China
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Shanhaiguan, Liaoning, 419–20, 429
Shanxi (province), 10, 48, 63, 131, 170, 185, 282, 408
Shanyuan, Treaty of (1005), 305–6
Shaodi, see Han emperors
Shaoxing (Zhejiang), 517–8
Shendu, see India
Shenyang (Mukden), Liaoning, 423, 509
Shenzen (Guangdong), 532
Shenzong, see Liao, Song etc. emperors
Shi, ‘the educated’, elite, 65, 67–8
Shi Hu, Later Zhao ruler (d.349), 206–8
Shi Huangdi, First Emperor, see Qin emperors
Shi Kefa, Ming loyalist, 426, 428
Shi Le, Later Zhao ruler (d.333), 206–7
Shiji, 61, 79, 87, 89–90, 97, 99, 103, 106–10, 113, 115, 132, 141–3
Shijing, see Book of Songs
Shimonoseki, Treaty of (1895), 489–90
Shipping, 210, 380–1
Shizong, see Jin, Later Zhou etc emperors
Shu Kingdom (Three Kingdoms), 190–2
Shu state, 39, 81–4, 168, 185
Shun, ‘Five Emperors’ emperor, 28, 450
Shundi, see Han, Yuan etc. emperors
Shusun Tong, Han scholar, 120–1
Siberia, 132, 438–40,
Sichuan (province), 11, 14, 38–9, 76, 81–5, 115, 137, 167–8, 189, 191, 209, 220, 277, 281, 292, 339, 354, 437, 511, 514
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), 199
Sikkim, 243
Silk, 32, 84, 98, 124–5, 411
Silk Road, 5, 20, 134, 172–3, 201, 203–4, 240, 242, 263, 272, 308, 356
Silla, Korea, 237, 261
Silver, 402, 414–7, 457–7, 459
Sima Guang, Song reformer and historian, 217, 255, 281, 318, 320–1
Sima Qian, The Grand Historian, 61, 90, 91, 100, 104, 106–10, 112–15, 121–2, 126, 132, 136, 141–3, 147, 179, 297, 525
Sima Rui, Eastern Jin dynasty founder, 206
Sima Yan, Western Jin dynasty founder, 192, 204; see also Jin (Three Kingdoms) Dynasty
Sin Chung-il, Korean emissary, 421–2
Singapore, 458
Singosari (Majapahit), 366
Sino-Indian War (1962), 526
Sino-Japanese War (1894–5), 489
Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), 512–4
Sino-Soviet Relations, 19, 518–9
Sishu (Four Books), 348, 349, 350, 395
Six (Southern) Dynasties, 188, 194, 202, 206; see also Wu, Eastern Jin, Liu Song, Liang etc
Sixteen Kingdoms, 192, 206–9
Sogdiana, 140, 153, 201, 262–3, 332
Somalia, 380
Song dynasty, Northern and Southern, 16, 292, 293–4, 312, 313–4, 315–20; Northern, 292, 315–20, 322–5; Southern, 320, 333–40, 341–50, 356–61, 371
Song emperors
Duzong, 360
Gaozong, 333, 334, 335, 344
Huizong, 324–25, 333, 335
Qinzong, 333
Renzong, 313, 316
Shenzong, 317
Taizong, 303–5
Taizu, 302–3
Zhenzong, 305–6
Songhua River (Sungari), 326
Soviet Union, 19, 501, 518–9, 520–1, 526–7, 530, 534–5
Spain, 405, 416
Special Economic Zones, 532–3
Spence, Jonathan, 419, 499, 515
‘Spring and Autumn’ Annals, 62–3, 129
‘Spring and Autumn’ period, 62–6, 68–71, 107, 193
Sri Lanka, 380, 385
Srong-brtsan-sgam-po, Tibetan king, 239, 243, 244
St Petersburg, Treaty of (1881), 486–7
Stalin, Josip, 520, 526
Standard Histories, 5, 6, 21, 106–7, 140, 174, 199, 225, 250, 428
Stein, Aurel, 203–4, 242, 296, 308, 309
Stone Cattle Road, 81–2, 115
Su Chuo, Northern Zhou adviser, 219
Suche, see Yarkand
Sui Dynasty (581–618), 211, 217–8, 222–34, 251
Sui emperors
Wendi, 220, 222–4
Yangdi, 225–6, 229–34, 236, 240
Sui, Duke of, see Sui Wendi
Suizhou, Hubei, 72
Sumatra, 380, 385
Summer Palace, 454, 476, 489
Sun Bin, military writer, 78, 260
Sun Ce, ruler of ‘Three Kingdoms’ Wu, 187–8
Sun Quan, ruler of ‘Three Kingdoms’ Wu, 187–8, 189–90, 202
Sun Wugong, monkey, 245
Sun Yat-sen, president of the republic (d.1925), 373, 491, 497–8, 500, 503, 504, 505, 508
Sunzi, 260
Suzhou, Jiangsu, 230, 323, 406, 412, 452, 477
Suzong, see Tang emperors
Syr Darya (Jaxartes River), 136
Syria, 353
T.
Tabgach (Tuoba), 211–2, 311
Taihang range, 10
Taiping, 161, 165, 196, 482
Taiping, Han Princess, 256
Taiping Rebellion (1851–64), 465, 467–74
Taiwan, 12, 236, 247, 405, 433–6, 458, 475, 488, 489, 515–6, 517, 519–20, 530
Tai Wudi, Northern Wei ruler (d.452), 213
Taiyuan, Shanxi, 418
Taizong, see Jin, Ming, Song, Tang, etc. emperors
Taizu, see Jin, Ming, Song etc. emperors
Tajikistan, 23
Talas River, battle of (751), 265, 268, 275
Tang dynasty (618–907), 5, 16, 193, 218, 233–90 passim, 418
Tang emperors
Daizong, 282
Dezong, 283
Gaozong, 244, 252–4
Gaozu, 233–9
Ruizong, 252, 269
Suzong, 277, 279
Taizong, 234, 237–41, 243, 246–52, 254, 260
Wuzong, 285–6
Xianzong, 285, 287
Xizong, 289–90
Xuanzong, 253, 264, 266, 268–9, 270–8
Yizong, 290
Zhaoxuan, 290
Zhaozong, 290
Zhongzong, 252, 257, 269
Tang, Later (923–36), 290–1, 301
Tangut people, 2, 92, 306, 310–6; see also Xi Xia
Tanshihuai, Xianbei leader, 181
Tarim mummies, 5, 39–42
Tashkent, 241, 442
Tatars, 351, 424
Taxation, 67, 74, 92, 130, 146, 228, 258, 270, 286–7, 318, 412–3, 450–1
Tea, 286, 314, 456–7, 459
Temujin, see Chinggis Khan
Ten Kingdoms (907–60), 292–3, 301, 303
Terracotta Army, 102, 104–5, 109, 115, 124, 308, 531
Thailand, 380
Theravada school, see Buddhism
Three Dynasties (Xia, Shang, Zhou), 29, 30, 107, 294
‘Three Emperors’ (the Qing Kangxi, Yongzhen, Qianlong emperors), 431
Three Kingdoms (Cao Wei, Sun Wu, Han Shu), 186–92
Tian Shan, 14, 235, 241, 262, 268
Tiananmen (Square), 504, 516, 517, 531
Tiananmen Confrontation (1989), 517, 533–4
Tianjin, 447, 473, 475, 476, 485, 493, 504
Tianjin, Treaty of (1858), 462, 475–6
Tianshun, emperor, see Ming emperors
Tibet, 12, 23, 239, 243, 263–4, 274, 281–2, 313, 355–6, 409, 424, 437, 441–4, 479, 491, 501–2, 519, 520–1, 535
Timur Leng (Tamerlane), 383
Tocharian, 40
Toghon Temur, see Yuan Shundi
Tokmak, 263
Tong Guan, Song general, 330–1, 333
Tonkin, 488
Trade, 67, 75, 134, 135, 173, 201, 271–2, 299, 325, 343, 383–4, 390, 438–9, 448, 451–2, 455–8
Tran dynasty, 356, 387
Trans-Siberia Railway, 490
Treaty ports, 467, 475, 486, 488, 492, 509
Trevor-Roper, Hugh, 523
Triads, 467, 471, 485
Tribute, 67, 133, 171, 173, 237, 306, 314, 334–5, 366–7, 383, 446–7, 487
Trung sisters, 169–70
Tsushima Strait, 237
Tujia people, 403
Tujue, see
Turks
Tumu Incident (1449), 390–3, 408, 420
Tungus, 328
Turfan, Xinjiang, 173, 228, 241, 280, 383, 463
Turkestan, 12
Turks, 23, 235, 240, 242, 261–2, 265–7, 280, 288; see also Uighur, Kyrghyz etc
Tusi (native rule), 403, 404, 452–3
Tuyuhun people, 243, 263
Twenty-one Demands (1915), 503–4
U.
Uighurs, 12, 41, 266–7, 273, 279, 280–1, 286, 287, 351, 368, 442, 530
Ulan Bator, 265, 443, 500
United Nations, 19, 501, 530
United States of America, 446, 475, 482, 485, 491, 496–7, 514–5, 519–20, 529–30, 532, 534–5
‘Unvanquished Army’, 477–8
Urga, see Ulan Bator
Urumqi, 39, 139, 263, 441, 486
Ussuri River, 530
Uzbekistan, 23
V.
Verbiest, Father Ferdinand, 430–1
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, 433, 434–5
Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 503–4
Victoria, Queen, 461
Vietnam, 23, 98, 125, 156, 169–70, 202, 236, 261, 281–2, 322, 356, 366, 386–8, 444, 453, 483, 487–8, 520, 530
Vladivostok, 477, 490
Voltaire, F.M.A. de, 432
W.
Wade, Thomas, 483
Wade-Giles, 17–18, 483
Wakeman, Frederic, 465
Waldron, Arthur, 389, 429
Waley, Arthur, 204, 461
Wang Anshi, Song reformer, 317–20, 323, 347
Wang Binghua, archaeologist, 39
Wang Can, Han poet, 194
Wang Fuzhi, Ming loyalist (d.1692), 471
Wang Gungwu, 388
Wang Mang, Xin emperor, 154–5, 157–64, 165
Wang Xuance, Tang ambassador, 243
Wang Yangming (Shouren), Ming philosopher and statesman, 398–400, 402–3, 413, 471
Wang Yuanlu, Daoist monk, 309
Wang Zhen, Ming eunuch, 390–1
Wang Zhengjun, Han dowager empress, 153, 154–5, 158
Wanli emperor, see Ming emperors
Ward, Frederick T., 477
Warring States Annals, see Zhanguoce
‘Warring States’ period (c.770–256BC), 62–3, 71–9, 107, 193, 283–4
Water Margin, 406
Weapons and tactics, 77–8, 164, 211, 220, 223, 259–60, 324, 344–5, 359
Wei, Eastern, dynasty (534–50), 218
Wei, Empress, 149–50
Wei Jingsheng, democracy activist, 533
Wei, Northern, dynasty (386–535), 198, 211–5, 218
Wei, Warring State, 56, 76, 86, 87, 185
Wei, Western, dynasty (535–56), 218, 219
Wei dynasty (220–65), 186–226 passim
Wei emperors
Wendi (Cao Pi, r.220–6), 186, 190–1, 194–5, 196
Wei Qing, Han general, 135
Wei River, 52, 75, 101
Wei Zheng, Tang minister, 247–9, 251, 263, 529
Wei Zhuang, Tang poet, 290
Weihaiwei, Shandong, 489, 491, 508–9
Wen, King of Nanyue, 125
Wen, Zhou King, 52
Wendi, see Han, Sui, Wei etc emperors
West Lake, Hangzhou, 31, 344
West River, 99
Wheaton, Henry, 487
White Lotus Society, 370–1
William of Rubruck, 353
Wilson, President Woodrow, 503
Wright, Arthur, 166
Wu, Warring State, 73, 78, 85, 185
Wu, Zhou King, 52, 54
Wu Ding, Shang King 46–7
Wu dynasty, see Sun Quan, Sun Ce
Wu Kingdom (Three Kingdoms), 187–8
Wu Sangui, Ming/Qing general, 419–20, 425, 435, 436
Wu Zetian, Tang/Zhou Empress (Wu Zhao), 21, 239, 252–8, 262, 266
Wuchang, Hubei, 72, 190, 344, 356, 472, 498, 506
Wudi, see Han, Liang etc emperors
Wuhan, Hubei, 92, 189, 498, 513
Wuhuan people, 143, 163, 170–1
Wusuli River (Ussuri), 328, 476
Wusun people, 139–40, 170
Wuwei, 129, 148, 196, 200, 250, 398, 450, 525
Wuwei, Gansu, 309–10
Wuxi, Jiangsu, 413
Wuzong, see Tang emperors
X.
Xanadu, see Shangdu
Xi Xia kingdom (Great State of White and High), (1022–1227), 292, 310–16, 319, 328, 332, 351–3
Xi’an, Shaanxi, 52, 244, 417, 494, 512, 517; see also Chang’an
Xia dynasty, 28–31, 33, 36, 195, 518
Xia people (Hua-Xia), 30–1, 65, 66–7, 83
Xiamen (Amoy), 433, 466, 467, 481
Xianbei people, 171–2, 181, 198, 205, 210–11, 213–5, 235; see also Tabgach
Xiandi, see Han emperors
Xianfeng, see Qing emperors
Xiang Yu, imperial contender (d.202BC), 113–8
Xiangfan, Hubei, 358
Xiangyang, Hubei, 209, 358, 418
Xianyang, Shaanxi, 76, 89–90, 92, 97, 102, 110, 111, 114
Xianyun people, 61, 62
Xianzong, see Tang emperors
Xiao-wendi, Northern Wei ruler, 213–5, 218
Xijun, Han Princess, 140–1
Xin dynasty (AD9–23), 159, 161, 217; see also Wang Mang
Xining, Qinghai, 169
Xinjiang (province), 5, 12, 23, 39–40, 134, 136–40, 168, 170, 172–4, 201–3, 240–2, 263, 273, 282, 332, 437–43, 444–5, 463, 486, 501, 519, 520, 530, 535
Xiong, V. C., 225–6
Xiongnu people, 23, 128, 131–5, 138, 140–3, 152–3, 163, 167, 168–71, 173, 186, 198, 204–8, 210–1, 235
Xizang (province), 12; see Tibet
Xizong, see Jin, Tang etc. emperors
Xu, Shandong, 186, 196
Xu Ji, Song poet, 326
Xuan, Zhou King, 61
Xuandi, see Han emperors
Xuanzang, monk and pilgrim, 239–45, 262, 529
Xuanzong, see Tang emperors
Xunzi, philosopher, 76, 77, 95
Y.
Yakub Beg, ruler of Xinjiang, 486
Yale, Elihu & Thomas, 456
Yalu River, 261, 421
Yan, Warring State, 56, 87, 283, 379
Yan’an, Shaanxi, 2, 501, 511
Yang Guifei, Tang consort, 275–9
Yang Guozhong, Tang minister, 275–9
Yang Yinglong, Ming rebel, 404, 409
Yangdi, see Sui emperors
Yangshao culture, 33
Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 232, 281, 286, 425–6, 428
Yangzi River, 1–2, 11, 13–14, 31, 81, 85, 118, 187–9, 223, 231, 289, 299, 360, 373, 434, 466, 469, 531
Yao, ethnic minority, 403, 453
Yao, ‘Five Emperors’ emperor, 28
Yao Chong, Tang minister, 269
Yarkand (Suche), Xinjiang, 172, 242, 442, 486
Ye, Hebei, 30, 218
‘Yellow Emperor’, 28, 531
Yellow River (Huang He), 1–2, 6, 11, 14, 28, 32, 91; floods, 162–3, 166, 332, 337, 365, 467, 513, 524
Yellow Turbans, 181–2, 185–6, 195–6
Yelü Dashi, founder of Western Liao dynasty, 332–3 Yi (‘barbarian’), 66, 403, 461–2, 475
Yi, Marquis of Zeng, 72–3
Yijing (I-Ching), see Book of Changes
Yin/Yang, 25, 161, 178, 349
Yingzhou, Anhui, 365
Yizong, see Tang emperors
Yongle emperor, see Ming emperors
Yongzhen emperor, see Qing emperors
You, Zhou King, 61, 62
Younghusband, Francis, 491, 501
Youzhou, Hebei, 283
Yu, emperor, 28, 518; see also Xia
Yu, Lady, consort of Xiang Yu, 118
Yu Dayou, Ming commander, 429
Yuan dynasty (1260–1368), 16, 191, 358–70
Yuan emperors
Khubilai Khan, 298, 355–69, 442
Möngke, 355–6
Ögödei, 354–5
Renzong (Ayurbawada), 368
Shundi (Toghon Temur), 362–3
Yuan Shikai, president of the republic (d.1916), 489, 495, 498–500, 502, 503
Yuandi, see Han emperors
Yuanhao Weiming, Xi Xia ruler, 312–4, 316
Yue, people and state, 73, 85, 169
Yue Fei, Ming hero, 344–6
Yuezhi people (Kushan), 134, 136, 201
Yuezhou, Hunan, 472
Yugang, Shanxi, 213
Yulin, Shaanxi, 408
Yung Wing, ‘self-strengthener’ (d.1912), 482
Yunnan (province), 12, 137, 143, 264, 281–2, 355, 369, 372, 403, 433, 435–7, 453, 467, 479
Yuwen Kai, Tang architect and engineer, 229
Yuwen Pin, Northern Zhou ruler (d.580), 222
Yuwen Tai, Northern Zhou founder, 218, 219–20
Z.
Zeng, Warring State, 72–3
Zeng Guofan, Qing governor, scholar (d.1872), 478, 482, 484–5,
Zeng Hou Yi, see Yi, Marquis of Zeng
Zhai Rong, Buddhist patron, 199–200
Zhang brothers, Tang playboys, 257
Zhang Fei, Three Kingdoms hero, 189
Zhang Hongjing, Tang governor, 285
Zhang Qian, Han explorer, 134, 136–40
Zhang Shu, Qing official, 309–10
Zhang Xueliang, Manchurian warlord, 512
Zhang Zuolin, Manchurian warlord (d.1928), 500, 507
Zhangdi, see Han emperors
Zhanguoce (Warring States Annals), 62–3
Zhangzhong, see Jin emperors
Zhao, Warring State, 56, 78, 79, 86, 87
Zhao, Zhou King, 58, 60–1
Zhao Gao, Qin eunuch, 109–11
Zhao Kuangyin, see Song Taizu
Zhao Mingcheng, Song antiquarian, 308–9
Zhao Tuo, (King Wu of Nanyue), 126
Zhaodi, see Han emperors
Zhaoxiang, King of Qin, 84–5, 86
Zhaoxuan, see Tang emperors
Zhaozong, see Tang emperors
Zhejiang (province), 6, 11, 31, 73, 287, 323, 429
Zheng, King of Qin (Shi Huangdi), see Qin emperors
Zheng Chenggong (Coxinga), Ming loyalist and admiral, 433–6
Zheng He, Tang naval commander, 22–3, 373, 375, 379–86
Zhengde, see Ming emperors
Zhengtong, see Ming emperors
Zhengzhou, Henan, 35–6
Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 466, 473
Zhenzong, see Song emperors
Zhongguo, ‘Central state’/‘Middle Kingdom’, 64, 73, 145, 295
Zhongshan, Shanxi, 123
Zhongshu, Yuan province, 363, 364–5
Zhongyuan, Yellow River plain, 28, 122, 162
Zhongzong, see Tang emperors
Zhou, Duke of, 54–7, 65, 70, 150, 153, 157, 160, 195, 336, 382, 529
Zhou, Eastern/Later (c770–256bc), 51, 62–5, 71–9, 86
Zhou, Later, dynasty (951–60), 291, 300, 302
Zhou, Later, Emperor
Shizong, 302
Zhou, Northern (557–81), 218, 219–22, 251