by Joel Kotkin
28. Davis, op. cit., 249–54; “China: Can the Centre Hold?,” The Economist, November 6, 1993; Lin You Su, “Introduction,” in Urbanization in Large Developing Countries: China, Indonesia, Brazil and India, ed. Gavin W. Jones and Pravin Visaria (Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1997), 26–44; Ben Dolven, “Economic Lure of China’s Cities Grows,” The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2003.
29. “The Decline of Hong Kong,” The Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2003; “Shanghai: 2004,” The Economist, January 15, 2004; Shahid Yusuf and Weiping Wu, “Pathways to a World City: Shanghai Rising in an Era of Globalization,” Urban Studies 39, no. 7 (2002); Zhao Bin, Nobukazu Nakahoshi, Chen Jia-kuan, and Kong Ling-yi, “The Impact of Urban Planning on Land Use and Land Cover in Pudong of Shanghai, China,” Journal of Environmental Sciences 15, no. 2 (2003).
30. David Lague, “China’s Most Critical Mass Movement,” The Wall Street Journal,January 8, 2003; David Murphy, “Outcasts from China’s Feast: Millions of Laid Off Workers Are Getting Angry,” The Wall Street Journal, November 6, 2002; “Sex of a Cultural Sort in Shanghai, China,” The Economist, July 13, 2002; Eugene Linden, “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World,” ForeignA fairs, January 1996; David Clark, Urban World/Global City (London: Routledge, 1996), 175.
31. Harris, op. cit., 73; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; Yeung, op. cit., 158, 181; Marcotullio, “Globalisation,” 219–47.
32. Elisbeth Rosenthal, “North of Beijing, California Dreams Come True,” The New York Times, February 3, 2003; “Shanghai Plans Massive Surburban Development,” People’s Daily, May 18, 2003.
33. Thomas Campenella, “Let a Hundred Subdivisions Bloom,” Metropolis, May 1998; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; Norton Ginsburg, “Planning the Future of the Asian City,” The City as a Centre of Change in Asia, 277.
CONCLUSION: THE URBAN FUTURE
1. “World Population Prospects: The 2000 Revision,” United Nations Population Division.
2. “World Population Prospects, Population Data Base,” United Nations Population Division, 2000; “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision,” United Nations Population Division.
3. El-Shakhs and Amirahmadi, op. cit., 237; Sally E. Findley, “The Third World City: Development Policy and Issues,” in Third World Cities, 7, 11; “The State of the World’s Population, 2001”; Harris, op. cit., 49.
4. Ali Parsa, Ramin Keivani, Loo Lee Sin, Seow Eng Ong, Asheed Agarwai, and Bassem Younes, “Emerging Global Cities: Comparisons of Singapore and the Cities of the United Arab Emirates” (London: Rics Foundation, 2003); Sulong Mohamad, “The New Town as an Urbanization Strategy in Malaysia’s Regional Development Planning,” in Robert B. Putter and Adenola T. Salau, Cities and the Development in the Third World (London: Mansell, 1970), 127–28.
5. Kandell, op. cit., 187.
6. Fehrenbach, op. cit., 627; Sergio Aguayo Quezada, Mexico in Cifras: El Almanaque Mexicano (Mexico City: Editorial Hechos Confirables, 2002), 58–59, 66–68; INEGI, Conteo de Poblaciation y Vivienda 1995 (Mexico, 1995); INEGI, Conteo de Poblaciation y Vivienda 1 (Mexico, 2001); Szuchman, op. cit., 5; George Martine and Clelio Campolina Diniz, in Urbanization in Large Developing Countries, “Economic and Demographic Concentration in Brazil: Recent Inversion of Historical Patterns,” 205–27; Teresa P. R. Caldeira, City of Walls: Crime, Segregation and Citizenship in São Paulo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 233; “World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision”; Findley, op. cit., 27; Harry W. Richardson, “Efficiency and Welfare in LDC Megacities,” in Third World Cities, 37; Larry Rohter, “Model for Research Rises in a Third World City,” The New York Times, May 1, 2001; “Chilango Heaven,” The Economist, May 1, 2004.
7. Parsa et al., “Emerging Global Cities”; Tüzin Naycan-Levent, “Globalization and Development Strategies for Istanbul: Regional Policies and Great Urban Transportation Projects,” 39th IsoCa Congress, 2003.
8. Josef W. Konvitz, “Global Cities and Economic Growth,” OECD Observer (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1994).
9. Susan S. Fainstein and Michael Harloe, “Introduction: New York and London in the Contemporary World,” in Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World, ed. Susan S. Fainstein, Ian Gordon, and Michael Harloe (London: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), 7.
10. Manuel Castells, The Informational City (Oxford, Eng.: Blackwell Publishers, 1989), 146–52; Hall, op. cit., 7, 23; Eli Lehrer, “Crime Without Punishment,” Weekly Standard, May 27, 2002.
11. Saskia Sassen, Cities in a World Economy (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 2000), 5, 21.
12. Susanne MacGregor and Arthur Lipow, “Bringing the People Back In: Economy and Society in New York and London,” in The Other City, 5; Peter Hall, “Urban Growth and Decline in Western Europe,” in The Metropolis Era, vol. 1, A World of Giant Cities, 113; Segre, op. cit., 99–107; John R. Logan, “Still a Global City: The Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of New York,” in Globalizing Cities, 158–61.
13. Robert McC. Adams, “Contexts of Civilizational Collapse,” in The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations, 20.
14. Thomas Klier and William Testa, “Location Trends of Large Company Headquarters During the 1990s,” Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2002; Ron Martin and Peter Sunley, “Deconstructing Clusters: Creative Concept or Policy Panacea,” Journal of Economic Geography, June 6, 2002.
15. Peter Muller, “The Suburban Transformation of the Globalizing American City,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (May 1997); John Friedmann, The Prospect of Cities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 41.
16. Lee Burdet, “The Unthinkable Move Not Any Longer,” Southern Business and Development, February 6, 2004.
17. Peter Muller, op. cit.; Short and Kim, op. cit.; “Engine Failure,” Center for an Urban Future, September 2003; Burdet, op. cit.; Tom Shachtman, Around the Block: The Business of a Neighborhood (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1997), 5.
18. Inc. “Best Places” survey, March 2004, research by economist David Friedman; “Leeds: Cities Paved with Brass,” The Economist, August 29, 1998; Paul Fox and Rachael Unsworth, “City Living in Leeds—2003,” University of Leeds, 2003; Jonathan Tilove, “2000 Census Finds America’s New Mayberry Is Exurban and Overwhelmingly White,” Newhouse News Service, November 26, 2001.
19. “Will Asian Crisis Spare the Suburbs,” Real Estate Forum, November 1998, 101.
20. Castells, The Informational City, 151; Peter Muller, op. cit.; “Engine Failure”; Inc. “Best Places” survey, May 2004, research by economist David Friedman.
21. National Retail Federation, 2003, from Web site.
22. Charles V. Bagli, “Office Shortage in Manhattan Imperils Growth,” The New York Times, September 9, 2000; Siegel, op. cit., 253; “Engine Failure”; Jackson, op. cit., 185; John Norquist, The Wealth of Cities: Revitalizing the Centers of AmericanLife (New York: Perseus Books, 1999), 60; Andy Newman, “Recession Seen as Gentler for New York City’s Outer Boroughs,” The New York Times, February 6, 2004.
23. Joseph N. Pelton, “The Rise of Telecities: Decentralizing the Global Society,” The Futurist, January–February 2004; William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 94–98; Doug Bartholomew, “Your Place or Mine?,” CFO magazine, March 15, 2004; Sheridan Tatsuno, The Technopolis Strategy: Japan, High Technology and the Control of the 21st Century (New York: Prentice Hall, 1986), xv–xvi; Bruce Stokes, “Square One,” National Journal, May 24, 1997; Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: William Morrow, 1980), 204–7.
24. Fishman, op. cit., 187; U.S. Census analysis by William Frey, Brookings Institution; Technological Reshaping of America, 93; Sara B. Miller, “Big Cities Struggle to Hold On to New Immigrants as Costs Rise,” Christian Science Monitor, October 9, 2003; “U.S. Cities Have Fewer Kids, More Singles,” News Max.
com, June 13, 2001; William H. Frey, “Metropolitan Magnets for International and Domestic Migrants,” Brookings Institution, October 2003; Berger, op. cit.; Friedmann, op. cit., 40–41.
25. Fogelson, op. cit., 42; Wells, op. cit., 32.
26. Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society, trans. John Wilkinson (New York: Vintage, 1967), 113–15; Norman Birnbaum, The Crisis of Industrial Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), 113–14.
27. B. Joseph Pine II and James H. Gilmore, The Experience Economy: Work Is Theatre and Every Business a Stage (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press, 1999), 1–3; a good discussion of Las Vegas as modern urban paradigm can be found in Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977).
28. Keith Schneider and Charlene Crowell, “Granholm’s Urban Theory,” Great Lakes News Service, May 6, 2004; Richard Florida, “The Rise of the Creative Class,” The Washington Monthly, May 2002; Larry Solomon, “Canada’s Out-sourcing,” Financial Post, March 31, 2004; Peggy Curan, “Montreal’s Bright Side,” The Gazette, September 25, 2000.
29. Alan Cowell, “Manchester Rising,” The New York Times, June 24, 2001; Bruce Weber, “Arts Sapling Bears Fruit in Downtown U.S.,” The New York Times, November 19, 1997; Ben Craft, “City of Brotherly Love Bets on the Arts,” The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 1998; “In London’s Shadow,” The Economist, August 1, 1998; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City.”
30. Richard Bernstein, “Vienna’s Grandeur Fails to Mask a Sense of Loss,” The New York Times, August 3, 2003; Akin Ojumu, “Escape: Berlin,” The Observer, July 15, 2001; John Burgess, “A Renaissance of Counterculture,” The WashingtonPost, March 9, 2004; David Wessel, “If a City Isn’t Sunny—and Air Conditioned—It Should Be Smart,” The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2004.
31. Peter Hall, “Changing Geographies: Technology and Income,” in High Technology and Low-Income Communities: Prospects for the Positive Use of Advanced Information Technology, ed. Donald A. Schon, Bish Sanyal, and William J. Mitchell (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), 51–53; “Engine Failure.”
32. Jean Gottmann, The Coming of the Transactional City (College Park: University of Maryland Press, 1983), 28–43.
33. Robert Bruegmann, “The American City: Urban Aberration or Glimpse of the Future,” in Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and Local Forces, ed. Michael A. Cohen, Blair A. Ruble, Joseph S. Tulchin, and Allison Garland (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 59.
34. Tyler Cowen, In Praise of Commercial Culture (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998), 31, 83–96, 108–10, 120.
35. David Clark, op. cit., 161–63; Taichi Sakaiya, The Knowledge-Value Revolution, or, A History of the Future, trans. George Fields and William Marsh (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1985), 348; “Population Drop to Affect Tokyo Policy,” Daily Yomiuri, January 31, 1997; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City,”; “Falling Birth Rates Revive E. E. Debate on Immigration,” The Hindu, May 31, 2001; “State of the World’s Population, 1999.”
36. Tamara Theissen, “Marriages, Mussolini Losing Their Grip in Italy,” The Gazette (Montreal), August 6, 2000; Susan H. Greenberg, “The Rise of the Only Child,” Newsweek, April 23, 2001; David Holley, “Italy’s Aging Bambini,” Los Angeles Times, September 14, 2002; “Population Drop to Affect Tokyo Policy”; “Global Baby Bust,” The Wall Street Journal, January 24, 2003.
37. “Uptown, Downtown,” advertising supplement to the Dallas Morning News, April 14, 1999; Yusuf and Wu, “Pathways to a World City”; Weber, “Arts Sapling Bears Fruit in Downtown US.”
38. Julian Wolpert, “Center Cities as Havens or Traps for Low Income Communities: The Potential Impact of Advanced Information Technology,” in High Technology and Low-Income Communities, 78–94; Hill and Kim, “Global Cities and Development States”; Logan, op. cit., 158–59; Castells, The Informational City, 172–228.
39. Eli Lehrer, “Broken Windows Reconsidered,” Public Interest (Summer 2002); Friedmann, op. cit., 40–41.
40. Fred Siegel, “The Death and Life of American Cities,” The Public Interest (Summer 2002).
41. Burdett, “Toward the 21st Century.”
42. Larry Rohter, “As Crime and Politics Collide in Rio, City Cowers in Fear,” The Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2003; Jonathan Friedlan, “Living a Cut Above Mexico: Offices, Shops and Restaurants Cash In Need for ‘Safer Ground,’ ” The Wall Street Journal, June 24, 1998.
43. Linden, “The Exploding Cities of the Developing World”; Vidal, “Disease Stalks New Megacities”; Thomas H. Maugh, “Plunder of Earth Began with Man,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 1994.
44. Drakakis-Smith, op. cit., 8, 38; Lofchie, op. cit., 23; McGill, op. cit., 21; Gilbert and Gugler, op. cit., 25; Mabin, “Suburbs and Segregation in the Urbanizing Cities of the South”; “Black Flight,” The Economist, Feburary 24, 1996.
45. Bianca, op. cit., 329–30.
46. Ali Parsa et al., “Emerging Global Cities”; Robert Looney, “Beirut: Reviving Lebanon’s Past,” Journal of Third World Studies (Fall 2001).
47. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 315.
48. Fouad Ajami, “Arabs Have Nobody to Blame but Themselves,” The Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2001; Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Age of SacredTerror (New York: Random House, 2002), 79.
49. Yossi Klein Halevi, “Islam’s Outdated Domination Theology,” Los Angeles Times, December 4, 2002; Benjamin and Simon, op. cit., 5.
50. “One Year Later: New Yorkers More Troubled, Washingtonians More on Edge,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, September 2003; “The Impact of 9/11 on Workplace Security and Business Continuity Planning,” Business Continuity Planning, October 2002; Daniel Benjamin, “The 1,776 Foot Target,” The New York Times, March 23, 2004; Jonathan D. Glater, “Travel Fears Cause Some to Commute Online,” The New York Times, April 7, 2003; Innovation Briefs, Urban Mobility Corporation, July–August 2002.
51. Benjamin, “The 1,776 Foot Target”; Pelton, “The Rise of Telecities: Decentralizing the Global Society”; Jason Singer, “Tokyo Braces for Tsunami of New High-Rises,” The Wall Street Journal, December 11, 2002; Charles V. Bagli, “$3.7 Billion Plan to Alter Far West Side Is Revealed,” The New York Times, February 12, 2004; Margaret Ryan, “Skyscrapers Transforming City Skyline,” BBC News Online, March 24, 2004.
52. Jane Jacobs, The Economy of Cities (New York: Random House, 1969), 141.
53. H. J. Dyos, “Agenda for Urban History,” in The Study of Urban History, 1; Ryan, “Skyscrapers Transforming City Skyline.”
54. Coulanges, op. cit., 310.
55. Mike Biddulph, “Villages Don’t Make a City,” Journal of Urban Design 5, no. 1 (2000); William J. Stern, “How Dagger John Saved New York’s Irish,” City Journal (Spring 1997).
56. Eli Lehrer, “Broken Windows Reconsidered”; Charles Zwingmann and Maria Pfister-Ammende, Uprooting and After (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1973), 25; Schorske, op. cit., 109–11.
57. Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 367, 433; Arthur Herman, The Idea of Decline in Western History (New York: Free Press, 1997), 312, 348–57.
58. Lenn Chow, Des Verma, Martin Callacott, and Steve Kaufmann, “Ethno-Politics Threaten Canadian Democracy,” National Post, March 31, 2004; Stephen Toulmin, Cosmopolis: The Hidden Agenda of Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 26.
59. Hill and Kim, “Global Cities and Development States”; Weiming Tu, “Beyond Enlightenment Mentality”; David Bonavia, The Chinese: A Portrait (London: Penguin, 1980), 18–19; “Shanghai Tries to Stay Original,” China Daily, August 6, 2002; Lily Kong and Brenda S. A. Yeoh, “Urban Conservation in Singapore: A Survey of State Policies and Popular Attitudes,” Urban Studies (March 1994).
60. Bianca, op. cit., 324–41; Wilfred Cabtwell Smith, Islam in Modern History (New
York: Mentor, 1959), 204–7; Naycan-Levent, “Globalization and Development Strategies for Istanbul”; Bruce Stanley, “Going Global and Wannabe World Cities: (Re)conceptualizing Regionalism in the Middle East,” Globalization and World Cities Study Group, 2003; David Lamb, “In Egypt, a Bastion of Learning Rises from the Ashes of History,” Los Angeles Times, December 5, 2002.
SUGGESTED READING
Although writing is a largely solitary art, in the process of completing this work I found good companions in literally hundreds of books. Following is a list of the volumes that readers might find most useful as they continue their exploration of urban history.
In trying to write history, one experiences few greater pleasures than those first-person accounts that bring the reader closer to the daily life and times of cities in their contemporary context. I have started the text with one—Bernal Díaz del Castillo’s The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico, 1517–1521, an almost magical work that transports the reader to the first encounter of Europeans with the great urban civilization of central Mexico.
Other books that have given me this first-person insight include the work of the Greek historian Herodotus, writings of the Roman satirist Petronius, the poetry of Dante, the diaries of the Arab traveler ibn Battuta, the memoirs of Marco Polo, the reminiscences of the British historian and longtime Japan resident G. C. Allen, the poetry of William Blake, and the novels of John Dos Passos. All of these are cited in the text.
Perhaps the hardest thing to find are books that take in the broad sweep of urban history. Without question, the classic work remains Lewis Mumford’s The City in History (Harcourt Brace, 1961). I have assigned this book to my classes on the history of cities, and despite its weight and complexity, it inevitably inspires, stimulates, and at time infuriates them. I would also recommend the series of essays collected in Mumford’s The Urban Prospect (Harcourt Brace, 1968).
Other works have value in understanding the evolution of cities. A.E.J. Morris’s History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution (Longman, 1994); Cities in Civilization (Pantheon Books, 1998) by Peter Hall; and Mark Girouard’s Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History (Yale University Press, 1985) provide many interesting insights.