Harvard, 38, 345, 363
JA’s education at, 24–25, 27–28, 31, 39–41, 48, 73, 310
Harvie, Gabriella, 63
Hemings, Betty, 59, 63
Hemings, Beverley and Harriet, 65
Hemings, Eston, 65
Hemings, James, 63–65
Hemings, Madison, 8, 64, 65
Hemings, Sally, 162
children of, 64, 65, 347
TJ’s relationship with, 57–59, 61–65, 346–48
Hemings family, as racially mixed, 59, 63
Henry, Patrick, 20, 76, 90–91, 131, 141, 145, 283, 393–94
heredity:
in monarchy, 251, 255, 267
rights of succeeding generations in, 230, 243, 272
Hermione, H.M.S., mutiny on, 315
High Federalists, 314, 318, 346, 369–70, 379
Historia della guerre civili de Francia (Davila), 250
History of the Corruption of Christianity (Priestley), 378
history writing, challenges of, 390–93
Hollis, Thomas Brand, 74, 185–86
Hooper, William, 113, 180
Horace, 367
Hôtel de Langeac, 64
Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 14, 165
House of Burgesses, Va.:
dissolved, 91
TJ elected to, 47, 76–77, 90, 91
House of Commons, 178
House of Delegates, Va., 146
House of Lords:
House of Commons vs., 178
senate as parallel to, 117
house of representatives:
as representative of the common man, 180
state constitutional powers of, 110, 175, 176
House of Representatives, Mass., 81, 88–89, 93, 94–95, 180–81
House of Representatives, U.S., 242, 276, 315, 336
election tie of 1800 decided in, 323–24, 327
Howe, Richard, 131
Hudson Valley, TJ and Madison’s trip to, 262
human nature:
desire for distinction in, 238, 250–51
in egalitarian debate, 122–27, 187
enlightened, liberal view of, 122–24, 127, 224, 283–84, 299, 328–32, 387, 409–10, 419–21, 427, 431–33
four stages of development of, 233
moral gyroscope of, 328–31
nature vs. nurture in, 124, 187, 214
negative, depraved view of, 122–23, 133, 203, 205–8, 214–18, 224, 228, 238, 255, 268, 299, 331–32, 401, 409, 413, 431
rights of, 94
TJ’s and JA’s divergent views of, 6, 9–10, 204–39, 299, 303, 374, 383–84, 405–25, 429–33
transformative quality of, 123–24
virtue and corruption in, 114–16
Humboldt, Alexander von, 365
Hume, David, 44, 243, 331
Hutcheson, Francis, 330
Hutchinson, Thomas, 75–76, 80–81, 88–90, 94, 101, 198
immigrants, immigration, 432
fear and distrust of, 306, 307–11
impeachment, of British judges, 94–95
imperium in imperio (power within a power), 86, 89, 101
Indians, 103, 369
Christianizing of, 72
displacement of, 370
Fort Stanwix conference with, 57
hostile, 20
as inherently equal, 125–26
patriots disguised as, 90
TJ’s interest in, 11
inequality, paradoxical problem of, 216–17, 234, 237, 277–78, 284, 380, 430–31
inflation, 249
Inglis, Charles, 169
Institutes of the Lawes of England (Coke), 46
internal improvements, 419
“iron law of oligarchy,” 188
Jackson, Andrew, 389, 411, 415
Japanese, interned in U.S., 305
Jay, John, 152, 154, 155, 156, 224–28, 273, 276–77, 280
Jay’s Treaty (1794), 276–77, 295
Jebb, John, 199–200
Jefferson, Jane Randolph, 17, 23–24, 45, 54, 77, 78
Jefferson, Lucy, 63
Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton “Patty”:
death of, 61, 64, 152
ill health of, 128, 159
mulatto half siblings of, 63–64
TJ’s marriage to, 58–61, 64, 76, 78, 133, 198
Jefferson, Peter, 17, 23–24, 63
Jefferson, Thomas:
Abigail’s ambivalence toward, 324
Abigail’s friendship with, 159–62, 164–65, 254, 261
as American hero, 3–4, 432–33
as amiable and even tempered, 8, 25, 105, 130, 153, 159, 160–62, 252, 256, 258, 298, 353–54, 374, 386, 388, 395–96
antislavery stance of, 76–77, 93–94, 129–30, 210–12, 231–32, 350, 410–12, 416, 424
appearance and personal style of, 8
aristocratic lifestyle of, 7, 17, 22–24, 33, 59–60, 76, 77, 104, 150, 163–64, 166, 198, 210–12, 217, 245, 271, 382, 413
arts pursued by, 11–14
as avid reader, 10–11, 14–15, 44–46, 130
birth of, 23
broad intellect of, 10–12, 130, 153
chronic headaches of, 54
contrasts between JA and, 7–37
controversy eschewed by, 108
death of, 1, 4, 63, 397, 427, 428
debts of, 45, 143–44, 163, 230–31, 267, 271, 410, 412–13, 420, 422
eulogies for, 1–6
evolving disillusionment of, 405–20
evolving religious thought of, 374–79
family background and heritage, 23–24
as Francophile, 261–62
gentility of, 7, 163–64
ill health of, 54, 161, 426–28
intellect of, 78
intellectual response to British oppression, 76
landholdings of, 60
legacy of, 4, 5, 390–91, 394, 405, 428–33
library of, 44–45, 163
marriage of, 54, 56–61, 76, 78, 133, 198
M. Cosway and, 67–68
as meticulous record keeper, 27, 65
as moral idealist, 9–10
optimistic idealism of, 7, 140–41, 157–58, 163, 207, 220, 224, 230, 325, 326, 328–32, 409–11, 420, 423–24, 427, 431
personal temperament of, 2, 4–5, 6
R. Burwell courted by, 53–57, 76
religion eschewed by, 40, 73, 374, 413
retirement and later years of, 389–425
sexual passions of, 57, 61, 348
social confidence and grace of, 34–36
social hierarchy defined by, 21–22
southern upbringing of, 16–20
as tinkerer and inventor, 11, 15
will of, 65
on working and leisure classes, 210–12
writing desk of, 405
writings of, 2–3, 104; see also specific works
writing style of, 96, 101, 366–68
—CAREER:
acclaim for, 153, 432–33
agrarianism of, 244–47
ambition and aspiration of, 271, 281
banks and banking eschewed by, 247, 290, 358, 406–8
as celebrity, 365
in compromise of 1790, 246
constitutionalism of, 108–11, 168–71
in despairing temporary renunciation of public life, 145–47
as distrustful of the press, 311
enlightened reformist agenda of, 128–32
as farmer, 22–23, 47
final retirement years of, 3, 6, 54
first retirement of, 270–72, 277, 281, 350
as governor of Virginia, 119, 140–47
Hamilton vs., 244–46, 263, 290
as lawyer, 3, 44–48, 78
as leader of Republican Party, 264
in missions abroad, 3, 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 63, 65–66, 142, 150, 156–66, 167, 187–88, 221, 223–27, 232
in patriot politics, 90–94
political philosophy of, 3, 6, 108–11, 230–31, 328–31, 432–33
political prowess of, 9, 280–81, 291, 318
in resignation from Washington’s administration, 270–71
as secretary of state, 232, 240, 257, 263, 266, 270–71
as vice president, 3, 6, 279–319
in Virginia legislature, 128–32, 139
—AS PRESIDENT, 3, 6, 85, 311, 400
acclaim for, 4
domestic policies of, 342–43
election (1800) of, 317, 319, 322, 355, 389
governmental changes wrought by, 333–36
inauguration of, 321, 322, 327, 332–33
JA’s criticism of, 338–44
JA’s gradual approval of, 344–45
JA’s opinion of, 396–98
legacy of, 320, 372
reelection (1804) of, 4
in retirement, 357
Revolution of 1800, 320–44, 389
scandal and, 57–58
second term of, 357
Jefferson-Adams friendship:
affection in, 360–61
as complementary, 105
evolution of, 156–66
JA’s denial of, 343
mutual benefits of, 162
onset of, 6, 104–5, 289, 297, 351–52
reconciliation in, 3, 6, 356–88
strained attempts to repair and preserve, 254, 257, 266, 271–72, 287–92, 323, 326–27, 351–52
—RIFT IN, 3, 6, 204, 223, 254
conciliatory attempts in, 254, 257, 266, 271–72, 287–92, 323, 326–27, 351–52
divergent political views in, 251–52, 254, 256–60, 264, 295–303, 305, 327, 351, 359–60, 362
duplicity in, 260–61
in election of 1796, 281–86
escalation of, 256, 257–61, 264–66, 271–74, 295–98, 303, 305, 327, 355
reconciliation of, 356–88
TJ’s unsent letter in, 288–89
Jefferson Memorial, 5
Jesus Christ, 385
denial of divinity of, 16, 374–75, 377–78
Jews, bias against, 313
Johnson, William, 4, 390
Journals of Congress, 402
judiciary:
impeachment of, 336, 338
independence of, 84–85, 88, 94–95, 115, 173, 177, 338
as last stronghold of Federalists, 336
threat from, 415–16
Judiciary Act (1801), 323, 336
Kames, Lord, 330
Kant, Immanuel, 330
king-in-Parliament, 85
Knapp, Samuel L., 1–2
Knox, Henry, 227, 232, 260, 312
Knox, William, 87–88, 101
Kosciuszco, Tadeusz, 365
Kukla, Jon, 68
Lafayette, Marquis de, 144, 145, 187, 223, 224, 225, 230, 268, 341, 389
Langdon, John, 289
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de, 62, 183, 187, 206, 224, 268, 401
Latin America, 422
laudanum, 427
Laurens, Henry, 13, 152, 154
Lear, Tobias, 258
Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory (J. Q. Adams), 363–64
Lee, Arthur, 148
Lee, Charles, 315
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, 90–91, 108
Lee, Henry, 58
Lee, Richard Henry, 90–91, 113
Leonard, Daniel (“Massachusettensis”), 99–101
Lespinasse, Mademoiselle de, 56
Letter from a Gentleman to his Friend (J. Adams), 113
Letter from Alexander Hamilton, Concerning the Public Conduct and Character of John Adams, Esq., President of the United States (Hamilton), 317, 336
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 1–5, 86–87
Lewis, Andrew, 57
Lexington and Concord, Battles of, 102, 103–4, 403
lex talionis (law of retaliation), 129
Liberty, 81
Library of Congress, 45
“Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth” (T. Jefferson), 378
Life of George Washington, The (Marshall), 366–67, 391
Life of Partick Henry (Wirt), 393–94
Lincoln, Abraham, 334, 432–33
Lincoln, Benjamin, 190, 197
Lincoln, Benjamin, Jr. “The Free Republican,” 190–92, 196–97, 209
Lincoln, Mary Otis, 197
Livingston, Edward, 315
Livingston, Philip, 30
Livingston, Robert R., 120, 155, 398
Locke, John, 124, 130, 329, 361, 373, 387, 400
London, England, 63, 66, 67, 74, 165, 255, 277
Louis XVI, king of France, 157, 183, 226–27, 262, 268
execution of, 268, 369
Louis XVIII, king of France, 340
Louisiana, 312
proposed liberation from Spain of, 266
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 4, 344, 355
Lovell, James, 159
Lowndes, Rawlins, 233
Luther, Martin, 73, 99
McHenry, James, 294, 316
McKean, Thomas, 286, 311
Maclay, William, 8, 234
Macpherson, James, 16
Madison, James, 63, 172, 182–83, 227–28, 230–31, 233, 242, 244, 247, 276, 292–93, 300, 305, 311, 404, 414
in compromise of 1790, 246
constitutional theory of, 220–22
JA disliked by, 258
as leader of Republican Party, 264
presidency of, 357, 401
TJ’s friendship with and dependence on, 120, 130, 147, 154, 155–56, 159, 165, 258, 262, 269, 272, 281–82, 285, 287–88, 290, 313, 357, 419
as TJ’s secretary of state, 322, 326, 342
Maier, Pauline, 93
Manning, William, 208–9, 213
manufacturing:
agriculture vs., 243–45
American, 363–64
Marie Antoinette, queen of France, 226–27
marriage:
of convenience, 66, 67
traditional, patriarchal, 51–52, 60–61, 63
Marshall, John, 297, 323, 366–67, 385, 416
TJ’s dislike of, 391
Maryland, 108
state constitution of, 168
TJ’s tour of, 34–35
Mason, George, 108, 110, 124, 256
“Massachusettensis” articles, 99–101
Massachusetts:
aristocracy of, 188–89, 197–200
as commonwealth, 114, 173
in Continental Congress, 95, 97–98
farmers’ rebellion in, see Shays’ Rebellion
founding of, 395
General Court of, 84, 88
in initiation of American Revolution, 393–96
JA as cautious about reform with, 131–32
JA as representative of, 3, 16
JA honored in, 420
as middle class and egalitarian, 7, 19
parliamentary oppression of, 91
slavery abolished in, 19, 348–49
statistical profile of, 17–18
Virginia culture compared to, 16–20, 132, 381, 412
Massachusetts constitution (1780), 85, 117, 151, 159, 167–82, 185, 189–90, 193, 206, 233, 338
Declaration of Rights in, 171–77, 222, 377
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Massachusetts Historical Society, 348
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agariculture, 345
maternal mortality, 61, 351
Mayflower, 395
Mayhew, Jonathan, 72, 395
May resolutions, 120–21
JA’s preamble to, 107–8, 402
Mazzei, Philip, 228, 296–97
mechanical arts, 15
Mecklenburg County, N.C., declaration of militia of, 402
Mecklenburg resolutions, 402–4
Mediterranean Sea, 341
Michaux, André, 266
middling (middle) class:
aristocracy vs., 208–10, 214–15
defined and described, 31–32, 191, 208–10
JA as member of, 7, 24–25, 30–34, 51, 188–89, 195, 197–99, 346
as lacking in the South, 32
“midnight appointments,” 323, 334, 336, 352, 359
military, TJ’s minimalization of, 334–35
Milton, John, 44, 46, 55
Mirabeau, Comte de, 218
Miranda, Francisco de, 312
Missouri crisis (1819–1820), 416–20
mixed (balanced) government theory, 117, 176, 178, 180, 184–86, 235–36, 257
Molasses Act (1733), 87
moldboard plow, 23
monarchy:
America’s inclination toward, 232–35, 240, 246
British conflict of democracy and, 111–14, 178, 190
colonial voluntary compliance with, 93
constitutional, 225, 232
defined, 112
JA’s inclinations toward, 241, 252, 254–57, 259, 283, 285, 315, 332, 343, 397–98
proliferation of, 251
republican, 233, 235–39, 240, 278
republic vs., 115
TJ’s criticism and rejection of, 9–10, 93–94, 307, 321, 328–29, 331, 332–33, 344
trappings of, 240–42, 255, 278, 332
twin tyrannies of religion and, 70–72, 87–89
Monroe, James, 146, 301, 414
Montesquieu, 114, 178, 244, 373, 386–87
Monticello plantation, 59, 60–65, 143, 147, 166, 224, 410–12, 420
building of, 77–78, 139
farm production of, 22–23
French decor of, 262
TJ’s first retirement at, 270–72, 277, 281, 284, 350
TJ’s near capture at, 144
as World Heritage Site, 5
Moreau de St. Méry, Médéric Louis Elie, 309
Morgan, John, 34
Morris, Gouverneur, 196–97
Morris, Robert, 108
Morse, Jedidiah, 392
Mortefontaine, Treaty of (1800), 318
Muhlenberg, Frederick, 278
mulattos, 59, 62–63
Murray, William, 385
music, TJ’s passion for, 46, 58–59
Muslim states, 341
National Assembly, 225–26, 230
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