“What Keeps Gen. MacArthur in Japan.” U.S. News and World Report. June 7, 1949.
“What MacArthur Didn’t Tell.” Christian Century. February 23, 1955.
“What Should We Do: An American Policy by General MacArthur.” Life. May 14, 1951.
“When Osmeña Last Saw Roosevelt.” Moncadian. Winter 1949.
“Which Way to End War?” Christian Century. April 17, 1946.
“Who’s in the Army Now?” Fortune. September 1935.
“Why Not Trust MacArthur?” Collier’s. October 27, 1945.
Willkie, Wendell L. “Let Us Do More Proposing than Opposing.” Vital Speeches of the Day. March 1, 1942.
Wolfers, Arnold. “Collective Security and the War in Korea.” Yale Review. Summer 1954.
“Wonderful Figure.” New Yorker. June 16, 1951.
Wood, Robert E. “An Upperclassman’s View.” Assembly, Association of (West Point) Graduates. Spring 1964.
“Worthy Son of a Worthy Sire, A.” World’s Work. April 1919.
X [George F. Kennan]. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs. July 1947.
“Yamashita: Too Busy.” Newsweek. December 10, 1945.
“Younger Generation.” Time. April 29, 1946.
“Youngest General, The.” World’s Work. October 1930.
Copyright Acknowledgments
The author is grateful to the following publishers, individuals, and companies for permission to reprint excerpts from selected material as noted below.
B T Batsford Limited for MacArthur as Military Commander by Gavin Long, B T Batsford Limited, 1969.
The Devin-Adair Company for The Untold Story of Douglas MacArthur, by Frazier Hunt. Copyright © 1954 by Frazier Hunt.
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc., for The General and the President by Richard H. Rovere and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Copyright © 1951 by Richard H. Rovere and Arthur M. Schlesinger. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Greenwood Press, Inc., for Dear Miss Em: General Eichelberger’s War in the Pacific, 1942–1945 by Jay Luvaas. Copyright © 1972 by Jay Luvaas. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Harvard University Press for The Truman-MacArthur Controversy and the Korean War by John W. Spanier. Copyright © 1959 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., for The Riddle of MacArthur: Japan, Korea and the Far East by John Gunther. Copyright 1950, 1951 by John Gunther. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Hawthorn Books, Inc., for The Good Fight by Manuel Luis Quezon. Copyright © 1974, 1946 by Aurora A. Quezon. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Colonel Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., for Victory at High Tide. Copyright © 1968 by Robert Debs Heinl, Jr.
Houghton Mifflin Company and Seeley, Service & Cooper Ltd. for The Years of MacArthur, 1880–1041 (volume I) by D. Clayton James, copyright © 1970 by D. Clayton James, and for The Years of MacArthur, 1941–1945 (volume II) by D. Clayton James, copyright © 1975 by D. Clayton James. Reprinted by permission of the publishers.
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and Time Inc. for MacArthur: His Rendezvous with History by Courtney Whitney. Copyright © 1955 by Time Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publishers.
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., for A Long Row of Candles: Memories and Diaries (1934–1954) by C. L. Sulzberger. Copyright © 1969 by Cyrus L. Sulzberger. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Mr. Joe Alex Morris for My Fifteen Years with General MacArthur by Sidney L. Huff with Joe Alex Morris. Reprinted from The Saturday Evening Post. Copyright © 1951 The Curtis Publishing Company.
Naval Institute Press for MacArthur’s Amphibious Navy by Daniel E. Barbev. Copyright © 1969, U.S. Naval Institute, Annapolis, Md.
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., for Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department by Dean Acheson, and for With MacArthur in Japan by William J. Sebald and Russell Brines.
Faustina Orner Associates for Douglas MacArthur by Clark Lee and Richard Henschel.
Time Inc. for Reminiscences, by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, McGraw-Hill Book Co., copyright © 1964 Time Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Harry S. Truman Estate for Memoirs, volume II, Years of Trial and Hope by Harry S. Truman, Doubleday & Co., Inc., Publishers, 1955.
The University of New Mexico Press for MacArthur and Wainwright: Sacrifice of the Philippines by John J. Beck, University of New Mexico Press, 1974.
The Viking Press for Our Jungle Road to Tokyo by Robert L. Eichelberger. Copyright 1950 by Robert L. Eichelberger. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Warner Bros., Inc., for the song “Old Soldiers Never Die They Just Fade Away,” words and music by Frank Westphal. Copyright © 1939, Warner Bros., Inc. Copyright renewed, all rights reserved. Used by permission of the publisher.
LOOK FOR THESE OTHER BOOKS BY WILLIAM MANCHESTER
The Arms of Krupp
The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Dynasty That Armed Germany at War
“The story is irresistible. . . .It is the archetypal tale of material accumulation and growth to dehumanized power, personalized in a single family that habitually caricatured the best and worst excesses of the German character. . . . The Arms of Krupp has everything.”
— Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, New York Times
“A colorful, extremely readable account. . . . To be the biographer of Krupp is to write the history of modern Germany.”
— Alistair Horne, New York Times Book Review
Goodbye, Darkness
A Memoir of the Pacific War
“Never have the fighting men been better caught in their talk, fear, pride, misery, pain, anguish. Never have the savagery, madness, ferocity, violence, guts, crud, gristle, and gore of war been better put down on paper. . . . Goodbye, Darkness belongs with the best war memoirs ever written.”
— Los Angeles Times
“Gripping. . . . It is impossible for an American to read this book without pride in what his country accomplished in those days of enormous challenge.”
—J. G. Harrison, Christian Science Monitor
Back Bay Books
Available wherever paperbacks are sold
* The rank of lieutenant general was reestablished during World War I. (back to text)
* MacArthur, the supreme egoist, always considered it a mistake for anyone to leave his command. When the 1st Marine Division was transferred from his theater to Nimitz’s in 1943, he told the divisional commander, “You know in the Central Pacific the First Marine Division will be just one of six Marine divisions, [but] if it stayed here it would be my Marine Division.” (back to text)
* In his Reminiscences MacArthur incorrectly writes that he received this letter on May 29. (back to text)
* Eisenhower agreed with MacArthur. Before leaving Manila he had submitted a military appreciation to Quezon predicting that the Japanese invasion force would be “limited in size” and concluding: “There is one line, and one line only, at which the defending forces will enjoy a tremendous advantage over any attack by land. That line is the beach. Successful penetration of a defended beach is the most difficult operation in warfare. . . . The enemy must be repulsed at the beach.” (back to text)
* The Japanese navy alone had 2,274 warplanes. (back to text)
* Similarly, MacArthur later neglected to inform the navy that he intended to evacuate Manila on Christmas Eve. (back to text)
* The odious Courtney Whitney writes that MacArthur had “celebrated his birthday” with a “counterattack — just the sort of gesture to amuse and please his men.” (back to text)
* Another twenty thousand Filipino soldiers were fighting in the Visayas (central Philippines). MacArthur planned to use all these troops in guerrilla warfare if Bataan fell, and their later captivity was a consequence of Washington’s decision to appoint Wainwright commander of the entire archipelago. (back to text)
* MacArthur seems to have been confused here. In his boyhood days t
he Indians were, of course, on the other side. (back to text)
* “I do the very best I know how. . . . If the end brings me out all right what is said against me won’t amount to anything. If the end brings me out wrong, ten angels swearing I was right would make no difference.” It would have been hard to find a passage more at odds with MacArthur’s own philosophy. (back to text)
* Before the troops sailed, MacArthur said to their commander, “I know what the Marines think of me, but I also know that when they go into a fight they can be counted upon to do an outstanding job. Good luck.” It is ironic that MacArthur and the leathernecks never admired each other. He was their kind of general, and they were his kind of troops. Both were vain, colorful, proud — and terrific fighters.121 (back to text)
* The case of Sutherland’s mistress was an exception. See below, page 403. (back to text)
* Interestingly, the Australians were more troubled than the Americans by the prospect of a British presence in the Southwest Pacific. (back to text)
* The 16th had in fact been on Bataan, but it is thought improbable that its men were responsible for the Death March. (back to text)
* Two-man police interrogation teams use the good guy-bad guy technique: one of them threatens a subject while the other sympathizes with him. MacArthur incorporated both roles in one man. On another occasion, after savaging Kinkaid, he put an arm around him and said softly: “You get in the middle of everything, don’t you?” The admiral, touched, said, “I certainly do.” Thus the General won him over.53 (back to text)
* Dr. Egeberg asked MacArthur why he took such needless risks. The General replied, much as he had to Quezon on Corregidor: “If I do it, the colonels will do it. If the colonels do it, the captains will do it, and so on.” Egeberg was unsatisfied; he still broods about the General’s motive. This writer asked Dr. Robert Byck, professor of clinical psychiatry and pharmacology at Yale Medical School, for an explanation of such recklessness. He replied in one word: “Suicidal.”55 (back to text)
*”The Gs” — G-l, administration; G-2, intelligence; G-3, operations; G-4, quartermaster. (back to text)
* In his Reminiscences he writes: “It embarrassed me no end.” One doubts that it embarrassed him no end. (back to text)
*The “point” is the first soldier in a patrol; his comrades stream behind him. (back to text)
* Berlin’s capitulation also strengthened the hand of doves in Tokyo; refusing to quit before the Nazis had been a matter of face. (back to text)
* It is the supreme irony of World War II that the two great losers achieved their major economic goals. Germany dominates Western Europe. The Japanese, with the withdrawal of the European colonial powers from their part of the world, now preside over what is, in effect, a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. (back to text)
* According to Bowers, MacArthur once called FDR “Rosenfeld” and referred to Truman as “that Jew in the White House,” claiming that Truman’s name and features were Jewish. If that is true, the General would be guilty of the kind of benign anti-Semitism displayed by Eleanor Roosevelt and Adlai Stevenson in their early years. However, MacArthur’s other surviving SCAP officers vigorously deny that he ever made the sort of biased remarks attributed to him by Bowers. (back to text)
* Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163-133 B.C.) and his brother Gaius (153-121 B.C.) restored Rome’s class of small independent farmers by restricting the amount of land a citizen might occupy and instituting greater subdivision of lands. (back to text)
* Harold Ickes charged that SCAP had “been caught flatfooted in Korea. . . . Thanks to General MacArthur, South Korea was ill-prepared to defend herself.” Later Truman implied the same thing. They were wrong. The General may be faulted elsewhere. Here he was blameless. (back to text)
* During his tenure Acheson visited Europe eleven times. (back to text)
*This was passed at 10:45 PM- on Tuesday, June 27. The vote was 7 to 1, with Yugoslavia voting against it. Russia was absent, continuing a boycott of the council because of the UN’s refusal to seat Communist China. (back to text)
* In his late seventies the President told Merle Miller that he had never given serious thought to the use of Chinese Nationalist troops: “What would have been the use of them? They weren’t any damn good, never had been.” The above account is based on, among other sources, Ache-son’s recollections and those of the President as published in 1956. (back to text)
* He did not add that in each instance the Nipponese were stopped short of victory by international diplomatic intervention. (back to text)
* In the mid-1970s two television specials on the Wake meeting depicted the General’s behavior toward Truman as insulting. They were based on Merle Miller’s interviews with the former President and with Dr. Wallace Graham, his physician. Graham said that MacArthur “deliberately tried to hold up his landing so that we would go in and land ahead of them. Harry caught it right away, and told MacArthur, ‘You go ahead and land first. We’ve got plenty of gas. We’ll wait for you.’ “ Truman himself said to Miller, “I knew what he was trying to pull with all that stuff about whose plane was going to land first, and I wasn’t going to let him get away with it.”All of this is specious. The present version is based on an examination of the records, including Tony Story’s flight log, and the recollections of Bunker, Pace, Muccio, Harriman, Rusk, Murphy, and Robert Sherrod of Time. Truman’s memoirs, written shortly after he left the White House, merely note: “General MacArthur was at the ramp of the plane as I came down. “ Rusk (who was with Truman) told this writer: “The account given by President Truman in his interview with Merle Miller simply represented a very old man’s faulty memory and Merle Miller’s willingness to exploit it. “ Muccio (who was with MacArthur) added that the intimation of rudeness on MacArthur’s part is “pure fiction.” (back to text)
* David Cornwell (John Le Carre) writes the author: “Nobody knows what Philby, Burgess & McL really betrayed: isn’t it odd? Or how. Did they use cameras? How much, how often, & how did they deliver . . ? Insoluble, vexing, fascinating.” Dean Rusk believes that the enemy knew the broad strokes of UN policy by reading American newspapers and following developments at Lake Success, but he writes the author concerning the Philby apparatus: “It can be assumed that (1) anything we in our government knew about Korea would have been known at the British Embassy and (2) that officers in the Embassy of the rank of these three would have known what the British Embassy knew.”Asked to comment, the British embassy in Washington replied to the writer: “Unfortunately neither we at the Embassy nor the Foreign and Commonwealth Office are at liberty to discuss the questions you raise.” The author has also approached Philby, now in Moscow, through a mutual acquaintance, inviting him to confirm or deny MacArthur’s charges. In a letter dated April 7, 1978, he replied that he himself reported “no significant information about the Korean War” to the Soviets and doubts that Burgess and Maclean did. Then he added: “Unfortunately, this leaves the general question unanswered. Was there a leak or wasn’t there? I do not know, and, if I did, I probably could not tell you. On the face of it, it is absurd that we three were the only possible sources of leakage.” It is equally absurd to conclude, on the strangth of this ambiguous statement, that the Philby apparatus bore no responsibility in this matter. Philby concedes that “the question is left hanging.” So it is, but it seems reasonable to suggest that it hangs from his hook.For other views see Alan S. Whiting, China Crosses the Yalu (New York, i960), and James McGovern, To the Yalu (New York, 1972). (back to text)
* “Hot pursuit” is based on the ancient principle of criminal justice that a police officer chasing a felon may cross beyond his line of jurisdiction. (back to text)
* Whitney went a step further; the drive, he declared, had been “one of the most successful military maneuvers in modern history.” (back to text)
* Sixty percent of the UN losses in Korea — over eight)’ thousand of them Americans — followed MacArthur’s recall. (bac
k to text)
*The ballad, ironically, was a British army song, based on a gospel hymn, “Kind Words Can Never Die.” (back to text)
* American casualties in the Bulge were 106,502. MacArthur’s were 90,437.27 (back to text)
American Caesar Page 112