73.JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, Cappon, 2:347.
74.JA to TJ, 30 June 1813, Cappon, 2:347; AA to Cranch, 10 May 1798, in Gelles, Abigail Adams: Letters, 622–24.
75.AA to Cranch, 26 Apr. 1798, 21 Apr. 1798, AFC, 12:531, 520.
76.JA to William Tudor, 19 Jan. 1817, PJA–MHS.
77.Furstenberg, When the United States Spoke French, 115.
78.TJ to JM, 6 Apr. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1034–35.
79.Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 26.
80.Furstenberg, When the United States Spoke French, 375.
81.DeConde, The Quasi-War, 328.
82.AA to JQA, 14 July 1798, AFC–MHS; AA to JQA, 29 Mar. 1798, in Gelles, Abigail Adams: Letters, 608; AA to JQA, 26 May 1798, ibid., 626; Page Smith, John Adams (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 2:979.
83.TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, 84–85.
84.Furstenberg, When the United States Spoke French, 97, 91, 109.
85.AA to Cranch, 20 May 1798, in Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 53.
86.JA to TJ, 14 June 1813, Cappon, 2:329; TJ to JM, 31 May 1798, PTJ, 30:379; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 9 May 1798, ibid., 30:341.
87.JA to Pickering, 17 Sept. 1798, PJA–MHS; Kenneth Roberts and Anna M. Roberts, eds., Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, 1793–1798 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1947), 253.
88.TJ to JM, 19 Apr. 1798, Republic of Letters, 2:1042.
89.Smith, Freedom’s Fetters, 116; John C. Miller, The Federalist Era, 1789–1801 (New York: Harper, 1960), 233.
90.JA to James Lloyd, 11 Feb. 1815, Works of JA, 10:117; JA to BR, 28 Aug. 1811, ibid., 9:636.
91.Boston Evening Post, 1 Dec. 1766.
92.For JA’s evolving ideas of free speech, see Richard D. Brown, “The Disenchantment of a Radical Whig: John Adams Reckons with Free Speech,” in John Adams and the Founding of the Republic, ed. Richard Alan Ryerson (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), 171–85.
93.TJ to Monroe, 5 May 1811, PTJ: RS, 3:607; TJ to Thomas McKean, 19 Feb. 1803, PTJ, 39:553; Leonard W. Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 42–69.
94.JA, Boston Patriot, 10 June 1805, Works of JA, 9:305–6.
95.TJ to John Taylor, 4 June 1798, PTJ, 30:388–89.
96.TJ to Stevens Thomas Mason, 11 Oct. 1798, PTJ, 30:560; TJ to Gerry, 26 Jan. 1799, ibid., 30:646.
97.TJ to T. M. Randolph, 2 Feb. 1800, PTJ, 31:358; TJ to BR, 23 Sept. 1800, ibid., 32:167.
98.TJ to Monroe, 7 Sept. 1797, PTJ, 29:527; TJ to Taylor, 26 Nov. 1798, ibid., 30:589.
99.TJ, “Draft of Kentucky Resolutions of 1798,” ante 4 Oct. 1798, PTJ, 30:531–32, 536–41.
100.JA to Oliver Wolcott Jr., 24 Sept. 1798, Works of JA, 8:603–4. Although this letter was never sent, it fully expressed JA’s passionate feelings at the time. Hamilton was born in Nevis in 1755, which, of course, was then just as much a British colony as Massachusetts.
101.JA to James McHenry, 22 Oct. 1798, Works of JA, 8:613.
102.TJ to JM, 3 Jan. 1798, PTJ, 30:610.
103.JA to Charles Lee, 29 Mar. 1799, PJA–MHS.
104.JA to Pickering, 23 Apr. 1800, PJA–MHS.
105.A. Roger Ekirch, American Sanctuary: Mutiny, Martyrdom, and National Identity in the Age of Revolution (New York: Pantheon, 2017), 133, 143–67; TJ to Charles Pinckney, 29 Oct. 1799, TJ to T. M. Randolph, 2 Feb. 1800, TJ to JM, 4 Mar. 1800, TJ, “Notes on John Marshall’s Speech,” post 7 Mar. 1800, PTJ, 31: 227, 358, 408, 421, 181–82n.
106.Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789–1801 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1957), 116–74; JA to Benjamin Stoddert, 21 Sept. 1799, PJA–MHS.
107.McHenry to JA, 31 May 1800, PJA–MHS, recounting the conversation of the previous day.
108.Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 1795–1800 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1957), 397.
109.Alexander Hamilton to McHenry, 6 June 1800, in The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, eds. Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961–1987), 24:573.
110.Gouverneur Morris, 13 May 1800, The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, ed. Anne Cary Morris (New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1888), 2:387.
111.George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull Jr., 21 July 1799, in The Papers of George Washington: Retirement Series, eds. Dorothy Twohig et al. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998–1999), 4:202.
112.AA to JA, 3 Mar. 1799, PJA–MHS.
113.Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 111; JA to Lloyd, 28 Jan. 1815, Works of JA, 10:113.
114.TJ, “First Inaugural Address,” 4 Mar. 1801, TJ: Writings, 494.
115.JA to John Trumbull, 10 Sept. 1800, PJA–MHS.
TEN: THE JEFFERSONIAN REVOLUTION OF 1800
1.TJ to Spencer Roane, 6 Sept. 1819, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1892), 10:140.
2.TJ, “First Inaugural Address,” 4 Mar. 1801, PTJ, 33:148–52.
3.Elbridge Gerry to TJ, 4 May 1801, PTJ, 34:23.
4.David Austin to TJ, 15 May 1801, PTJ, 34:111; JA to Thomas Boylston Adams, 9 Sept. 1801, PJA–MHS.
5.Michael A. Bellesiles, “‘The Soil Will Be Soaked with Blood’: Taking the Revolution Seriously,” in The Revolution of 1800: Democracy, Race, and the New Republic, ed. James Horn, Jan Ellen Lewis, and Peter S. Horn (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002), 59; John Ferling, Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 136–37, 145.
6.TJ to Aaron Burr, 11 Feb. 1799, PTJ, 31:22; TJ to JM, 12 Feb. 1799, ibid., 31:229–30. See also Donald R. Hickey, “America’s Response to the Slave Revolt in Haiti, 1791–1806,” JER 2 (1982): 361–79.
7.TJ to BR, 16 Jan. 1811, PTJ: RS, 3:305–6.
8.JA to Gerry, 30 Dec. 1800, Works of JA, 9:578; AA to T. B. Adams, 25 Jan. 1801, PJA–MHS.
9.AA, “A Conversation Between Abigail Adams and Thomas Jefferson,” Jan. 1801, PJA–MHS.
10.JA to Samuel Smith, 7 Feb. 1801, PJA–MHS.
11.TJ to John Dickinson, 6 Mar. 1801, PTJ, 33:196; TJ to Joseph Priestley, 21 Mar. 1801, ibid., 33:393–94.
12.TJ to Priestley, 21 Mar. 1801, PTJ, 33:393–94. Although in 1799 Timothy Pickering had wanted Priestley deported, JA told his secretary of state that it would not be wise to do so. “Poor Priestly . . . is as weak as water. . . . His influence is not an Atom in the World.” JA had been much more eager to deport Frenchmen. JA to Timothy Pickering, 13 Aug. 1799, PJA–MHS. See also Priestley to TJ, 10 Aug. 1801, PTJ, 33:567, in which Priestley explained that although JA as president could not have directly opposed his deportation, he had used “circuitous” means to prevent it.
13.TJ to JM, 19 Dec. 1800, PTJ, 32:323.
14.TJ to JA, 17 Jan. 1801, PTJ, 32:476.
15.Elizabeth House Trist to TJ, 1 Mar. 1801, PTJ, 33:115; TJ, “First Inaugural Address,” 4 Mar. 1801, ibid., 33:149.
16.Fisher Ames to Rufus King, 24 Sept. 1800, 26 Aug. 1800, Charles R. King, ed., The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1896), 3:304, 295–97.
17.TJ to BR, 16 Jan. 1811, PTJ: RS, 3:305–6. See TJ, “The Anas,” Ford, Writings of TJ, 1:313, for a somewhat different account of the meeting with JA. See also Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 8.
18.Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 41.
19.TJ to JA, 8 Mar. 1801, JA to TJ, 24 Mar. 1801, Cappon, 1:264.
20.Thomas Paine, Common sense: The Rights of Man
: Part Second, in The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: Citadel Press, 1969), 1:4, 356.
21.James Wilson, “Lectures on Law” (1790), in The Works of James Wilson, ed. Robert Green McCloskey (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967), 1:214.
22.TJ to Thomas Law, 13 June 1814, PTJ: RS, 7:414.
23.Nathaniel Chipman, Sketches of the Principles of Government (Rutland, Vt., 1792), 83–85.
24.TJ to Peter Carr, 10 Aug. 1787, PTJ, 12:15; TJ, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. William Peden (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1955), 142–43.
25.Paine, The Rights of Man: Part Second, 1:373; TJ to Governor John Langdon, Mar. 5, 1810, TJ: Writings, 1221.
26.JA to AA, 29 Oct. 1775, AFC, 1:318.
27.JA to T. B. Adams, 2 Feb. 1803, PJA–MHS; JA to T. B. Adams, ? Feb. 1803, ibid.
28.JA to T. B. Adams, ? Feb. 1803, PJA–MHS.
29.Washington National Intelligencer, 6 Mar. 1801; Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 388.
30.Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 383, 387, 93.
31.TJ, “Circular to the Heads of Departments,” 6 Nov. 1801, PTJ, 35:577.
32.TJ, “First Annual Message,” 8 Dec. 1801, TJ: Writings, 504.
33.Noble E. Cunningham Jr., The Process of Government Under Jefferson (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), 22.
34.TJ, “First Annual Message,” 504.
35.TJ to William Branch Giles, 23 Mar. 1801, PTJ, 33:413–14; TJ to William Findley, 24 Mar. 1801, ibid., 33:427–28; TJ to George Jefferson, 27 Mar. 1801, ibid., 33:465.
36.TJ to James Monroe, 20 June 1801, PTJ, 34:398–99; TJ to Thomas Mann Randolph, 18 June 1801, ibid., 34:384.
37.TJ to Samuel Adams, 26 Feb. 1800, PTJ, 31:395.
38.Ian W. Toll, Six Frigates: The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy (New York: Norton, 2006), 285.
39.TJ to Pierre-Samuel du Pont de Nemours, 18 Jan. 1802, in Ford, Writings of TJ, 8:127; Richard Beale Davis, ed., Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 1805–6–7 and 11–12 by Sir Augustus John Foster (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1954), 3.
40.TJ to Dickinson, 19 Dec. 1801, PTJ, 36:165–66.
41.Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 458, 462.
42.JA to William Tudor, 20 Jan. 1801, PJA–MHS.
43.JA, Diary, 3:253.
44.JQA to JA, 19 Nov. 1804, AFC–MHS.
45.JA to JQA, 20 Nov. 1804, AFC–MHS; JA to JQA, 6 Dec. 1804, ibid.; JA to JQA, 22 Dec. 1804, ibid.
46.JA, Autobiography, 3:298.
47.JA to T. B. Adams, 11 July 1801, AFC–MHS.
48.JA, “Minutes Occasioned by Remarks in the National Intelligencer of August 4, 1802,” PJA–MHS; JA to John Trumbull, 8 July 1805, ibid.
49.JA to William Cranch, 29 June 1801, AFC–MHS.
50.JA to JQA, 6 Dec. 1804, AFC–MHS.
51.JA to T. B. Adams, 11 July 1801, AFC–MHS.
52.JA to BR, 23 Aug. 1805, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 432; JA to JQA, 6 Dec. 1804, AFC–MHS.
53.TJ to John Wayles Eppes, 22 Jan. 1801, PTJ, 31:333; TJ to Harry Innes, 23 Jan. 1806, ibid., 31:336; TJ to John Breckinbridge, 20 Jan. 1800, ibid, 31:343; TJ to William Wardlaw, 28 Jan. 1800, ibid., 31:345; TJ to William Bache, 2 Feb. 1800, ibid., 31:354; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 2 Feb. 1800, ibid., 31: 358; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 4 Feb. 1800, ibid., 31:360; TJ to S. Adams, 26 Feb. 1800, ibid., 31:395.
54.TJ to Innes, 23 Jan. 1806, PTJ, 31:336–37.
55.TJ to Innes, 23 Jan. 1806, PTJ, 31:336; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 4 Feb. 1800, ibid., 31:360; TJ to Breckinbridge, 20 Jan. 1800, ibid., 31:345.
56.JA to T. B. Adams, 11 July 1801, AFC–MHS; JA, “Minutes Occasioned by Remarks in the National Intelligencer of August 4, 1802”; JA to Marquis de Lafayette, 6 Apr. 1801, PJA–MHS.
57.TJ to JM, 28 Aug. 1801, Republic of Letters, 2:1193–94.
58.JA to JQA, 6 Dec. 1804, AFC–MHS.
59.JA to BR, 25 July 1808, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 501–2.
60.JA to BR, 22 Dec. 1806, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 458–59; JA to BR, 2 Feb. 1807, ibid., 459–61; JA to BR, 11 Nov. 1807, ibid., 486; JA to BR, 21 May 1807, ibid., 467.
61.JA to William Cunningham, 16 Jan 1814, in Correspondence Between the Hon. John Adams, Late President of the United States, and the Late William Cunningham (Boston: E. M. Cunningham, 1823), 7–11.
62.JA to BR, 1 Sept. 1807, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 483; JA to BR, 2 Feb. 1807, ibid., 461.
63.TJ to JM, 28 Aug. 1789, Republic of Letters, 1:629.
64.JA to BR, 25 July 1808, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 503; JA to Joseph B. Varnum, 26 Dec. 1808, ibid., 510.
65.JA to Josiah Quincy III, 23 Dec. 1808, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 506–8.
66.JA to Quincy III, 23 Dec. 1808, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 506–8.
67.JA to BR, 8 Jan. 1812, PJA–MHS; JA to John Adams Smith, 10 Oct. 1819, AFC–MHS; JA to John T. Watson, 23 July 1818, PJA–MHS.
68.JA to BR, 29 Dec. 1812, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 542.
69.Benjamin Waterhouse to TJ, 1 Sept. 1815, PTJ: RS, 9:5.
70.JA to TJ, 19 Apr. 1817, Cappon, 2:508.
71.JA to TJ, 3 July 1813, Cappon, 2:350.
72.James Thomson Callender, Richmond Recorder, 1 Sept. 1802, PTJ, 38:323n–25n.
73.“Original Poetry,” The Port-Folio, 30 Oct. 1802; Linda K. Kerber and Walter John Morris, “Politics and Literature: The Adams Family and the Portfolio,” WMQ 23 (1966): 457; Linda K. Kerber, Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and Ideology in Jeffersonian America (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1970), 51.
74.JA to Joseph Ward, 8 Jan. 1810, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 517.
75.JA to George Churchman and Jacob Lindley, 24 Jan. 1801, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 406; JA to Thomas Crafts, 25 May 1790, PJA–MHS.
76.JA to J. Jeremy Belknap, 21 Mar. 1795, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 406; L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller B. Zobel, eds., The Legal Papers of John Adams (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1965), 2:48–67.
77.JA to Belknap, 21 Mar. 1795, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 313–14.
78.JA to J. Belknap, 22 Oct. 1795, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 314–15.
79.JA to Churchman and Lindley, 24 Jan. 1801, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 406–7.
80.Annette Gordon-Reed and Peter S. Onuf, “Most Blessed of Patriarchs”: Thomas Jefferson and the Empire of the Imagination (New York: Norton, 2016), 79–87, 153–57.
81.TJ to Angelica Schuyler Church, 27 Nov. 1793, PTJ, 27:449; TJ to T. M. Randolph, 23 Jan. 1801, ibid., 32:499–500; Gordon-Reed and Onuf, “Most Blessed of Patriarchs,” 79–87; Lucia Stanton, “Those Who Labor for My Happiness”: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012), 62.
82.AA to TJ, 20 May 1804, Cappon, 1:268–69; TJ to John Page, 25 June 1804, in Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1888), 3:103.
83.TJ to AA, 13 June 1804, Cappon, 1:269–71.
84.AA to TJ, 1 July 1804, Cappon, 1:271–74.
85.TJ to AA, 22 July 1804, Cappon, 1:274–76.
86.AA to TJ, 18 Aug. 1804, Cappon, 1:276–78.
87.TJ to AA, 11 Sept. 1804, Cappon, 1:278–80.
88.AA to TJ, 25 Oct. 1804, and JA, postscript, 19 Nov. 1804, Cappon, 1:280–82. See Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 424, on TJ’s notion that any reconciliation with JA would have to exclude AA.
ELEVEN: RECONCILIATION
1.George W. Corner, ed., The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush: His “Travels Through Life” Together with
His Commonplace Book for 1789–1813 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1948), 103.
2.JA to BR, 6 Feb. 1805, Old Family Letters, 61.
3.JA to BR, 27 Feb. 1805, Old Family Letters, 63.
4.JA to BR, 18 Apr. 1808, Old Family Letters, 181.
5.JA to BR, 4 Mar. 1809, Old Family Letters, 219.
6.BR to JA, 17 Oct. 1809, Letters of Rush, 2:1021–22. See L. H. Butterfield, “The Dream of Benjamin Rush: The Reconciliation of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson,” Yale Review 40 (1950–1951): 297–319.
7.JA to BR, 25 Oct. 1809, Old Family Letters, 246.
8.BR to TJ, 2 Jan. 1811, Letters of Rush, 2:1075.
9.TJ to BR, 16 Jan. 1811, PTJ: RS, 3:304–8.
10.BR to TJ, 1 Feb. 1811, Letters of Rush, 2:1078.
11.TJ to BR, 5 Dec. 1811, PTJ: RS, 4:312–14.
12.Henry S. Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1888), 3:639–40.
13.TJ to BR, 5 Dec. 1811, PTJ: RS, 4:312–13.
14.BR to JA, 16 Dec. 1811, Letters of Rush, 2:1110–11.
15.BR to TJ, 17 Dec. 1811, Letters of Rush, 2:1111–12.
16.JA to BR, 25 Dec. 1811, JA: Writings from the New Nation, 128–31.
17.JA to TJ, 1 Jan. 1812, Cappon, 2:290.
18.TJ to JA, 21 Jan. 1812, Cappon, 2:290–92.
19.TJ to BR, 21 Jan. 1812, PTJ: RS, 4:431.
20.TJ to JA, 23 Jan. 1812, Cappon, 2:292–93.
21.JA to TJ, 3 Feb. 1812, Cappon, 2:293–96. Roger Acherley (1665–1740) was an Englishman who wrote on law and the English constitution. Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (1676–1751), was an English Tory politician and philosopher whose works were widely read by the American revolutionaries, especially by JA. Henry Neville (1626–1694), an English republican, was the author of Plato Redivivus, or a Dialogue Concerning Government (1681). Marchmont Nedham (1620–1678) was an English writer whose book The Excellency of a Free State, or the Right Constitution of Government (1656) JA took very seriously; in fact, he spent over two hundred pages of volume 3 of his Defence carefully refuting it. See Zera S. Fink, The Classical Republicans: An Essay in the Recovery of a Pattern of Thought in Seventeenth-Century England (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1945).
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