Capone, Al (Chicago gangster), 318
Carnegie, Andrew (steel magnate), 51, 230
Carrollton, Mississippi, massacre (1886), 127–128, 178
Carter, Champ (Lucy’s first child), 20–21, 29, 30–31, 41
Carter, Charlie (Lucy’s stepfather), 16, 17, 31, 42, 156
Carter, Charlotte (Lucy’s mother)
forced migration to Texas, 12
household of, 30, 31, 157
marries Charlie Carter, 16
moves to Waco, 14
name change of, 16, 42
Carter, Lucia. See Parsons, Lucy
Carter, Tanner (Lucy’s brother), 12, 30, 157
Carter, Webster (Lucy’s brother), 12, 30, 157
Carter & Co. (Waco store), 29
Catechism of the Revolutionist (Russian anarchist manifesto), 146
Cayton, Horace R. (sociologist), 335
census records, 30, 252, 332
Central Labor Union (CLU)
and financial support of Lucy, 220–221
formation and growth of, 93, 99, 125
and religious affiliation (atheists), 122
supports PASA, 214
Century of Progress Exposition (1933), 332
Chaplin, Ralph (IWW organizer), 283
antiwar efforts, 305, 306
on Hull House meeting 1915, 294–295, 296
and ILD, 328
on IWW meeting honoring van Zandt, 338
as poet, 282, 321
in prison, 306, 307, 323
on Russian revolution, 304
Wobbly, 323
works on behalf of Mexican PLM, 286
charity, 47, 79, 122, 224, 295
Chicago, Illinois
Albert’s first visit to, 39–40
black community, 55–56, 240–242, 300–301, 309–310, 329–330, 335
commemoration of Lucy, 346–347
corruption, 239, 256, 267–268, 318
economic downturns, 40–41, 46–47, 49–53, 50–52
garment industry in, 93
Great Fire and Rebuilding, 34, 47, 49–50
Great Labor War, 266–268
Great Railroad Strike, 60–67
growth of, 48, 118, 212–213, 237–238, 239, 317, 331
immigrant population, 52, 212
impact of strikes/protests, 117
notable neighborhoods, 86–87, 315, 320–322
religious revivals, 126
and response to WWI, 299–300
unemployment, 100, 316–317
working population, 46–47, 54–55, 85
Chicago, Illinois, mayors of
Carter Harrison, 81, 126, 133, 141, 165
John Roche, 205, 230–231
Monroe Heath, 61, 65
William Thompson, 299–300, 302
Chicago Commission on Race Relations, 309–310
Chicago Commons settlement house, 244, 258–259
Chicago Daily News
Albert works for, 48
and Board of Trade building protest, 97–98
editor of, 198, 325
and Haymarket, 131–132, 137–138, 151
Lucy in, 137–138, 344
Chicago Defender, 339
Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL), 276
Chicago Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions, 118
Chicago Free Speech League, 255
Chicago Herald, 185
Chicago Inter-Ocean
Albert works for, 48
on “Chicago Commune,” 86
on Eight-Hour League procession, 83
on lakefront gatherings, 111, 146
on Lucy and children’s attempt at farewell to Albert, 202
on Lucy entering socialist meeting, 229
on sweatshops, 213
on Yom Kippur dance, 271
Chicago Mail, 129, 194
Chicago News, 188
Chicago Philosophical Society, 257–258, 259
Chicago Police Department’s Subversive Activities Unit (“Red Squad”), 350
Chicago Times
Albert denounces, 62, 151
Albert works for, 48, 62–63
on Haymarket case, 142
quotes Albert on labor politics, 188
reporter from at Haymarket, 132
on sweatshops, 213
Chicago Tribune, 40
Albert denounces, 62
Albert in, 59, 71–72, 115, 159, 195, 206
Albert works for, 48
on Board of Trade building protest, 97
on criminality of communists, 65
dynamite in, 106
on economic crash of 1873, 52
on George Markstall, 309
and Great Railroad Strike, 61, 63
Haymarket reports, 131, 132, 133, 135, 141, 154, 195–196
“infiltrates” anarchist meetings, 183–184
interviews Emma Goldman, 324
on IWPA procession, 110
Lucy in, 77, 93, 159, 167, 190, 195–196, 235, 334
Martin Lacher in, 218, 219
on May Day parades, 339
on Memorial Day massacre, 333
on Russian revolution, 266
sponsors radio station, 318–319
child workers/child labor, 225, 273
and cannery strike, 292–293
dismissed by German American radicals, 72, 85
Lucy on, 102–103
children of radicals
at Haymarket meeting, 150, 153, 163, 170, 199–200, 344, 349
parents claim “as guilty as I am,” 199–200, 293–294
Chinese immigrants, prejudice against, 62, 80, 119, 122
Christian Socialist (paper), 296
Christmas, 53, 124
Cincinnati Enquirer, 177–178
Citizens’ Association (CA) [Chicago], 52–53, 65, 167
Civil War
affairs in Texas during and after, 7–8, 9–11, 12–14
Albert as Confederate soldier, 8–9
Great Railroad Strike evokes, 65–66
class. See middle class
Cleveland Leader, 105, 254
Cleveland Plain Dealer, 144, 289, 332
Coal Unloaders, 229
Coke, Richard (TX governor), 38
Columbus Sunday Capital, 191
Commercial Club, Committee of Safety of, 129
Common (City) Council [Chicago], 47, 71
communes and anti-capitalist communities
anarchist commune of Home, Washington, 271
barter system in Chicago’s black community, 335
peaceful tactics of, 54
communism
vs anarchism, 319–320, 326
conflated with domestic terrorism, 54
as criminal, 65
disillusionment with, 339–340
Lucy critiques, 103–104
Lucy supports, 333
Lucy’s connection with, 330–331
See also International Labor Defense (ILD); radical papers
Communist International (Comintern), 329
Communist Party (Soviet Russia), 324–325
Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA)
allies with liberal groups, 334–335
founding of, 310
Lucy’s distance from, 328, 341
and race, 328–330, 339–340
splintering/factions/infighting, 320, 328
sponsors 2nd U.S. Congress Against War and Fascism, 338
Comstock Act (1873), 246, 248
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 333, 334, 341
Congress on Labor (1893), 242–243
consumer culture, 237–238, 267, 272–273, 318–319
Cook, Cassius V. (bookstore owner), 284, 294, 307, 319
Cook, Sadie (bookstore owner), 284, 319
cooperative of small voluntary associations
fading dream of, 319
as Lucy’s ideal, xi, 91, 101, 233
in response to poverty, 53–54, 335
as socialist ideal,
51, 84, 249
Council of Trade and Labor Unions, 70, 72
Coxey’s Army, 243–244
craft unions, 55, 240, 264, 267–268, 287, 333. See also American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Cronaca Sovversiva (Subversive Chronicle) (paper), 282
Culinary Alliance, 268
Czolgosz, Leon (anarchist), 257
Daily Worker (communist paper), 328, 335, 336, 340–341, 345
Dallas Morning News, 137
Dallas Weekly Herald, 40
“Darkness” (poem, Byron), 82
Darrow, Clarence (attorney), 186, 256, 259, 276–277, 328
Davis, David F. (teacher), 17–18, 20–21, 26, 29, 31, 33
Davis, Edmund J. (TX governor), 26, 27, 32, 34, 36, 41
Day, Dorothy (Catholic socialist), 321
de Cleyre, Voltairine (anarchist), 245, 278–279, 285–286, 344
Debs, Eugene V. (socialist), 242
and blacks, 240–241
death of, 325
on executions of Haymarket anarchists, 209
and IWW, 264, 267, 268
in jail for antiwar efforts, 307
Lucy feuds with, 249
and railroad union, 236
runs for president, 281, 288, 307
and SDA, 249
Degan, Mathias (police officer), 134, 141, 235
Democratic Party
federal initiatives of, 332, 334
focus of, Chicago, 1874, 53
in Texas, 5, 33, 36–37, 38
Demonstrator (anarchist paper), 245, 271, 277, 283
Dennis, Charles H. (Chicago Daily News writer), 344
Denson, Nelsen (former slave), 9
department stores, 49, 237, 266
deskilling, 268
Detroit Advance and Labor Leaf, 177
Dexter, M. I. (reporter), 250
Diaz, Lucy (alias of Lucy Parsons), 323
Dickson, Maxwell E. (reporter), 185
Dil Pickle Club, 320–322
Dolgoff, Sam (labor radical), 326, 340–341
Douglass, Frederick, 242
Drake, St. Clair (sociologist), 335
Dunne, Finley Peter (writer), 317
dynamite
Albert disavows promotion of, 140
Albert possesses, 146
Albert promotes use of, 96, 97–98, 106
connection with Zaddick, 169
as favorite strategy of disaffected groups, 281–282
found in AZ office, 136
has a historical moment, 105–108
and Haymarket, 134, 149
Lucy promotes use of, 101, 102, 104–105, 192, 348–349
Most on, 90
See also violence
Easter, “Aunt” (slave in Parsons household), 7, 15
economic depressions
of 1873, 40–41, 46–47, 50, 51–52, 61, 80
of 1893, 234, 238
Great Depression of 1930s, 331, 332
Panic of 1907, 279
Eight-Hour League, 78, 82, 119
eight-hour-day movement, 99, 305
Albert works for, 78, 83, 119, 123
anarchist extremism harms, 124
gains momentum, 129
and Jane Addams, 297
and religious revivals, 126
WWU holds discussions on, 75
Elgin, John E. (Waco businessman), 227
Elgin Asylum, 252, 310
Employers’ Association, 318
Employers’ Teaming Association, 266
Engel, George (anarchist), 141, 148, 149, 154
Engels, Friedrich (German thinker), 58
England, Lucy’s trip to, 214, 215–216
English, G. P. (reporter), 133
Equal Justice (paper, formerly Labor Defender), 328
Equi, Marie (physician, socialist), 293, 307
Espionage Act (1917), 306
Europe
dynamite used in, 105–106, 149
Haymarket martyrs remembered in, 210, 256
revolutionary tradition of, xii, 56, 109, 121–122, 288, 340
Everest, Wesley (IWW member), 310
explosives. See dynamite
factionalism. See infighting in radical movements
Factory Act (Illinois legislature, late 1880s), 225
Farm Equipment Workers Union, 341
farmers, 54, 238–239, 272
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 261
Federation of Organized Trade and Labor Unions, 99
Fellowship of Reconciliation tours, 322, 344
feuds among radicals, xii
de Cleyre and Goldman, 286
Lucy and Debs, 249
Lucy and Fox, 271
Lucy and Goldman, 278–279, 282, 324, 336–337
Lucy and PASA, 220–221, 229, 236, 244
Lucy and van Zandt, 338–339, 344–345
See also infighting in radical movements
Field, Marshall (retail magnate), 49, 141
Fielden, Samuel (anarchist), 91
at Board of Trade building protest, 97
death of, 326
events surrounding Haymarket meeting, 132, 133–134, 152
and Haymarket trial, 135, 141, 146, 149, 154
pardoned, 235, 286
requests clemency, 198
speaks in Ohio, 105
stay of execution, 199, 200
Fifty Years a Journalist (Stone), 325
fire, language of, xiii, 73, 171, 231, 345
Firebrand (paper), 245, 246, 248, 283–284
Fischer, Adolph (anarchist printer), 130–131, 133, 141, 148, 149, 154
flags
American, 83, 110, 118, 230, 231, 251, 275
black, 110, 124
power of as symbols, 120
red, 83, 84, 110, 170–171, 230–231, 266, 331, 339
Flint, John T. (Waco businessman), 22, 33
Ford, Earl C. (labor radical), 288
Foster, William Z. (labor radical), 287, 288, 305, 310, 316, 327
on black people, 330
on possibility of radical change, 297–298
Fox, Jay (editor of Demonstrator), 254, 271, 287, 323
France, 230, 288
French revolutionaries, 54, 109, 157
Free Society (paper), 236, 245, 254, 257, 259, 271
Free Society Group, 295, 303, 326, 340
free speech
campaigns for, 282–283, 293–294, 298
and gag order on Lucy, 218–219
Lucy appeals to rights of, 170, 190, 192
Lucy promotes, x, 230, 269–270, 284–285
Lucy’s legacy, 350
Martin Lacher on, 219
socialism as “beyond,” 126
Freedmen’s Bureau, 12–13, 17, 19, 38
Freedom (London anarchist paper), 295
Freedom: A Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly, 227, 229, 230, 241
Frick, Henry Clay (stabbed by Berkman), 230
Friendship Liberal League, 257
Galleani, Luigi (anarchist), 282, 309, 311
Galveston Daily News, 8, 22
garment workers
and Haymarket events, 131, 151–152
Lucy works as seamstress, 46, 48, 55, 69–70, 93, 109
numbers of, 55, 74, 93
strikes by, 74, 131, 266
in sweatshops, 50, 74, 213, 225, 239
Garrison, William Lloyd (abolitionist), 121
Gary, Joseph E. (judge), 146–147, 162
bias of, 144, 155, 235
decision in Haymarket trial, 163, 193
instructions to jury, 154
and Lucy, 222
Gathings, James J. (slave owner), 7, 12
Gathings, Oliver. See Benton, Oliver
Geneva, Illinois, 139
George, Henry (writer, politician), 168, 179, 242
German Americans
in Chicago, 47, 48, 52, 59–60, 79, 87, 237, 299–300
in Texas, 7, 9, 15–16, 32, 34
German radical tradition, 51
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br /> Gilbert, Emma (Philadelphia girl), 285
Goldman, Emma (anarchist), 344
advocates free love, 236, 247–248
and antiwar movement, 307
and assassination attempts, 230, 257, 280, 281
deported to Russia, 311, 324
on Haymarket anarchists, 209–210, 278
Living My Life, 336–337
Mother Earth (paper), 275, 278, 282, 299, 303, 307
relationship to Lucy, 248–249, 278–279, 324, 336–337
Golenda, Estelle (Lucy’s neighbor), 343
Gompers, Samuel (AFL founder), 66, 242
Gould, Jay (financier), 125
Great Depression. See under economic depressions
Great Upheaval (1884–1885), 99
Greenback Labor Party, 53–54, 79, 83
Grinnell, Julius S. (attorney), 141, 143, 144, 146
gun ownership, 34
Gurley Flynn, Elizabeth (radical agitator)
and antiwar movement, 306–307
and Communist Party, 323
and ILD, 328
on Lucy, 180, 277, 341, 345
marriage of, 320–321
on Russian revolution, 304
Hagar Lyndon (Swank Holmes), 247
Hall, Ella (alias of Lucy Parsons), 37, 88
Hammersmark, Samuel (IWW member), 287, 323
Hapgood, Hutchins (journalist), 267
Harman, Moses (editor of Lucifer the Lightbearer), 245
Harper’s Weekly, 167
Harris, B. F. (Waco mayor), 33, 38
Harris, Frank (novelist), 278
Haughn, Charles (Freedmen’s Bureau agent), 20–21
Havel, Hippolyte (editor of The Social War), 308
Haymarket, “tending the flame” of, ix, 209–210, 256, 276–278, 302–304, 325, 327
Haymarket commemorations
May Day parades, 229, 335–336, 339, 341
Nov 11 observances, 220, 231, 244–245, 263, 269, 328, 340
Waldheim Cemetery, 235, 346
Haymarket events (May 3–5, 1886), ix
Albert’s activities on day of, 131–135
and AZ offices, 135–136, 141, 148
fictional accounts of, 278
May Day strike leads up to, 129–131
media interest in Lucy after, 136–138, 144
the Parsonses go to, 132–133, 149–150, 151–152
Haymarket trial
appeals to higher courts, 163, 166, 193
case against defendants, 146–147, 163
compared with Haywood trial, 276–277
effects of executions on radicals, 209–210
execution and lead-up to, 197–203
funding of defense, 144, 164, 166, 179–180
jury selection in, 143–144, 235
jury verdict in, 154–155
length and attendance, 145
pardon and release of living defendants, 235
and presence of children at Haymarket, 150, 153, 163, 199–200
speeches by defendants, 162–163
testimony in, 146
Haywood, William D. “Big Bill” (WFM leader)
Chaplin disparages, 282
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