Perak Museum, 6.1, 6.2
“Perils of the Egg, The” (Scudder)
Personal Narrative of Travels (Humboldt), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
pests, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1
see also economic entomology
Petersen, Wilhelm
Phalaenae
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad
Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (1876), 4.1, 7.1
photographs, photography, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1
as alternative to killing of specimens
color, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
estrangement from nature through
exchange among collectors of, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1
of living specimens
and mimicry
showcased at Chicago Fair
vs. illustration, itr.1, 7.1, 7.2
“phylogony of species”
Pilate, Eugene, 3.1, 4.1
pipevine swallowtail, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1
Pittsburgh, Pa.
poetry, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.2
poisons, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1
polymorphism (polyphemism), 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1
Popular Science Monthly, 4.1, 4.2
Poritia hartertii
post office, collecting abetted by, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 7.1
Poulton, Edward
Practical Entomologist, 1.1, 2.1
predators, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
printing presses
proboscis, 2.1, 5.1
Psyche, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 6.1, 8.1
pupa (chrysalis), itr.1, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
in identification, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
purples, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Putnam, Duncan, 3.1, 3.2
Putnam, Mary
question mark (butterfly)
railroads, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
collecting abetted by, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2
as engine of imperialism
environmental damage by, 1.1, 2.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
and mining
showcased at Chicago Fair
rattleweed (Crotolaria retusa)
Reakirt, Tryon
red admiral (Atalanta), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
red-spotted purple, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
Reed, W. H., 8.1, 8.2
regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia), 2.1, 4.1, 5.1
religion
eschewed by butterfly collectors, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1
Grote on
nature and
vs. science, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1
Reliquia
Rhodophora florida
Ribbe, Heinrich, 3.1, 6.1
Ridings, John
Riley, Charles Valentine, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Ring and the Book, The (Browning)
Rippon, Robert, 6.1, 6.2
River Styx nymphalid
Robinson, Coleman, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
Robinson, Ronald E.
Robinson, Russell, 2.1, 8.1
Robinson, Wirt, 2.1, 8.1
rockslide alpine
Rocky Mountain parnassian (Parnassius smintheus)
Rocky Mountains, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1
Roethke, Theodore
Rogers, William Barton
Romantic Enlightenment
Roosevelt, Theodore, itr.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
Rosenhof, August Rösel von
Rothschild, Walter, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Royal Museum of Natural History, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1
Rural New Yorker, 2.1, 3.1
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy
saloons
Salvin, Osbert, 6.1, 8.1
Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge (Hübner)
Santayana, George, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2
Saturniidae
satyrs, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2
Saunders, William
Schaupp, Franz, 4.1, 7.1
Schaus, William
Schonborn, Henry
science
and art, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 8.1
vs. religion, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1
Science Magazine, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Scopelosoma
Scribner’s
Scudder, Charles, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
Scudder, David
Scudder, Ethelinda Blatchford, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 4.1
Scudder, Gardiner, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2
death of, 8.1, 8.2
Scudder, Samuel, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6
acclaim for, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
and Agassiz
all-inclusive approach of, 1.1, 1.2
anti-Darwinism of, 1.1, 1.2
on beauty
Canada trip of
classification and nomenclature of, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Darwinism of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
data gathering of, 1.1, 1.2
death of, 8.1, 8.2
disability of
ecological concerns of, 5.1, 5.2
as editor
Europe and North Africa trip of
and fossil butterflies
on grasshoppers
and Harris
literature of, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1
on mimicry, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
in nomenclature debate, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1
on parasites
personal misfortunes of, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
religious nature of, 1.1, 1.2, 8.1
Strecker vs., 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
W. H. Edwards’s friendship with, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2
W. H. Edwards’s rifts with, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2
seasonal variation
Seba, Albertus, itr.1, 4.1
Sehnsucht (heart yearning), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1
Sense of Beauty, The (Santayana), 3.1, 7.1, 7.2
sex, passion for nature compared to
“Sexual Diversity in the Form of the Scales” (Scudder)
Shakespeare, William, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 8.1
Shaksper not Shakespeare (W. H. Edwards)
Shapiro, Arthur, 3.1, 4.1
Sharpe, Emily, 8.1, 8.2
silk moths, 4.1, 6.1
silvery blues
Sinclair, Thomas
Skinner, Henry, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
skippers (Hesperiidae), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
in hierarchy dispute, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1
see also specific species
Slossen, Annie Trumbull
Smerinthinae
Smerinthus myops
Smith, Amelia Woolworth “Daisy”, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
Smith, Herbert, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
Smith, John B., 1.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Smithsonian Institution, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1
Smythe, Elison
snouts
Snow, Frank
social reformers
Song of Hiawatha, The (Longfellow)
Soule, Caroline G., 1.1, 5.1
South America, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2
Spanish Gypsy, The (Eliot)
spanner moths
Specimen Days and Collect (Whitman)
Spence, William, 1.1, 5.1, 7.1
Sphingidae (hawk moths; sphinx moths), 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1
spicebush swallowtail
spiders, 1.1, 3.1
“splitters”, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
“Spread of the Butterfly in a New Region” (Scudder)
spring azure (Lycaena pseudargiolus)
Sproesser, Christian
Stainton, Henry, 4.1, 6.1
“stamp collectors”
Standard Natural History, The (Cassino)
Staten Island, N.Y., 2.1, 3.1, 3.2
Staten Island Railroad, 2.1, 2.2
Staudinger, Otto, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
as dealer, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 8.1
death of
Staudinger, Paul
Staudinger collection
Steinbach, José
Stevenson, Robert Louis
Stevens’s Auction Rooms
Stratton-Porter, Gene, 1.1, 7.1
Strecker, Anna Kern, 2.1, 2.2
Strecker, Eveline
Strecker, Ferdinand, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2
Strecker, Herman, epi.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
acclaim for
accusations of thievery against, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1
as agnostic, 2.1, 3.1
artistic heritage and skill of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
on beauty
collection of, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
as commercial collector
covetousness of
death of, 8.1, 8.2
early years of
as embodiment of democratic collecting
exotics of, 6.1, 6.2
in feud with Grote, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1, 8.2
literature of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
marriages of, 2.1, 2.2, 8.1
and Neumogen, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
in nomenclature debate, 3.1, 3.2
passion and zeal of, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1
personal misfortunes of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
poverty of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Scudder vs., 2.1, 3.1
and Staudinger, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1
as stonecutter, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 8.1
in troubled friendship with Neumoegen, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
W. H. Edwards vs.
Strecker, Louisa Roy, 2.1, 2.2
Strecker, Paul
Stretch, Richard, 1.1, 2.1, 7.1
suburbanization
sugaring, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
sulphurs, yellows (Coliadinae), itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
see also specific species
swallowtails (Papilionidae), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2
in hierarchy dispute, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1
see also specific species
swarming, 5.1, 5.2
sweetheart underwing (Catocala amatrix)
Swinton, A. H.
Sydney Museum of Natural History
symbiosis, 5.1, 6.1
“Systematic Revision of American Butterflies” (Scudder)
tanning business
Tappan, Arthur
taxidermy, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
technology
advancements in, itr.1, itr.2, 7.1
adverse impact of
in butterfly collecting
in color reproduction
featured at Chicago Fair
in publishing
Teinopalpidae
temperature, effect on butterflies of, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
Tepper, Fred, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 7.1
textbooks, 4.1, 4.2
Thatcher, Roland
Thaumantis, 5.1, 6.1
Thayer, Abbott
Thoas swallowtail (Papilio thoas)
Thompson, Elizabeth, 3.1, 4.1
Thoreau, Henry David, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1
tiger swallowtails, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2
Townshend, Tyler
Treatise on Some of the Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Harris), 1.1, 4.1
Trimen, Roland
Tring (museum), 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Troides minos
tropicals, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1
Tutt, James
Twain, Mark
type specimens, 3.1, 4.1
Uganda Railway, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
United States
changing scientific culture of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1
economic priorities of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1, 7.2
industrialization of
landscape of, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2
natural history tradition in, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3
rise of collecting in, itr.1, 1.1
Urania fulgens
Uraniidae
Vanderbilt, Cyrus
Vanessa io
Veblen, Thorsten
Venezuela, itr.1, 1.1, 7.1, 8.1
viceroys, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1
Villa Sphinx
Voyage of a Naturalist (Darwin)
Voyage up the River Amazon (W. H. Edwards)
Wailly, Alfred, 6.1, 6.2
Walden Pond
Wallace, Alfred Russel, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
Walsh, Benjamin, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 5.1
Walsingham, Lord, 4.1, 6.1
Walters, William
Wanamaker, John
Wandering Hawk Moth
Ward, Lester
Warren, Edward
Washington, Mount, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1
Watkins & Doncaster, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Weaver, Willis
Weeks, Archibald, 5.1, 5.2
Weidemeyer, John, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2
Weismann, August, 1.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2
Werneburg, Adolf
Western Pennsylvania University (University of Pittsburgh)
western tiger swallowtail (Papilio rutulus), 1.1, 1.2, 4.1
West Virginia, itr.1, 1.1, 7.1
ecological damage to
W. H. Edwards’s land in, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Westwood, John O.
White, Gilbert
White Mountains, N.H., 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
Whitfield, Annie
Whitfield, William
Whitman, Sarah Wyman, 5.1, 5.2
Whitman, Walt, itr.1, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2
Wigglesworth, W.
wildlife preserves
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
Williams College, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
William Seymour Edwards Oil Company
Williston, Samuel
Wilson, O. E.
wings, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
veins of, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Winter, William
Wood, Charles
Wood-Mason, James
wood nymphs, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
Woodworth, Charles William
Worster, Donald
Wortman, J. L.
Wright, William Greenwood, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Xerces blue
Yankee butterfly collectors
Yosemite
zebra heliconian
zebra swallowtail, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 5.1, 7.1
Zeller, Philipp, 1.1, 3.1
Zimmerman, Karl
Illustrations
1. The Diana fritillary belongs to a family of butterflies, the fritillaries, one the largest in the world, whose species, male and female, are mostly orange and brown, with crisscrossing lines and rows of dots on the upper surface of the wings, and metallic silver spangles beneath that shine in the sun. Diana is unlike most other fritillaries in its muted markings and radical sexual dimorphism, a discovery of William Henry Edwards, who showed that the male and female butterflies took different forms: only the male is orange-brown, while the female is a dark blue and black. For the more typically patterned fritillaries, see plates 2 and 31.
2. William Henry Edwards identified and described correctly more species of American fritillaries than any other American butterfly person. The term “fritillary” itself is derived from the Latin for “dice box,” the tossed d
ice producing a range of dot patterns that may have reminded a gambling naturalist of the wings of the butterflies. Shown here are several western species, assembled in a plate photographed in color and taken from The Butterfly Book by William Holland (New York: Doubleday, 1898). Most of the specimens came from Edwards’s own collection, and most of the species, each with its own unique arrangement of lines and dots, were originally described and named by Edwards.
3. William Henry Edwards was awed by all the diverse forms in the natural world. Around 1870, he discovered that the zebra swallowtail, a mostly southern species, appears in three different forms from early spring to late summer, each slightly larger and differently colored than the one preceding it. This plate shows the earliest form in its life history from egg to butterfly, the first complete history ever published of the insect. It was drawn by Mary Peart of Philadelphia, who would become Edwards’s premier artist, and colored by Thomas Sinclair’s lithographers, also of Philadelphia. The vernacular name speaks for itself.
4. This plate, from volume 1 of The Butterflies of North America, reveals the life history of the question mark butterfly, the name derived from the silver sign on the underside of the hindwing that looks like a question mark. The plate was among the earliest collaborations of Edwards’s key artists—Mary Peart, who drew the butterflies, and Lydia Bowen, who colored them. Bowen had earlier worked for John James Audubon and was likely related to John T. Bowen, who ran the influential lithography business in Philadelphia under his name. Together, Peart and Bowen would help make Edwards’s work on American butterflies famous.
5. The White Mountain butterfly (number 9 in this plate) was one of Samuel Scudder’s favorite butterflies. An arctic species that flew at the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, it was first discovered in 1828 by the American naturalist Thomas Say, who also gave it the Latin name Oeneis semidea. Scudder chose what became its vernacular name. He was also the first to describe its life history, from egg to butterfly, with a fullness unrivaled by any naturalist then or now. The insect’s adult form, both forewing and hindwing, appears at the bottom of the plate in Scudder’s volume 3, right beneath the monarch and viceroy butterflies, insects critical to Scudder’s discussion of mimicry in his first volume.
6. At the center of this topographical map, published in volume 3 of Scudder’s The Butterflies of New England and Canada, is Mount Washington in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, the highest mountain in the East, with arctic air at the top, an essential symbol of Scudder’s imaginative life as a naturalist. He often climbed the mountain alone or with his friends, but did so, above all, with his only child, Gardiner, from boyhood on, in all sorts of weather. It is one of the four peaks in the White Mountains named for the Founding Fathers.
Butterfly People Page 54