18. Of humble origin, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536–1598) rose to the position of general under Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582). After avenging Nobunaga’s death, Hideyoshi was largely successful in his unification of the country; he also tried twice to invade the Korean Peninsula. Hideyoshi’s love of grandeur is legendary: in addition to owning a golden teahouse and, in 1587, providing for more than a thousand guests the world’s largest tea ceremony, Hideyoshi employed record numbers of workers to construct his various mammoth castle residences, gathering materials from the outer reaches of the realm. Hideyoshi had a colossal wall (fourteen miles long, nine feet high, and thirty feet wide) built around the city of Kyoto and commissioned wall paintings measuring more than three hundred square feet. Many of them were painted by Hasegawa Tōhaku (1539–1610), known for depicting monkeys in his works. In fact, Hideyoshi’s nickname, given to him by Nobunaga, was “monkey.”
19. The Sanjū sangendō, located in Kyoto, was built in 1164. It is known for its collection of Kannon statues, a main hall so long that it can accommodate an archery contest every year, and the remains of the Hideyoshi wall (Taikō hei). The original Chishakuin Temple, once located in modern Wakayama Prefecture, was burned to the ground in one of Hideyoshi’s military campaigns. Ironically, the paintings that Hideyoshi commissioned for another temple were later housed in the new Chishakuin, rebuilt in Kyoto. One of these enormous paintings covers four full sliding doors (fusuma), each approximately five and a half by four and a half feet.
20. Sen no Rikyū (1522–1591) is the man responsible for making the tea ceremony the austere, understated art form that it is today. He served first Oda Nobunaga and later Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who eventually demanded that the tea master take his own life. Although the reasons for this command remain a mystery, Ango is referring to the theory that it was Rikyū’s refusal to surrender his daughter to Hideyoshi that prompted the death sentence.
21. Located in Nara Prefecture, the Hōryūji is closely associated with the great statesman and champion of Buddhism Shōtoku Taishi (574–622), and it holds many priceless Buddhist statues and paintings. Parts of the temple date back to the seventh century, making it Japan’s oldest extant temple. Byōdōin, located in Uji, southeast of Kyoto, is considered one of the finest examples of late-Heian-period (974–1192) architecture, and it has a grand collection of statues and paintings of its own. Both temples were favorites of Taut.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GENERAL READINGS
Fiction
Birnbaum, Phyllis. Modern Girls, Shining Stars, the Skies of Tokyo: Five Japanese Women. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.
Cohn, Joel R. Studies in the Comic Spirit in Modern Japanese Fiction. Cambridge, Mass.: Asia Center, Harvard University, 1998.
Colligan-Taylor, Karen. The Emergence of Environmental Literature in Japan. New York: Garland, 1990.
Copeland, Rebecca L. Lost Leaves: Women Writers of Meiji Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000.
Copeland, Rebecca L., and Esperanza Ramirez-Christensen, eds. The Father–Daughter Plot: Japanese Literary Women and the Law of the Father. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.
Cornyetz, Nina. Dangerous Women, Deadly Words: Phallic Fantasy and Modernity in Three Japanese Writers. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Fairbanks, Carol. Japanese Women Fiction Writers: Their Culture and Society, 1890s to 1990s. Landham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2002.
Fowler, Edward. The Rhetoric of Confession: Shishōsetsu in Early Twentieth-Century Japanese Fiction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
Fujii, James A. Complicit Fictions: The Subject in Modern Japanese Prose Narrative. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Gatten, Aileen, and Anthony Hood Chambers, eds. New Leaves: Studies and Translations of Japanese Literature in Honor of Edward Seidensticker. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1993.
Gessel, Van C. Three Modern Novelists: Sōseki, Tanizaki, Kawabata. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1993.
———, ed. Japanese Fiction Writers, 1868–1945. Vol. 180 of Dictionary of Literary Biography. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997.
Heinrich, Amy Vladeck, ed. Currents in Japanese Culture: Translations and Transformations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Hijiya-Kirschnereit, Irmela. Rituals of Self-Revelation: Shishōsetsu as Literary Genre and Socio-cultural Phenomenon. Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1996.
———, ed. Canon and Identity: Japanese Modernization Reconsidered: Trans-cultural Perspectives. Berlin: Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien, 2000.
Japan PEN Club, comp. Japanese Literature in European Languages: A Bibliography. Tokyo: Japan PEN Club, 1961.
Karatani, Kōjin. Origins of Modern Japanese Literature. Translated and edited by Brett de Bary. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993.
Katō, Shūichi. A History of Japanese Literature. Vol. 3, The Modern Years. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1983.
Keene, Donald. Appreciations of Japanese Culture. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1981.
———. Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era. Vol. 1, Fiction. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984.
———. The Pleasures of Japanese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
———. Some Japanese Portraits. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1988.
Kleeman, Faye Yuan. Under an Imperial Sun: Japanese Colonial Literature of Taiwan and the South. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003.
Kokusai bunka kaikan, ed. Modern Japanese Literature in Translation: A Bibliography. Compiled by the International House of Japan Library. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1979.
Kornicki, Peter F. The Reform of Fiction in Meiji Japan. London: Ithaca Press, 1982.
Kuribayashi, Tomoko, with Mizuho Terasawa, eds. The Outsider Within: Ten Essays on Modern Japanese Women Writers. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2002.
Lewell, John. Modern Japanese Novelists: A Biographical Dictionary. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1993.
Lippit, Noriko Mizuta. Reality and Fiction in Modern Japanese Literature. White Plains, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1980.
Lippit, Seiji M. Topographies of Japanese Modernism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Mamola, Claire Zebroski. Japanese Women Writers in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1989.
Matthew, Robert. Japanese Science Fiction: A View of a Changing Society. London: Routledge, 1989.
McDonald, Keiko I. From Book to Screen: Modern Japanese Literature in Film. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 2000.
Mertz, John Pierre. Novel Japanese: Spaces of Nationhood in Early Meiji Narrative, 1870–88. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 2003.
Miller, J. Scott. Adaptations of Western Literature in Meiji Japan. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Miyoshi, Masao. Accomplices of Silence: The Modern Japanese Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974.
Mortimer, Maya. Meeting the Sensei: The Role of the Master in Shirakaba Writers. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Mulhern, Chieko I., ed. Japanese Women Writers: A Bio-Critical Sourcebook. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1994.
Murakami, Fuminobu. Ideology and Narrative in Modern Japanese Literature. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1996.
Napier, Susan J. The Fantastic in Modern Japanese Literature: The Subversion of Modernity. London: Routledge, 1996.
Petersen, Gwenn Boardman. The Moon in the Water: Understanding Tanizaki, Kawabata, and Mishima. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1979.
Pollack, David. Reading Against Culture: Ideology and Narrative in the Japanese Novel. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1992.
Powell, Irina. Writers and Society in Modern Japan. London: Macmillan, 1983.
Rimer, J. Thomas. Modern Japanese Fiction and Its Traditions: An Introduction. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978.
———. Pilgrimages: Aspects of Japanese Literature and Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988.
———. A Reader’s Guide to Japanese Literature. 2nd ed. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1999.
Ritchie, Donald. Japanese Literature Reviewed. Tokyo: ICG Muse, 2003.
Rubin, Jay. Injurious to Public Morals: Writers and the Meiji State. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1984.
———, ed. Modern Japanese Writers. New York: Scribner, 2001.
Sakaki, Atsuko. Recontextualizing Texts: Narrative Performance in Modern Japanese Fiction. Cambridge, Mass.: Asia Center, Harvard University, 1999.
Sas, Miryam. Fault Lines: Cultural Memory and Japanese Surrealism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
Schalow, Paul Gordon, and Janet A. Walker, eds. The Woman’s Hand: Gender and Theory in Japanese Women’s Writing. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Schierbeck, Sachiko Shibata. Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century: 104 Biographies, 1900–1993. Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1994.
Schlant, Ernestine, and J. Thomas Rimer, eds. Legacies and Ambiguities: Postwar Fiction and Culture in West Germany and Japan. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1991.
Shea, George Tyson. Leftwing Literature in Japan: A Brief History of the Proletarian Literary Movement. Tokyo: Hosei University Press, 1964.
Stewart, Frank, and Leza Lowitz, eds. Silence to Light: Japan and the Shadows of War. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.
Suzuki, Tomi. Narrating the Self: Fictions of Japanese Modernity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996.
Swann, Thomas E., and Kinya Tsuruta, eds. Approaches to the Modern Japanese Short Story. Tokyo: Waseda University Press, 1982.
Takamizawa Junko. My Brother Hideo Kobayashi. Translated by James Wada and edited, with an introduction, by Leith Morton. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2001.
Tanaka, Yukiko. Women Writers of Meiji and Taishō Japan: Their Lives, Works and Critical Reception. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2000.
Tsuruta, Kinya, and Thomas E. Swann, eds. Approaches to the Modern Japanese Novel. Tokyo: Sophia University Press, 1976.
Ueda, Makoto. Modern Japanese Writers and the Nature of Literature. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976.
Vernon, Victoria V. Daughters of the Moon: Wish, Will, and Social Constraint in the Fiction of Japanese Women. Berkeley, Calif.: Institute of East Asian Studies, 1988.
Walker, Janet A. The Japanese Novel of the Meiji Period and the Ideal of Individualism. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.
Washburn, Dennis C. The Dilemma of the Modern in Japanese Fiction. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995.
Washburn, Dennis C., and Alan Tansman, eds. Studies in Modern Japanese Literature: Essays and Translations in Honor of Edwin McClellan. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1997.
Yamanouchi, Hisaaki. The Search for Authenticity in Modern Japanese Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Drama and Poetry
Beichman, Janine. Embracing the Firebird: Yosano Akiko and the Birth of the Female Voice in Modern Japanese Poetry. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002.
Downer, Leslie. Madame Sadayakko: The Geisha Who Bewitched the West. New York: Gotham Books, 2003.
Goodman, David G. Japanese Drama and Culture in the 1960s: The Return of the Gods. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe, 1988.
Harada, Hiroko. Aspects of Post-War German and Japanese Drama, 1945–1970: Reflections on War, Guilt, and Responsibility. Lewiston, N.Y.: Mellen, 2000.
Havens, Thomas R. H. Artist and Patron in Postwar Japan: Dance, Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts, 1955–1980. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982.
Heinrich, Amy Vladeck. Fragments of Rainbows: The Life and Poetry of Saitō Mokichi, 1882–1953. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.
Japan Society and Japan Foundation. Japanese Theater in the World. New York: Japan Society, 1997.
Keene, Donald. Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era. Vol. 2, Poetry, Drama, Criticism. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984.
Klein, Susan Blakely. Ankoku Butō: The Premodern and Postmodern Influences on the Dance of Utter Darkness. Cornell University East Asia Papers, no. 49. Ithaca, N.Y.: East Asia Program, Cornell University, 1988.
Ortolani, Benito. The Japanese Theatre: From Shamanistic Ritual to Contemporary Pluralism. Rev. ed. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Poulton, M. Cody. Spirits of Another Sort: The Plays of Izumi Kyōka. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 2001.
Rimer, J. Thomas. Toward a Modern Japanese Theatre: Kishida Kunio. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.
Scholz-Cionca, Stanca, and Samuel L. Leiter, eds. Japanese Theatre and the International Stage. Brill’s Japanese Studies Library, vol. 12. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Senda, Akihiko. The Voyage of Contemporary Japanese Theatre. Translated by J. Thomas Rimer. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.
Shields, Nancy K. Fake Fish: The Theater of Kobo Abe. New York: Weatherhill, 1996.
Suzuki, Tadashi. The Way of Acting: The Theatre Writings of Tadashi Suzuki. Translated by J. Thomas Rimer. New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1986.
Ueda, Makoto. Modern Japanese Poets and the Nature of Literature. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1983.
1. FIRST EXPERIMENTS
Fiction
Mori Ōgai
Bowring, Richard. Mori Ōgai and the Modernization of Japanese Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Dilworth, David, and J. Thomas Rimer, eds. The Historical Fiction of Mori Ōgai. Rev. ed. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. [Originally two volumes: The Incident at Sakai and Other Stories and Saiki Kōi and Other Stories. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1977]
Marcus, Marvin. Paragons of the Ordinary: The Biographical Literature of Mori Ōgai. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993.
Rimer, J. Thomas. Mori Ōgai. New York: Twayne, 1975.
———, ed. No Song Like Any Other: An Anthology of Writings by Mori Ōgai. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004.
Vita Sexualis. Translated by Kazuji Ninomiya and Sanford Goldstein. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1972.
The Wild Goose [Gan]. Translated by Burton Watson. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1995.
Youth and Other Stories. Edited by J. Thomas Rimer. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
Tōkai Sanshi
Sansom, George. The Western World and Japan, pp. 411–15. New York: Knopf, 1950.
2. BEGINNINGS
Fiction
Futabatei Shimei
Ryan, Marleigh Grayer. Japan’s First Modern Novel: Ukigumo of Futabatei Shimei. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.
An Adopted Husband [Sono omokage]. Translated by Buhachiro Mitsui and Gregg M. Sinclair. 1926. Reprint, New York: Greenwood Press, 1969.
Mediocrity [Heibon]. Translated by Glenn Shaw. Tokyo: Hokuseido, 1927.
Izumi Kyōka
Inouye, Charles Shirō. The Similitude of Blossoms: A Critical Biography of Izumi Kyōka, 1873–1939: Japanese Novelist and Playwright. Cambridge, Mass.: Asia Center, Harvard University, 1998.
Japanese Gothic Tales [short stories]. Translated by Charles Shirō Inouye. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996.
Kōda Aya
Sherif, Ann. Mirror: The Fiction and Essays of Koda Aya. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999.
Tansman, Alan M. The Writings of Kōda Aya, a Japanese Literary Daughter. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.
Kōda Rohan
Pagoda, Skull, Samurai: Three Stories. Translated by Chieko Irie Mulhern. Rutland, Vt.: Tuttle, 1985.
Kunikida Doppo
River Mist and Other Stories. Translated
by David G. Chibbett. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1983.
“Meat and Potatoes.” Orient West 9 (1964). Reprinted in The Japanese Image, edited by M. Schneps and A. D. Coox. Tokyo: Orient West, 1966.
Nagai Kafū
Seidensticker, Edward. Kafū the Scribbler: The Life and Writings of Nagai Kafū, 1879–1959. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1965.
Snyder, Stephen. Fictions of Desire: Narrative Form in the Novels of Nagai Kafū. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000.
Natsume Sōseki
And Then [Sorekara]. Translated by Norma Moore Field. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.
Botchan. Translated by Alan Turney. Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1972.
Grass on the Wayside [Michikusa]. Translated by Edwin McClellan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.
I Am a Cat [Wagahai wa neko de aru]. Translated by Aiko Itō and Graeme Wilson. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1972.
Inside My Glass Doors [Garasudo no uchi]. Translated by Sammy I. Tsunematsu. North Clarendon, Vt.: Tuttle, 2002.
Kokoro. Translated by Edwin McClellan. Chicago: Regnery, 1957.
Light and Darkness [Meian]. Translated by V. H. Viglielmo. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1971.
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