5 L. Chang et al., The Four Political Treatises of the Yellow Emperor (University of Hawaii, 1998), p. 62.
6 Wei Z., et al., eds. Emperor Kangxi’s Instructions on State Management (Expatriates’, 1995), 45.
7 R. Huang, China: A Macro History (Sharpe, 1997), 19.
8 M. Lewis, Sanctioned Violence in Early China (State University of New York, 1990), 92–3.
9 Y. Lo, “The Formulation of Early Confucian Metaphysics,” in Imagining Boundaries: Changing Confucian Doctrines, Texts, and Hermeneutics, eds K. Chow et al. (State University of New York Press, 1999), 57–85, p. 70–1.
10 Confucius, The Analects, trans. S. Leys (Norton, 1999), 77.
11 W. de Bary et al., eds, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1 (Columbia, 1960), 115; my rendition cf. E. Pound, The Great Digest and The Unwobbling Pivot (Peter Owen, 1968), 30–1.
12 J. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, trans. J. Foster and C. Hartman (Cambridge, 1999), 81.
13 Chang, Four Political Treatises 175.
14 Dao De Ching, ch. 57.
15 B. Watson, The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu (Columbia, 1968), 191.
16 Mozi, trans. W. Mei (Probsthain, 1929), 2.
17 Gernet, History of Chinese Civilization, 145.
18 Ibid., 119.
19 Ibid., 132.
20 Ibid., 133.
21 M. Hane, Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey (Westview, 1991), 118.
22 K. Henshall, A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 16.
23 R. Borgen, Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court (University of Hawaii, 1994), 228.
24 H. Ichiro, “Japanese Folk-Beliefs,” American Anthropologist, 61 (1959), 405–24.
25 M. de Visser, “The Tengu,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. 36 pt. 2 (1908), n.p.
26 B. Burke-Gaffney, “Jaodori,” Harbor Light, 2:9 (1987), 7.
27 C. Blomberg, The Heart of the Warrior: Origins and Religious Background of the Samurai System in Feudal Japan (Sandgate, 1994), 83.
28 Ibid., 81.
29 K. Friday, Samurai: Warfare and the State in Early Medieval Japan (Routledge, 2003), 29–32.
30 Ibid., 38.
31 H. Cortazzi, ed., Mitford’s Japan: The Memoirs and Recollections, 1866– 1906, of Algernon Bertram Mitford, the first Lord Redesdale (Athlone, 1985), 160.
32 J. Hall, “Japanese Feudal Laws III: The Tokugawa Legislation, Part I,” Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. 38:4 (1911), 288.
33 K. Kawaiumi, Japan and World Peace (Macmillan, 1919), 13.
34 J. Behrman, “Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization,” Making Globalization Good: The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism, ed. Dunning (Oxford, 2003), 121–45, 138.
35 C. Haguenauer, “La danse rituelle dans la ceremonie du chinkonsai,” Journal Asiatique June(1930), 324–50.
36 Blomberg, Heart of the Warrior, 197.
37 W. de Bary, ed., Sources of Japanese Tradition, vol. 1 (Columbia, 1958), 347.
38 I. Nobutaka et al., Shinto: A Short History (Routledge, 2003), 170–1.
4. Monotheistic Peaces: Judaism, Christianity and Islam
1 Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 192.
2 Gen. 21: 22–32.
3 Josh. 9:15.
4 Isa. 27:5.
5 I Chr.; 28:3
6 Job 22:21.
7 Isa. 32:16–17.
8 Isa. 11:6 and 57:21.
9 Isa. 2:4.
10 Philo, “On the Change of Names,” in Philo, trans. R. Marcus (Harvard), 267.
11 Luke 2:14.
12 Matt. 5: 9, 38–39, 43–5.
13 Matt. 7:12.
14 Luke 10: 5–6.
15 Matt. 26:52.
16 John 16:33.
17 John 24:27.
18 Eph. 2:17; Col.1:9–20.
19 Gal. 3: 28.
20 I Cor. 14: 33.
21 Eph. 2:14.
22 II Cor. 5:18–19.
23 Thess. 5:3.
24 Justin, “The First Apology,” in The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Writings of the Fathers Down to A.D. 325, vol. 1, trans. and ed. A. Roberts et al. (The Christian Literature Publication Co., 1885), 159–88, 163.
25 Tertullian, Ad martyres, quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 246.
26 J. Dymond, An Inquiry Into the Accordancy of War with the Principles of Christianity (Friends Books, 1892), 50.
27 Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 248.
28 Clement, Christ, the Educator, trans. S. Wood (Catholic University of America, 1954), 35.
29 Quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 251.
30 Ibid., 252.
31 Ibid., 257.
32 Ibid., 265.
33 Z. Karabell, Peace Be Upon You: The Story of Muslim, Christian and Jewish Coexistence(Knopf, 2007), 13.
34 Qur’an 20.47 and 14.23.
35 Qur’an 59.23 and 10.25.
36 Qur’an 2.224.
37 Qur’an 28:36.
38 Qur’an 8.61.
39 Qur’an 49.9.
40 Qur’an 49.10.
41 Qur’an 4.90.
42 Qur’an 2.11.
43 Qur’an 4.91.
44 Qur’an 4.94.
45 Ibid., p. 22.
46 J. Kelsay, Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics (Westminster/John Knox, 1993), 47, orig. ital.
47 J. Kelsay and J. Johnson, eds., Just War and Jihad: Historical and Theoretical Perspectives on War and Peace in Western and Islamic Traditions (Greenwood, 1991), iii.
48 M. Bamyeh, The Social Origins of Islam: Mind, Economy, Discourse (University of Minnesota, 1999), 224.
49 M. Sicker, The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna (Praeger, 2000), 10.
50 Qur’an 2: 256.
51 G. Hawting, The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 (Routledge, 2000), ch. 1.
52 Sicker, Islamic World in Ascendancy, 2.
53 Ibid.
54 S. Qasha, Christians in the Muslim State (Dar al-Malak, 2002), 67.
5. Medieval, Renaissance and Reformation Peaces
1 Augustine, City of God, vol. 2, trans. M. Dodds (Edinburgh: Clark, 1871), 319; my rendition cf. Zampaglione, 301.
2 Ibid., 405.
3 Ibid., 57.
4 Quoted in Zampaglione, The Idea of Peace in Antiquity, 299.
5 E. Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Collier, 1899), 270.
6 Saint Benedict, The Rule of Saint Benedict (Vintage, 1998), 62.
7 D. Alighieri, On World-Government, trans. H. Schneider (Liberal Arts, 1957), 13.
8 Ibid., 22.
9 Quoted in M. Bishop, Petrarch and His World (Indiana, 1963), 286.
10 N. Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1882), 115–16.
11 Ibid., 57.
12 N. Machiavelli, Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy, trans. N. Thomson (Paul, Trench, 1883), 219.
13 Ibid., 431.
14 Erasmus, “On the War against the Turks,” in The Erasmus Reader, ed. E. Rummel (University of Toronto, 1990), 316–19.
15 The Adages of Erasmus, ed. W. Barker (University of Toronto, 2001), 323.
16 T. More, Utopia (Rickerby, 1852), 174.
17 Ibid., 183.
18 Ibid., 156.
19 M. Mullett, Martin Luther (Routledge, 2004), 75.
20 M. Wagner, Petr Chelcicky: A Radical Separatist in Hussite Bohemia (Herald, 1983), 89.
21 P. Brock, Political and Social Doctrines of the Unity of Czech Brethren (Mouton, 1957), 55.
22 C. Grebel, Letter to Thomas Muntzer, September 1524.
23 J. Stayer, Anabaptists and the Sword (Wipf and Stock), 172.
24 A. Weinberg and L. Weinberg, eds, Instead of Violence: Writings of the Great Advocates of Peace and Nonviolence Throughout History, (Grossman, 163), 438l.
25 G. Fox, Journal of George Fox, ed. J. Nickalls (Cambr
idge, 1952), 65.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., 405.
28 Ibid., 398–404.
6. Peace, Peacemaking and the Ascent of Nation-States
1 T. Hobbes, Leviathan (Routledge, 1886), 64.
2 Ibid., 93.
3 Ibid., 65.
4 C. de Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Law, trans. T. Nugent (Colonial, 1900), 59.
5 Ibid., 127.
6 Ibid., 316.
7 J. Locke, Two Treaties on Government (Routledge, 1887), 191.
8 Ibid., 250, 219.
9 Ibid., 258–9.
10 Ibid., 287.
11 Ibid., 302.
12 J. Rousseau, The Social Contract, trans. G. Cole (Dutton, 1950), 9.
13 Ibid., 66.
14 Ibid., 12.
15 Ibid., 3.
16 Ibid., 140.
17 C. Ady and E. Armstrong, A History of Milan under the Sforza (Methuen, 1907), 62.
18 E. Crucé, Le Nouveau Cynée, trans. T. Balch (Allen, Lane, and Scott, 1909), 85.
19 Ibid., 9, 3.
20 H. Grotius, On the Laws of War and Peace, trans. F. Kelsey (Carnegie, 1925), 28.
21 Montesquieu, 5.
22 J. Scott, ed., The Classics of International Law (Clarendon, 1934), 175.
23 G. de Martens, Summary of the Law of Nations Founded on the Treaties and Customs of the Modern Nations of Europe, trans. William Cobbett (Philadelphia, 1795), 3–5.
24 Ibid., 5.
25 W. Grewe, The Epochs of International Law, trans. M. Byers (Walter de Gruyter, 2000), 380–1.
26 Ibid.
27 Constitution of the International Law Association, Article 3 www.ilahq.org/html/main_constitution_english.htm accessed June 1, 2008.
28 G. Finch, The Sources of Modern International Law (Hein, 2000), 77.
29 J. Ralston, International Arbitration: From Athens to Locarno (Stanford, 1929), 191.
30 Bulletin du premier congrès universel de la paix (Paris, 1889), 10–13.
31 Statutes of the Inter-Parliamentarian Union, Article 2, http://www.ipu.org/strct-e/statutes-new.htm accessed October 25, 2007.
32 N. Politis, Neutrality and Peace, trans. F. Macken (Carnegie, 1935), 12.
33 P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Clarendon, 1996), 25, 46.
34 F. Hartmann, ed., Basic Documents of International Relations (McGraw-Hill, 1951). 16.
35 Ibid., 11–12.
36 J. Solana, “Securing Peace in Europe,” NATO Publications (November 12, 1998) www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981112a.htm accessed June 1, 2008.
37 H. Wheaton, Elements of International Law (Philadelphia, 1846), 3.
38 I. Kant, The Critique of Pure Reason, trans. J. Meiklejohn (Collier, 1901), 548.
39 I. Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (Prentice Hall, 1997), 54.
40 I. Kant, The Philosophy of Law. An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence as the Science of Right, trans. W. Hastie (Clark, 1887), 229–30.
41 W. Phillips, The Confederation of Europe: A Study of the European Alliance, 1813–1823, as an Experiment in the International Organization of Peace (Longmans Green, 1920), 5.
42 I. Kant, Perpetual Peace, trans. L. Beck (Liberal Arts, 1957).
43 “The Herald of Peace,” in Les États-Unis d’Europe 1:46 (1868), 182.
44 F. Passy, Guerres et congrès ou le socialisme international: Extrait de l’Économiste belge, (Paris, 1899), 5–6.
45 Passy “Ligue internationale et permanente de la paix” (Paris, 1868), 77–87.
46 S. Cooper Patriotic, Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914 (Oxford, 1991), 61.
47 E. Mead, Official Report (London, 1908), 88.
48 A. Schou, Nobel: The Man and His Prizes (Norman, 1951), 477.
49 W. Channing, The Works of William E. Channing (American Unitarian Association, 1894), 673.
50 Ibid., 676.
51 R. Emerson, The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 10 (Houghton Mifflin, 1914), 117.
52 R. Emerson, Essays (Houghton Mifflin, 1883), 87.
53 R. Emerson, The Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 7 (Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 221.
54 H. Thoreau, “Civil Disobedience,” in Walden and Other Writings (Modern Library, 1950), 635–63, p. 644.
55 Ibid., 647.
56 L. Tolstoy, War and Peace, trans. L. and A. Maude (Oxford, 1998), 667.
57 Ibid., 669–70.
58 Ibid., 476.
59 L. Tolstoy, What Is Art? (London, 1924), 332.
60 L. Tostoy, The Kingdom of God Is Within You and Peace Essays (Oxford, 1951), 19.
61 L. Tostoy, The Law of Love and the Law of Violence (R. Field, 1938), 38.
62 R. Christian, trans. Tolstoy’s Letters vol. 2 (Scribner, 1978), 707–8.
63 Baha Ullah, Gleanings from the Writings of Baha’u’llah, trans. S. Effendi (Baha’i Publishing), 250
64 Ibid., 119.
65 H. Balyuzi, Baha Ullah: A Brief Life (G. Ronald, 1963), 69.
66 Paris Talks: Addresses Given by ‘Abdu’l-Baha in 1911 (Baha’i Publishing, 2006), 120–1.
67 ‘Abdu’l-Baha, The Promulgation of Universal Peace (Baha’i Publishing, 1982), 371; Selections from the Writings of ‘Abdu’l-Baha (Baha’i World Center, 1978), 249.
7. Colonial and Imperial Peace and Peacemaking
1 A. Roy, “The New American Century,” The Nation, 278: 5 (2004), 11.
2 J. Olson et al., eds, Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism (Greenwood, 1991), 627.
3 E. Bourne, eds, The Voyages of the Northmen (Scribner’s, 1906), 112, 114.
4 O. Dickason, The Myth of the Savage, and the Beginnings of French Colonialism in the Americas (University of Alberta, 1997), 29.
5 F. Sullivan, trans., Indian Freedom: The Cause of Bartolomé de Las Casas, 1484–1566, A Reader (Rowman and Littlefield, 1995), 354.
6 B. Dobrée, William Penn, Quaker and Pioneer (Houghton Mifflin, 1932), 145.
7 G. Weltfish, The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture (University of Nebraska, 1977), 175.
8 Ibid.
9 B. Johansen, The Encyclopedia of Native American Legal Tradition (Greenwood, 1998), 81.
10 J. Roach, Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance (Columbia, 1996), 120.
11 J. Parry, The Audiencia of New Galicia in the Sixteenth Century: A Study in Spanish Colonial Government(Cambridge, 1948), 6.
12 J. Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law(Clarendon, 1934), 348.
13 J. Thomson, Mercenaries, Pirates, and Sovereigns: State-Building and Extraterritorial Violence in Early Modern Europe(Princeton, 1994), 35.
14 C. Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600–1800 (Knopf, 1965), 24–5.
15 “Dead payes” are cash given to the families of those killed while on commission. P. Griffiths, The British Impact on India (MacDonald, 1952), 51.
16 J. Fitzpatrick, ed., The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–79, vol. 30 (Government Printing Office, 1939), 71; The Federalist: A Collection of Essays by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison (Colonial, 1901), 58.
17 T. Jefferson, Writings, vol. 8, ed. P. Ford (Putnam, 1892–99), 4.
18 J. Elliot, Jonathan, The American Diplomatic Code, vol. 2 (Privately Printed, 1834), 179.
19 J. Foster, American Diplomacy in the Orient (Houghton Mifflin, 1903), 395.
20 A. Dennis, Adventures in American Diplomacy, 1896–1906 (Dutton, 1928), 24.
21 U. S. Congressional Record v. 31 (Government Printing Office), 3789.
22 V. Purcell, The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study (Cambridge, 1963), 70.
23 D. Preston, The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China’s War on Foreigners (Walker, 2000), 206.
24 Ibid., 307.
25 P. Clyde, United States Policy Toward China: Diplomatic Public Documents, 1839–1939 (Duke, 1940), 216.
26 J. Blaine, Political Discussions, Legislative, Diplomatic, and Popular (Henry B
ill, 1887), 429.
27 The Annalist, 23 (1921), 159.
28 U. S. Congressional Record v. 39, 19.
29 S. Nearing and J. Freeman, Dollar Diplomacy: A Study in American Imperialism (Viking, 1925), 247.
30 Types of Restricted Sovereignty and of Colonial Autonomy (Government Printing Office, 1919), 6–7.
31 Foreign Relation (1912), vxiii.
8. Modern Economics of Peace and Peacemaking
1 C. von Clausewitz, On War, trans. J. Graham (Penguin, 1982), 197.
2 Le Roman politique sur l’état présent des affaires de l’Amérique ou Lettres de M * * * à M * * * sur les moyens d’établir une paix solide et durable dans les Colonies et la Liberté générale de Commerce Extérieur (Amsterdam, 1756), 332.
3 J. Necker, De l’Administration des finances de la France (Dijon, 1784), vol. III, ch. 36, n.p.
4 L. Loubère, Louis Blanc: His Life and His Contribution to the Rise of French Jacobin-Socialism (Northwestern, 1961), 67.
5 A. Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Collier, 1909), 445.
6 J. Bentham, “Principles of International Law,” in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, vol. 8 (Tait, 1839), 552.
7 Ibid., 556.
8 J. Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Clarendon, 1879), 2.
9 Ibid., 215.
10 D. Ricardo, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (Murray, 1821), 153.
11 J. Mill, Principles of Political Economy, with Some of Their Applications to Social Philosophy, vol. 2 (Appleton, 1897), 136.
12 H. Paul, A History of Modern England, vol. 4 (Macmillan, 1905), 85.
13 G. Schmoller, The Mercantile System and its Historical Significance (Kelley, 1989), 78–9.
14 F. Bastiat, “Harmonies économiques,” Œuvres complètes, vol. 6 (Guillaumin et Cie, Paris, 1864), 385.
15 L. Walras, “La paix par la justice sociale et le libre échange,” Œuvres complètes, vol. 7 (Economica, 1907), 467–70, p. 467.
16 F. Coulomb, Economic Theories of Peace and War (Routledge, 2004), 58.
17 H. Saint-Simon, Selected Writings on Science, Industry, and Social Organization, ed. K. Taylor (Holmes and Meier, 1975), 34.
18 Ibid., 36.
19 G. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, trans. T. Knox (Clarendon, 1942), 215.
20 D. Moellendorf, “Marxism, Internationalism, and the Justice of War,” Science and Society, 58:3 (1994), 264–86.
21 Coulomb, Economic Theories of Peace and War 121.
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