35 Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988, 177.
36 Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, New Delhi: Islamic Book Service, 2001, 49.
37 Binder, Islamic Liberalism, 177.
38 Qutb, Milestones, 61.
39 Binder, Islamic Liberalism, 188.
40 National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, New York: Norton, 2004, 51.
41 Adnan A. Musallam, From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005, 169.
42 “Bookseller Ahmed Faraz Jailed Over Terror Offences,” BBC News, December 13, 2011, bbc.co.uk/news.
43 Victoria Brittain and Asim Qureshi, “Banning Books in Britain, Fifty Years after Lady Chatterley,” Our Kingdom openDemocracy.net, December 17, 2011, accessed December 10, 2012.
44 Ed Husain, The Islamist: Why I Joined Radical Islam in Britain, What I Saw Inside and Why I Left, London: Penguin Books, 2007; Yahya Birt, “The Islamist: A Review,” Fug’s Blog, fugstar.blogspot.com, accessed June 19, 2008.
45 Tariq Ramadan, Western Muslims and the Future of Islam, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, 26.
46 Paul Berman, “Who’s Afraid of Tariq Ramadan?” New Republic, June 4, 2007.
47 Tariq Ramadan, “Blair Can No Longer Deny a Link Exists Between Terrorism and Foreign Policy,” Guardian, June 4, 2007.
48 David Goodhart, “An Open Letter to Tariq Ramadan,” Prospect, no. 135, June 2007.
49 Nick Cohen speaking at the Hay Festival, May 27, 2007.
50 Nick Cohen, What’s Left? How Liberals Lost Their Way, London: Fourth Estate, 2007, 260.
51 Andrew Anthony, The Fallout: How a Guilty Liberal Lost His Innocence, London: Jonathan Cape, 2007.
52 Ibid., 234.
53 Ibid., 123–24.
54 Martin Amis, The Second Plane: September 11: 2001–2007, London: Jonathan Cape, 2008, 50.
55 Johann Hari, “The Two Faces of Amis,” Independent, January 29, 2008.
56 Amis, The Second Plane, x.
57 Ginny Dougary, “The Voice of Experience,” The Times (London), September 9, 2006.
58 Alberto Toscano, Fanaticism: On the Uses of an Idea, London: Verso, 2010, 99–101.
59 Adam James Tebble, “Exclusion for Democracy,” Political Theory, 34: 4, August 2006.
60 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, Ware, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 1998, 358.
61 Losurdo, “Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism,” 53.
62 Agamben, State of Exception.
63 Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s Identity, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004, 262.
4. THE MYTH OF RADICALIZATION
1 Caroline Elkins, Britain’s Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya, London: Jonathan Cape, 2005, 106–7.
2 Walter Laqueur, “Terror’s New Face,” Harvard International Review, 20: 4, 1998.
3 Peter Neumann, “Perspectives on Radicalisation and Political Violence: Papers from the First International Conference on Radicalisation and Political Violence,” London, January 17–18, 2008, London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2008, 4.
4 Immanuel Kant, “An Answer to the Question: ‘What Is Enlightenment?’ ” 1784. In Immanuel Kant, Practical Philosophy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
5 Mark Sedgwick, “The Concept of Radicalization as a Source of Confusion,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 22: 4, 2010, 480–81.
6 Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?: The CIA and the Cultural Cold War, London: Granta Books, 1999, 214.
7 Walter Laqueur, “The Terrorism to Come,” Policy Review, August/September 2004, 51, 53, 55–6.
8 Daveed Gartenstein-Ross and Laura Grossman, “Homegrown Terrorists in the US and UK: An Empirical Examination of the Radicalization Process,” Washington, DC: Foundation for the Defense of Democracy, 2009, 11, 14, 26–27, 29, 35, 52–54.
9 Wajahat Ali, Eli Clifton, Matthew Duss, Lee Fang, Scott Keyes, and Faiz Shakir, “Fear, Inc.: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America,” Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, 2011, 18–19.
10 Gartenstein-Ross and Grossman, “Homegrown Terrorists in the US and UK,” 8.
11 Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, “Home”, http://www.daveedgr.com, accessed March 25, 2012.
12 Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004; Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.
13 “Marc Sageman”, Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute, http://www.fpri.org/about/people/sageman.html, accessed April 15, 2012.
14 Elaine Sciolino and Eric Schmitt, “A Not Very Private Feud over Terrorism,” New York Times, June 8, 2008.
15 Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, 23, 66, 70, 75–81, 83–84, 88, 94, 102, 155, 160.
16 Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks, 1.
17 Ibid., 120.
18 Ibid., 135.
19 Quintan Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
20 See cables for October 25, 2007, “EUR Senior Advisor Pandith and S/P Advisor Cohen’s visit to the UK,” and April 18, 2008, “Proposals for ambassador’s CT fund.”
21 Dina Temple-Raston, “New Terrorism Adviser Takes a ‘Broad Tent’ Approach,” Morning Edition, NPR, January 24, 2011, npr.org.
22 Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising, 3, 6, 17, 20.
23 Ron Suskind, The Way of the World: A Story of Truth and Hope in an Age of Extremism, New York: HarperCollins, 2008, 200–202.
24 Sean O’Neill and Yaakov Lappin, “I Don’t Want You to Join Me, I Want You to Join bin Laden,” The Times (London), January 17, 2005, 5.
25 Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising, 210.
26 Ibid., 12.
27 Leon Trotsky, “The History of the Russian Revolution, Volume Two: The Attempted Counter-Revolution”, 1932, Marxists Internet Archive http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/hrr/intro23.htm, accessed March 27, 2012.
28 Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt, “Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat,” New York Police Department Intelligence Division, 2007, 2, 6–7, 10, 31, 85. The NYPD stated in a subsequent “clarification” that the report did not mean to imply that behaviors such as growing a beard could be indicators for the purposes of surveillance.
29 Ibid., 20.
30 Deposition by Thomas Galati in Handschu v. Special Services Division, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, June 28, 2012, 31.
31 Associated Press, “Highlights of AP’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Probe into NYPD Intelligence Operations” http://www.ap.org/media-center/nypd/investigation, accessed April 21, 2012.
32 Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “NYPD Shadows Muslims Who Change Names,” Associated Press, October 26, 2011.
33 Matt Apuzzo and Adam Goldman, Enemies Within: Inside the NYPD’s Secret Spying Unit and Bin Laden’s Final Plot Against America, New York: Touchstone, 2013, 66–68, 73, 283.
34 Galati, Handschu v. Special Services Division, 124.
35 Alan Feuer, “The Terror Translators,” New York Times, September 17, 2010.
36 Faiza Patel and Andrew Sullivan, “A Proposal for an NYPD Inspector General,” New York: Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law, 2012, 1.
37 Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “Informant: NYPD Paid Me to ‘Bait’ Muslims,” Associated Press, October 23, 2012.
38 Chris Hawley and Matt Apuzzo, “NYPD Infiltration of Colleges Raises Privacy Fears,” Associated Press, October 11, 2011.
39 Leonard Levitt, “Lone Wolves or Sheep?,” NYPD Confidential, nypdconfidential.com, March 19, 2012.
40 Russ Buettner, “Man S
entenced in Plan to Bomb Manhattan Synagogue,” New York Times, April 27, 2013, A19.
41 Adam Goldman and Matt Apuzzo, “Documents: NY Police Infiltrated Liberal Groups,” Associated Press, March 23, 2012.
42 Michael Greenberg, “New York: The Police and the Protesters,” New York Review of Books, October 11, 2012.
43 Ramzi Kassem, “The Long Roots of the NYPD Spying Program,” Nation, June 13, 2012.
44 Jason Leopold and Matthew Harwood, “Hacked Intel E-Mail: NYPD Involved in ‘Damn Right Felonious Activity,’ ” Truthout, truthout.org, September 4, 2012, accessed January 21, 2013.
45 John Miller, “Violent Islamist Extremism: Government Efforts to Defeat It,” testimony before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, May 10, 2007.
46 Olivier Roy, “Al Qaeda in the West as a Youth Movement: The Power of a Narrative,” MICROCON: A Micro Level Analysis of Violent Conflict, Policy Working Paper 2, Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, November 2008, 2.
47 Ibid., 3, 15.
48 Jonathan Githens-Mazer and Robert Lambert, “Why Conventional Wisdom on Radicalization Fails: The Persistence of a Failed Discourse.” International Affairs, 86: 4, 2010.
49 Donatella della Porta, “Social Movement Studies and Political Violence,” Denmark: Aarhus University Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation Process, School of Business and Social Science, September 2009, 9.
50 Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission on the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Counterterrorism Intelligence, and the Events at Fort Hood, Texas, on November 5, 2009, 36.
51 There is an indication that al-Awlaki may already have been placed on a “kill or capture” list in late 2009. Dana Priest, “US Playing a Key Role in Yemen Attacks,” Washington Post January 27, 2010, A1.
52 US Department of Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, “Nine Years after 9/11: Confronting the Terrorist Threat to the Homeland,” statement before the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, September 22, 2010.
53 Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, “As American as Apple Pie: How Anwar Al-Awlaki Became the Face of Western Jihad,” London: International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, 2011, 30–31, 84.
54 Anwar al-Awlaki, “44 Ways to Support Jihad,” January 2009.
55 Brian Handwerk and Zain Habboo, “Attack on America: An Islamic Scholar’s Perspective—Part 1,” National Geographic, September 28, 2001, news.nationalgeographic.com, accessed March 28, 2013.
56 Scott Shane and Souad Mekhennet, “Imam’s Path from Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad,” New York Times, May 8, 2010.
57 Anwar al-Awlaki speech, northern Virginia, March 2002. Exact date unknown.
58 Shane and Mekhennet, “Imam’s Path.”
59 Anwar al-Awlaki, “Constants on the Path of Jihad,” December 2005.
60 Transcript of “The Rise of Anwar al-Awlaki” event, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, DC, June 1, 2010.
61 Phone interview with Asim Qureshi, August 24, 2011.
62 Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission, 67–68.
63 “Interview: Anwar al-Awlaki,” Al Jazeera, February 7, 2010, aljazeera.com, accessed March 29, 2013.
64 Anwar al-Awlaki, “Western Jihad Is Here to Stay,” March 2010.
65 Andrew March, “Anwar al-‘Awlaqi against the Islamic Legal Tradition,” New Haven: Yale Law School, September 2010.
66 Anwar al-Awlaki, “Battle for the Hearts and Minds,” May 2008.
67 Anwar al-Awlaki, “A Call to Jihad,” March 2010.
68 Meleagrou-Hitchens, “As American as Apple Pie;” J. M. Berger, “The Myth of Anwar al-Awlaki,” Foreign Policy, August 10, 2011.
69 Shane and Mekhennet, “Imam’s Path.”
70 US Department of Justice, Memo, “Lawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a US Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of al-Qa’ida or an Associated Force,” White Paper.
71 Vikram Dodd, “Roshonara Choudhry: Police Interview Extracts,” Guardian, November 3, 2010.
72 Fawaz A. Gerges, “Al-Qa’eda in the Arabian Peninsula: Does It Pose a Threat to Yemen and the West?” Washington, DC: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2011, 19.
73 “Pakistan Drone Statistics Visualized,” Bureau of Investigative Journalism, July 2, 2012, thebureauinvestigates.com, accessed March 24, 2013.
74 Andrea Elliott, Sabrina Tavernise, and Anne Barnard, “Bombing Suspect’s Long Path to Times Square,” New York Times, May 16, 2010, A1.
75 Lorraine Adams with Ayesha Nasir, “Inside the Mind of the Times Square Bomber,” Observer, September 19, 2010.
76 US Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the US Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack, February 2011, 27–30.
77 Brooks Egerton, “Fort Hood Captain: Hasan Wanted Patients to Face War Crimes Charges,” Dallas Morning News, November 17, 2009.
78 Joseba Zulaika, “The Terror/Counterterror Edge: When Non-Terror Becomes a Terrorism Problem and Real Terror Cannot Be Detected by Counterterrorism,” Critical Studies on Terrorism, 3: 2, 2010, 252.
79 Final Report of the William H. Webster Commission.
5. HEARTS AND MINDS
1 Marco Schneebalg, “The Press Has Exaggerated Anti-Israel Protests in Manchester,” Haaretz, May 6, 2010.
2 Marcus Dysch, “Israel Deputy Ambassador ‘Shocked’ by Manchester Attack,” Jewish Chronicle, April 29, 2010.
3 Home Office, “Channel Data 2007–2010,” document released under the Freedom of Information Act, May 2011.
4 Secretary of State for the Home Department, “CONTEST: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism—Annual Report,” London, March 2013, 22.
5 HM Government, “Channel: Supporting Individuals Vulnerable to Recruitment by Violent Extremists: A Guide for Local Partnerships,” March 2010, 9–10.
6 Interview with Jameel Scott [pseudonym], conducted by Rizwaan Sabir, Manchester, October 22, 2011.
7 In 2012, control orders were replaced with Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures, effectively a rebranding of the same powers.
8 Department for Communities and Local Government, “Preventing Violent Extremism Pathfinder Fund: Guidance Note for Government Offices and Local Authorities in England,” London, February 2007, 5.
9 David Leppard, “Terror Chief Tipped to Head MI6,” The Times (London), September 21, 2008; Anne McElvoy, “On Her Majesty’s Not-So-Secret Service,” The Times (London), October 4, 2009.
10 House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, “Project CONTEST: The Government’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy: Ninth Report of Session 2008–09,” July 7, 2009, Ev 29.
11 Ibid., Ev 74.
12 Jason Bennetto, “MI5 Conducts Secret Inquiry into 8,000 Al-Qa’ida ‘Sympathisers,’ ” Independent, July 3, 2006.
13 Secretary of State for the Home Department, “Pursue, Prevent, Protect, Prepare: The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering International Terrorism,” March 2009, 13.
14 “Pro-West Ads to Target Extremism,” BBC News, February 23, 2009, news.bbc.co.uk, accessed September 8, 2009.
15 MI5 Security Service, “Countering International Terrorism: The Battle of Ideas,” mi5.gov.uk, accessed October 1, 2009.
16 Private e-mail from a government department to an arm’s-length official body, 2007.
17 Interview with local authority manager, Bradford, April 28, 2009.
18 Interview with local authority worker, August 18, 2009.
19 “Pursue, Prevent, Protect, Prepare,” 10, 13.
20 Hazel Blears, “Many Voices: Understanding the Debate About Preventing Violent Extremism,” lecture at the London School of Economics, February 25, 2009, communities.gov.uk, accessed February 26, 2009.
21 Home Affairs Committee “Project CONTEST,”
Ev 26.
22 Cabinet Office, “The National Security Strategy of the United Kingdom: Security in an Interdependent World,” March 2008, 8.
23 UK Home Office, “The Prevent Strategy: A Guide for Local Partners in England: Stopping People Becoming or Supporting Terrorists and Violent Extremists,” London, 2008, 16.
24 Gordon Brown, Statement on National Security, London, October 28, 2007; “Countering International Terrorism: The Battle of Ideas,” MI5 Security Service.
25 Walsall Council, “Building Resilience—Priorities For Action: Delivering the Prevent Strategy in Walsall 2008/09–2010/11,” August 2009.
26 Asma Jahangir, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief: Mission to the United Kingdom, United Nations, February 7, 2008, 21.
27 House of Commons, “Hansard Written Answers,” London, January 12, 2009.
28 Home Affairs Committee, “Project CONTEST,” 21, 26; Home Office Research, Information and Communications Unit, “Counter Terrorism Communications Guidance: Communicating Effectively with Community Audiences,” London, 2007); spinprofiles.org, accessed August 29, 2009.
29 Robin Ramsay, “The Influence of Intelligence Services on the British Left”, Lobster, 1996, http://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/articles/rrtalk.htm, accessed October 9, 2013.
30 Dean Godson, “The Feeble Helping the Unspeakable,” The Times (London), April 5, 2006, timesonline.co.uk.
31 Interview with community activist, Bolton, June 14, 2011.
32 Interview with youth worker, London, April 30, 2009.
33 Salma Yaqoob, “Government’s PVE Agenda Is Failing to Tackle Extremism,” Muslim News, November 28, 2008.
34 Secretary of State for the Home Department, Prevent Strategy, London: HM Government: June 2011, 20.
35 Ibid.
36 Ryan Gallagher and Rajeev Syal, “University Staff Asked to Inform on ‘Vulnerable’ Muslim Students,” Guardian, August 29, 2011.
37 Syma Mohammed and Robert Verkaik, “CIA Given Details of British Muslim Students,” Independent, April 1, 2010.
38 Peter Clarke speech, The Rise of Street Extremism conference, Policy Exchange, London, January 10, 2011.
39 Kevin Rawlinson, “Police Face New Questions Over Approach to Protest Groups,” Independent, January 6, 2012.
The Muslims Are Coming! Page 37