

  Saturn ref 1

  satyagraha ref 1

  Saul see Paul, St

  Savery, Thomas ref 1

  Scandinavia ref 1

  Schacht, Hjalmar ref 1

  Schliemann, Heinrich ref 1, ref 2

  Schmalkaldic League ref 1

  Schwartz, Jack ref 1

  science ref 1

  Scipio Africanus ref 1

  Scotland ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  kingship ref 1

  and Presbyterianism ref 1, ref 2

  Union with England (1707) ref 1

  Scottish Enlightenment ref 1, ref 2

  Scotus, Duns ref 1

  ‘sea peoples’ ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sebastopol, siege of (1854/5) ref 1

  Second World War (1939–45) ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Allied invasion of France (1944) ref 1

  battles and leaders ref 1

  death toll ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  defeat of Luftwaffe by Britain ref 1, ref 2

  invasion of Soviet Union by Germany ref 1, ref 2

  morals drawn from ref 1

  Pearl Harbor attack and US entry into ref 1

  suing for peace by British speculation ref 1

  US destruction of Japanese in Pacific ref 1

  Secret History of the Mongols, The ref 1, ref 2

  Seko, Mobuto Sese ref 1

  Seleucids ref 1, ref 2

  Seleucus Nicator ref 1

  September 11 (2001) ref 1

  serfs/serfdom ref 1, ref 2

  emancipation of Russian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  settlements

  emergence of first ref 1

  Neolithic ref 1

  Seven Years War ref 1, ref 2

 
; Sforza, Galeazzo Maria ref 1

  Sforza, Ludovico, Duke of Milan ref 1, ref 2

  Shaftesbury, Earl of ref 1

  Shang dynasty ref 1, ref 2

  Shang, Lord ref 1

  Shang-Shu (Book of History) ref 1

  Shangdu (Xanadu) ref 1, ref 2

  Sheba, Queen of ref 1

  Sherman, William ref 1

  Shetland ref 1

  Shia Muslims ref 1

  Shikibu, Murasaki

  The Tale of Genji ref 1

  Shivaji ref 1

  Siberia ref 1

  Sibir, khanata of ref 1

  Sicily ref 1

  Siddhartha Gautama see Buddha

  Silbury ref 1

  Silesia ref 1

  Silk Road ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sima Qian ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Singh, Jaipal ref 1

  Singularity, the ref 1, ref 2

  Sioux ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Skara Brae (Orkney) ref 1

  slave trade/slavery ref 1

  Africa ref 1, ref 2

  and American Civil War ref 1, ref 2

  and Athens ref 1

  Atlantic ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  cruelty of ref 1

  enslavement of Christians by Muslims ref 1

  and Haitian Revolt ref 1

  and Middle Passage ref 1

  outlawing of by Britain ref 1

  and United States ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and US Declaration of Emancipation ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Slavs ref 1, ref 2

  smallpox ref 1, ref 2

  Smith, Adam ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Snyder, Timothy

  Bloodlines ref 1

  social democracy ref 1

  Socrates ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  soil ref 1, ref 2

  Solidarity ref 1, ref 2

  Solon ref 1

  Solzhenitzyn, Alexander ref 1

  Song dynasty ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Songhai ref 1, ref 2

  South Africa

  apartheid ref 1

  Dutch settlements in ref 1

  South Sea Bubble ref 1

  Sovereign of the Seas ref 1

  Soviet Union ref 1

  arms race with United States ref 1

  and China ref 1, ref 2

  collapse of ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  and Cuban Missile Crisis ref 1

  and Gorbachev ref 1, ref 2

  invasion of Afghanistan (1978–9) ref 1, ref 2

  and Khrushchev ref 1, ref 2

  killing of kulaks ref 1

  nuclear weapons ref 1, ref 2

  and Second World War ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  see also Russia

  Spain/Spanish ref 1

  break-up of Muslim ref 1, ref 2

  Christian ‘reconquest’ of ref 1

  colonization of Americas ref 1

  colonization of Canary Islands ref 1

  conquest of Aztec empire ref 1

  conquest of by Muslims ref 1, 197 see also

  al-Andalus

  conquest of Incas ref 1

  and Dutch wars of independence ref 1

  encomienda ref 1

  and imperialism ref 1, ref 2

  rivalry with Portuguese ref 1

  Second Republic ref 1

  Spanish Civil War ref 1

  Spanish Inquisition ref 1, ref 2

  Sparta/Spartans ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

  Spartacus war ref 1, ref 2

  Speke, John ref 1

  Spice Islands ref 1, ref 2

  spices ref 1

  Spring and Autumn Annals, The ref 1

  Sputnik ref 1

  Stalin, Joseph ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

  Stamp Act (1756) ref 1

  stamp-seals ref 1

  Stanley, Henry Morton ref 1, ref 2

  steam engines ref 1, ref 2

  Newcomen ref 1, ref 2

  Watt ref 1, ref 2

  Stephen ref 1

  stock market

  development of first by Dutch ref 1

  Stone Age ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Stone, I.F. ref 1

  Stonehenge ref 1

  Stopes, Marie ref 1

  Stringer, Chris ref 1, ref 2

  Stroganovs ref 1, ref 2

  Stuarts ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Suez Canal ref 1

  Suleiman the Magnificent ref 1

  Sulla ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  Sumatra, volcanic eruption ref 1

  Sumerians ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Summer Palace (China) ref 1

  Sun ref 1, ref 2

  Sun Yat-sen ref 1

  Sunni Muslims ref 1

  Sutherland, Earl of ref 1

  swastika ref 1

  Sweden ref 1

  Sweet Track (Somerset) ref 1

  Swing Riots (1830) ref 1

  syphilis ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

  Syracuse ref 1, ref 2

  Syria ref 1

  Szilard, Leo ref 1

  Taíno ref 1, ref 2

  Taiping Rebellion (1850–64) ref 1, ref 2

  Taiwan ref 1

  Taj Mahal ref 1, ref 2

  Takamori, Saigo ref 1, ref 2

  Taliban ref 1, ref 2

  Tang dynasty ref 1

  Tangut ref 1

  Tarsus ref 1

  Tatars ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

  taxation, Roman ref 1

  tea ref 1

  telescope, invention of ref 1

  Tenochtitlán ref 1

  Teotihuacán (Mexico) ref 1

  Teresa of Avila, St ref 1

  ‘terracotta army’ ref 1, ref 2

  Tetzel, Johann ref 1

  Teutonic knights ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Thatcher, Margaret ref 1

  Thebes ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

  Theodora ref 1

  Theodoric ref 1

  Theodosius, Emperor ref 1

  Thermidorian Reaction ref 1