13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 See “Amateur Actors on the Stage,” Washington Post, June 4, 1889, p. 4; “Graduates of Martyn College,” Washington Post, June 5, 1889, p. 7. “Miss Bel Irene Wall will appear in Junior Excelsior’s Ovation, June 19, at the Metropolitan Church,” classified advertisement, Washington Post, June 16, 1889, p. 2; Edmund Shaftesbury, Lessons in the Mechanics of Personal Magnetism (Washington, D.C.: Martyn College Press, 1888), title page; and Isabel Irene Elterich, “Ebony, Ivory and Cologne,” Roycroft 1 (1917), p. 121.
16 1900 U.S. Census, Queens County, N.Y. According to immigration records, G. Otto Elterich completed six trips to Europe between 1904 and 1906. See New York Passenger Lists, 1820-1957, Ancestry.com.
17 “Drown in the Thames,” Washington Post, June 8, 1907, p. 3.
18 Ibid.
19 Isabel I. Elterich, Shield for Ladies Drawers, Patent No. 872,172; Isabel Wall Elterich, The Girl of the Golden Future (East Aurora, N.Y.: The Roycrofters, 1918), p. 45; see also Lara Freidenfelds, The Modern Period: Menstruation in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009).
20 Elterich, Girl of Golden Future, pp. 13, 21, 23, 29-30, 44.
21 Ibid., pp. 5, 32, 34.
22 Elterich, “Ebony, Ivory and Cologne,” pp. 121-22; see also Ann Mikkelsen, “From Sympathy to Empathy: Anzia Yezierska and the Transformation of the American Subject,” American Literature 82 (2010), pp. 361ff.
23 Whittemore interview.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.; see generally Lorraine B. Diehl and Marianne Hardart, The Automat: The History, Recipes, and Allure of Horn & Hardart’s Masterpiece (New York: Clarkson Potter, 2002).
26 Whittemore interview; Marshall Berman, On the Town: One Hundred Years of Spectacle in Times Square (New York: Random House, 2006), pp. 204-5; Darcy Tell, Times Square Spectacular (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), pp. 119-21.
27 Whittemore interview.
28 Ibid.
29 “Return District Boys to Face Theft Charge,” Washington Post, September 2, 1923, p. 6.
30 “Hit-and-Run Charge Nets 45 Days in Jail,” Washington Post, July 7, 1928, p. 16; “Langdon Held, Denies Part in Girl’s Slaying,” Washington Post, January 4, 1931, p. M1.
31 “Roscoe Orin Wall ..., who also goes under the name of Stephen Roscoe Gates, has been sued by his wife for limited divorce and maintenance, ... and he is apparently avoiding service of process in that suit”: see Wilson L. Townsend to Register of Wills, Washington, D.C., August 25, 1934, In re: Estate of Stephen Roscoe Wall, No. 47085, photocopy courtesy of Thomas L. Murphy.
32 Record in Murphy v. State, 184 Md. 70 (Md. 1944) (No. 52), Maryland State Archives, Annapolis.
33 Thomas L. Murphy, interview by author, October 28, 2005, Hampton, Ga.; Murphy v. State, p. 80.
34 Murphy v. State, p. 75; “Maryland Garage Operator Sentenced to Die for Rape,” Washington Post, April 29, 1944, p. 1; “Death Sentence in Rape Upheld by Md. Court,” Washington Post, December 14, 1944, p. 9.
35 “Maryland Garage Operator Sentenced to Die for Rape,” Washington Post, April 29, 1944, p. 1.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 “Convicted Rapist Hanged in State Penitentiary,” Baltimore Sun, July 20, 1945, p. 22.
39 Whittemore interview.
EPILOGUE
1 Hart Gibson, “The Race Problem,” Pettit Collection.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.; George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914 (New York: Harper and Row, 1971), pp. 228-55.
4 Gibson, “Race Problem.”
5 Freda Spencer Goble, interview by author, August 29, 2005, Paintsville, Ky.
6 See, e.g., Edward Ball, Slaves in the Family (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998).
7 For critiques of DNA ancestry testing, see Duana Fullwiley, “The Biologistical Construction of Race: ‘Admixture’ Technology and the New Genetic Medicine,” Social Studies of Science 38 (2008), pp. 695ff; Deborah A. Bolnick et al., “The Science and Business of Ancestry Testing,” Science 318 (2007), pp. 399-400.
8 Winthrop D. Jordan, “American Chiaroscuro: The Status and Definition of Mulattoes in the British Colonies,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 19 (1962), pp. 183, 189-91; William LaBach, interview by author, March 4, 2009, Georgetown, Ky.
9 Thomas Murphy, interview by author, October 28, 2005, Hampton, Ga.
10 Goble interview.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Isabel Wall Whittemore, interview by author, August 24, 2008, South Tamworth, N.H.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
INDEX
abolitionists:
and civil rights
and Congress
and Fugitive Slave Act
in Kentucky
moving toward radical stance
and Negro Exodus
in New Haven
in Oberlin
Quakers
resistance to slave-catchers
Southern responses to
at Yale
see also specific names
Adams, Marian
African Americans:
assimilation of
black troops
civil rights for
elected officials
enslaved, see slavery; slaves
and Freedmen’s Bureau
and Jim Crow era
land for newly freed blacks
marrying whites
migration of
racial ideologies regarding
and segregation
self-improvement of
taxes on
use of the law by
violence against
see also race, races
Alabama
forced migration of slaves from coastal South to
Spanish Fort, Battle of
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Missionary Association
Amistad slave revolt
Anthony, Susan B.
Appalachia, see Kentucky, Virginia
Army of Tennessee
Augusta, Alexander T.
Austin, John
Bacon, John
Baldwin, Tom
Bascom, Henry B.
Beecher, Henry Ward
Benjamin, Judah
Berea, Kentucky, integrated college in
Betsy (slave)
Big Sandy River, Levisa fork of
Billisoly, Eugene
Black Codes
Blair, Francis P.
Blair, Henry
Boas, Franz
Boone, Daniel
Bowen, Sayes Jenks
Boynton, Shakespeare
Bragg, Braxton
Breckinridge, Billy
Breckinridge, John
Brown, John
Bruce, Blanche
Buckner, Simon Bolivar
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, see Freedmen’s Bureau
Burns, Anthony
Bushnell, Simeon
Bushwhackers
Butternuts
Calhoun, John C.
California, statehood of
Cameron, Don
Carnegie, Andrew
Cartwright, Samuel
Castle, John
Centers, Clarissa “Clarsy”:
children of
move from South Carolina to Kentucky
relationship with George Freeman
and Spencer family
Centers, George, in Civil War
Centers, Malinda, see Spencer, Malinda Centers
Centers family
Chandler, William
Charleston (Charlestown), S.C.
Chase, Roland E.
Chase, Salmon
Chase, W. Calvin
Chavis, Elizabeth
Cherokee Indians
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad
Chicago:
W
orld’s Fair (1933)
see also Field Museum of National History
Civil Rights Act (1875)
Civil War, U.S.:
Belmont (Mo.), Battle of
black troops in
Columbus, Ky., rebel occupation of
commemorations of
and Fort Sumter
Franklin (Tenn.), Battle of
Gettysburg, Battle of
and Hart Gibson
Ivy Mountain (Ky.), Battle of
and James A. Garfield
and John Bell Hood
in Johnson County, Ky.
lawsuits over wartime losses
Morgan’s Cavalry in
Nashville, Battle of
and Ohio
onset of
opposition to
and O.S.B. Wall
Princeton Court House (Va.) Battle of
prisoner exchange in
Ragamuffins (Fifth Kentucky Infantry C.S.A) in
and Randall Gibson
Spanish Fort, Battle of
and Spencer family
surrender in
Terrebonne Parish, La, Union occupation of
and Thirteenth Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment, C.S.A.
and Ulysses S. Grant
veterans of
and William Tecumseh Sherman
Claiborne, John Francis Hamtramck
Clay, Cassius Marcellus
Clay, Henry
Cleveland, Grover
Cleveland, Ohio
Cobb, Ty
Coffin, Levi
Collins family
Colonial Candle Company
Colquitt, Alfred
Comfort (slave)
Congress, U.S.:
Africa Americans in
and black migration
and civility and decorum among congressmen
and civil rights
and D.C. administration
and the election of 1876
and Fugitive Slave Act
and slave trade
Conley, Constantine
Consolidation Coal Company
Constitution, U.S.:
Thirteenth Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment
Fifteenth Amendment
Cooke, Henry
Cooper, Anna Julia
Copperheads
Crane, Stephen
Daugherty, William
Davenport, James
Davidson, Edward
Davis, Jefferson
Davis, Joe
Davis, Letcher
Davis, Letcher, Jr.
Dayton, Anson
Democratic Party:
advocating Confederates be restored to power
and allegations by James Madison Wells
and Randall Gibson
and Tammany Hall
as White Man’s Party
Dewey, George
DNA testing
Dolphin
Doster, Charlotte
Dougherty, Henry
Douglass, Frederick:
and black troops
and Negro Exodus
and O.S.B. Wall
on race hatred
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
DuBois, W.E.B.
Early, Jubal
Easton, Helen (Sallie Wall)
Elterich, Gotthold Otto
Ely, Jane (slave)
Ely, Priscilla (slave)
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
Estep, John
Estep, Sam
Europe, failed revolutions of 1848 in
Feld, Hubertus de la
Ferguson, Samuel
Field, Henry:
and father
and museum
name change of
and racial types
Field, Marshall
Field, Marshall
Field, Minna
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
Hall of the Races of Mankind
Library of Racial Photographs
Fitzhugh, George
Sociology for the South
Foote, Henry
Ford’s Theatre
Forrest, Nathan Bedford
Fort Sumter
Fortune, T. Thomas
Fox, George
Franklin, Benjamin
Freedmen’s Bank
Freedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen’s Hospital
Freeman, Alice
Freeman, Elizabeth
Freeman, George
children of
and Clarissa Centers
death of
and Jordon Spencer
land owned by
prosecuted for fornication
protecting his children
racial status of
Freeman, Hiram
Freeman, Washington
free people of color:
first communities of
legal options open to
marrying whites and having children
restricted lives of
Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
Gano, Richard Montgomery
Garfield, James A.
Garner, Margaret
Garrison, William Lloyd
Gates, Elizabeth Jane
Gates, Ethel
Gates, Lillian Isabel (Isabel Irene Wall, Stephen’s daughter)
Gates, Patrick
Gates, Russell (Patrick Murphy and Roscoe Orin Wall)
Gates, Ruth
Gates, Steven Russell (Stephen R. Wall)
Gates family, name change of
George II, king of England
Gibson, Claude
Gibson, Gibson “Gibby,”
Gibson, Gideon
and George Gabriel Powell
as Regulator
Gibson, Gideon (father)
Gibson, Hart:
arrival in New Haven
in Civil War
and family background
Hartland estate of
at Harvard Law
in Kentucky House of Representatives
and law practice
near bankruptcy of
“The Race Problem,”
and slavery debates
and steamboat explosion
as horse breeder
traveling
war losses of
at Yale
Gibson, Hubbard
Gibson, Louisiana Hart (Randall’s mother)
Gibson, Louisiana Hart “Louly” (Randall’s sister)
Gibson, McKinley:
in Confederate army
and family background
illness of
and law practice
Gibson, Mary Montgomery
Gibson, Montgomery
Gibson, Preston (Randall’s son):
death of
early years of
and father
marriages and divorces of
as playwright
and World War I
at Yale
Gibson, Reverend Randal (grandfather)
Gibson, Randall Lee:
as accessible to Northerners
aging of
in Civil War
death of
and Democratic Party
descendents of
home of
in Hot Springs
and James Madison Wells letter
law practice of
marriage of
in New Haven
in New Orleans
in New York
racial rumors about
and slavery question
social connections of
and Terrebonne Parish
traveling
and Tulane
at University of Louisiana
in Washington
and white supremacy
will of
on W. R. Carter
at Yale
Gibson, Randall Lee, Jr. (son)
Gibson, Sarah Thompson (Humphreys)
Gibson, Tobias (Randall’s father)
<
br /> Gibson, Tobias Richardson “Richie” (Randall’s son)
Gibson, Tobias “Tobe” (Randall’s brother):
in Confederate army
extravagant living of
law practice of
and night riders
Gibson, [William] Preston (Randall’s brother)
Gibson family
descendents of
family background
mother’s illness
plantations of
and racial classification
slaves owned by
Glennan, Patrick
Glover, Charles
Goble, Freda Spencer
Grant, Ulysses S.:
and elections
and Lee’s surrender
political appointments of
and Randall Gibson
in Union army
Great Pee Dee River
greenbackers
Greene, Belle da Costa
Greener, Richard T.
Gregory, James Monroe
Gunter, Mr., buying slaves
Haitian Revolution (1790s)
Hale, John Parker
Hall, Gilbert
Hall, Joseph T. H.
Hampton, Wade
Harpers Ferry, Virginia
Harris, Isham
Harrison, Benjamin
Hart family
Harvard Law School
Harvey, Elizabeth and Jesse
Harveysburg, Ohio, Wall children in
Hatfields and McCoys, feud of
Hayes, Rutherford B.
Heflin, Thomas
Henderson, James S.
Henry (runaway slave)
Henry (slave)
Hewlett, Emanuel M.
Higgs, Augustus Ferzard
Hitler, Adolf
Hoffman, Malvina
Hood, John Bell
Horn, John
Horn, J. Q.
Horn, Tom
Howard, Oliver Otis
Howard University
Howes & Howes
Hughes, Henry
Hughes, Langston
Humphreys, Sarah Gibson, see Gibson, Sarah Thompson
Illinois, free soil of
immigration
Indiana
International Colonial Exposition, Paris (1931)
Internet, genealogical databases on
Jackson, Andrew
Jacksonian Democracy
Jefferson, Thomas
Jennings, Anderson:
and Price’s capture
Price as prisoner of
as slave-catcher
Jerome, Chauncey
Jim Crow (slave)
Jim Crow laws
Johnson, Andrew
Johnson, Richard Mentor
Johnson, Robert
Johnston, Albert Sidney
Johnston, Joseph
Johnston, William Preston
Jones, Charles
Jones, Reverend John Griffing
Jordan, Winthrop
Justice, Ray
The Invisible Line Page 49