18. LOVE IN A LOCKET
1. L, 2: 101–2, 105n.
2. L, 2: 103–5, 399–406.
3. L, 2: 107n.
4. L, 2: 109–10.
5. L, 2: 116–17, 111–12.
6. MTE, 147–48; L, 2: 119–20.
7. L, 2: 133–34.
8. Michael Horigan, Elmira: Death Camp of the North (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002); K. Patrick Ober, Mark Twain and Medicine (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003), 125; Mrs. Thomas Bailey Aldrich [Lilian Woodman], Crowding Memories (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 151–54; MT to Poultney Bigelow, March 22, 1899, Library of Poultney Bigelow, Bigelow Homestead, Malden-on-Hudson, NY.
9. L, 3:320–21; MTA, 2: 110, 103–5; the full transcript of Twain’s letter to Charles Warren Stoddard of August 25, 1869, is in MTP.
10. L, 2: 144–46n.
11. L, 2: 155–59.
19. THE INNOCENT AT HOME
1. This recovered letter restores parts not included in the truncated version in the University of California Press edition. The full transcript made from the original letter (now lost) was recently acquired from the estate of Albert Bigelow Paine and is available at the MTP. The mystery woman may be “Pauline,” originally of Cleveland; see Frank Fuller’s 1912 letters to Albert Bigelow Paine, excerpted in L, 2: 115n.
2. L, 2: 202.
3. L, 2: 206; Richard B. Sewall, Life of Emily Dickinson (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux, 1974), 2: 444–50; Jerome Loving, Emily Dickinson: The Poet on the Second Story (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 84–85; ET&S, 2: 536–37.
4. L, 2: 207.
5. See Leon T. Dickinson, “Mark Twain’s Revisions in Writing The Innocents Abroad,” American Literature 19 (May 1947), 139–57.
6. “The Holy Land Excursion Letter No. 46,” San Francisco Alta, March 15, 1868, reprinted in Daniel Morley McKeithan, Traveling with the Innocents Abroad: Mark Twain’s Original Reports from Europe and the Holy Land (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958), 272–77. Twain recycled essentially the same catalog of nineteenth-century inventions in both his 1889 birthday letter to Walt Whitman and “Queen Victoria’s Jubilee” (1897).
7. L, 2: 232–33n.
8. MTA, 1: 238; L, 2: 241.
9. MTB, 1: 367–68. See also L, 2: 242–44.
10. L, 2: 250; MTBus, 101–2.
11. L, 2: 283.
12. L, 2: 286–87n, 284–86.
13. L, 2: 318.
14. L, 2: 353–56n.
15. L, 3: 82.
16. MTE, 155.
17. L, 3:440,267,404.
18. L, 3:195,270,288n.
19. L,4: 338–39n; MTB, 386n; L, 3: 291, 294; 2: 349; 3: 298.
20. FALSE START IN BUFFALO
1. L,2: 267.
2. Leah A. Strong, Joseph Hopkins Twichell: Mark Twain’s Friend and Pastor (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1966), 64; Civil War Letters of Joseph Hopkins Twichell: A Chaplain’s Story, ed. Peter Messent and Steve Courtney (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2006), 1–14, 125–26. See also Steve Courtney, Joseph Hopkins Twichell: The Life and Times of Mark Twain’s Closest Friend (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2008).
3. The record of their religious differences comes mainly from Howells and Paine. The counterargument that they did not really differ on this subject can point only to the fact that Twain and his family, who never formally joined the Asylum Hill Church, nevertheless participated in its services and social activities while they lived in Hartford. See William Dean Howells, My Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1910), 32–33; MTB, 631–32; and Strong, Joseph Hopkins Twichell, 91–108.
4. Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, ed. Joseph B. McCullough and Janice McIntire-Strasburg (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000), 5.
5. L, 3: 303–7.
6. Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 19.
7. L, 3: 361n.
8. MTB, 1: 424. Mentioning the fork stabbing, Paine states that medical authorities called cancer blood poisoning then. The MTP holds a note from Riley to Clemens dated May 16, 1872, stating he was caught in “a simple contest between Cancer and Constitution”; see L, 5: 189n, and Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 128. See also Paul Baender, “Mark Twain and the Byron Scandal,” American Literature 30 (January 1959), 467–85.
9. L, 4: 424–26; Contributions to the Galaxy, 1868–1871, by Mark Twain, ed. Bruce R. McElderry, Jr. (Gainesville, FL: Scholars’ Facsimiles & Reprints, 1961), 90–91; Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 243–46. See also Roughing It, ed. Harriet Elinor Smith and Edgar Marquess Branch (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 33, 701–2.
10. For a probing study of Twain’s development as a writer during his Buffalo period, see Jeffrey Steinbrink, Getting to Be Mark Twain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
11. Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 204–6. See also Paul Fatout, “Mark Twain Litigant,” American Literature 31 (March 1959), 31–43.
12. L, 4: 50.
13. L, 4: 108n, 182n.
14. Walter Blair, Mark Twain & Huck Finn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 64–66.
15. Contributions to the Galaxy, 50.
16. Contributions to the Galaxy, xv; Mark Twain at the Buffalo Express, 269.
17. L, 4: 338n, 365.
21. BACK ON THE LECTURE CIRCUIT
1. L, 4: 176n, 392, 99, 40; 5: 55–56n.
2. L, 4: 269, 378–79; Roughing It, ed. Harriet Elinor Smith and Edgar Marquess Branch (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 840–41.
3. L, 4: 469–70, 517, 484–86.
4. L, 4: 561–63; Lorch, 121.
5. LLMT, 161, 163–64; L, 4: 491, 499, 506.
6. L, 5: 2n.
7. L, 5: 15, 43–44.
8. L, 5: 46, 49n.
9. Richard B. Sewall, Life of Emily Dickinson (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1974), 1: 115n; L, 5: 83, 93n.
10. L, 5: 98–101. When Sue Crane documented Langdon’s last days for Paine in 1911, she noted that “Mr. Clemens was often inclined to blame himself unjustly” (MTA, 2: 230–31).
22. HOME IN HARTFORD
1. R. Kent Rasmussen, Mark Twain: A to Z (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 176.
2. Kenneth R. Andrews, Nook Farm: Mark Twain’s Hartford Circle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950); Wilson H. Faude, The Renaissance of Mark Twain’s House (Larchmont, NY: Queens House, 1978), 11; Van Wyck Brooks, The Ordeal of Mark Twain (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1920).
3. For an excellent summary of the Stowe-Byron controversy, see Philip McFarland, Loves of Harriet Beecher Stowe (New York: Grove Press, 2007), 174–94.
4. Susan Goodman and Carl Dawson, William Dean Howells: A Writer’s Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 148–98. See also Howells’s statement in My Mark Twain (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1910): “Emerson, Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes—I knew them all and all the rest of our sages, poets, seers, critics, humorists; they were like one another and like other literary men; but Clemens was sole, incomparable, the Lincoln of our literature” (101).
5. DeLancey Ferguson, Mark Twain: Man and Legend (Indianapolis: BobbsMerrill Company, 1947), 165–66; Howells, My Mark Twain, 138–39; Mrs. Thomas Bailey Aldrich [Lilian Woodman], Crowding Memories (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920), 128–32.
6. L, 4: 316; 5: 105; MTE, 272–80. See also “Mark Twain in Sydney: A Further Interview” (MTCI, 202), where MT puns that Harte “has no heart, except his name.”
7. L, 3: 120.
8. “Mark Twain on His Travels,” San Francisco Alta California, dateline February 1, published March 3, 1868, 1. Clemens said he was writing on January 25 in his first paragraph on Hartford.
9. Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1966), 183, 181; Rasmussen, Mark Twain: A to Z, 362.
10. MTMF, 252; “A Family Sketch” (James S. Copley Library, La Jolla, CA).
2
3. SEQUEL TO A SUCCESS
1. Henry Nash Smith, Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962), 52.
2. Jeffrey Steinbrink, Getting to Be Mark Twain (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 131; L, 4: 105.
3. Roughing It, ed. Harriet Elinor Smith and Edgar Marquess Branch (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), xxiv, 321, 313–15, 321, 361, 365–66, 440, 528, 531, 731.
4. See Mark Twain’s Letters from Hawaii, ed. A. Grove Day (New York: Appleton-Century, 1966), 112; chapter 14.
5. Edgar Lee Masters, Mark Twain, A Portrait (New York: Scribner’s, 1938), 218; MTE, 240.
6. Walter Francis Frear, Mark Twain and Hawaii (Chicago: Lakeside Press, 1947), 388–89.
7. Roughing It, 739n.
24. A BOOK ABOUT THE ENGLISH
1. L, 5: 159, 205.
2. L, 6: 546; London Times, May 5, 1910, p. 12.
3. For a more benign if not altogether reliable characterization of the Clemens- Hotten relationship, see Dewey Ganzel, “Samuel Clemens and John Camden Hotten,” The Library, 20 (1965), 230–42. See also ET&S, 1: 586–607.
4. L, 5: 215–16.
5. Franklin Walker, San Francisco’s Literary Frontier (New York: Knopf, 1939), 273, also quoted in John W. Crowley, The Mask of Fiction: Essays on W. D. Howells (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989), 64. For Stoddard and Whitman, see Horace Traubel, With Walt Whitman in Camden (New York: Mitchell Kennerley, 1914), 3: 444–45; Walt Whitman: The Correspondence, ed. Edwin Haviland Miller (New York: New York University Press, 1961), 2: 97–98; and Clara Barrus, Whitman and Burroughs, Comrades (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931), 48.
6. Roger Austen, Genteel Pagan: The Double Life of Charles Warren Stoddard, ed. John W. Crowley (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 57–58, 65.
7. MTHL, 1: 154.
8. Lorch, 146–51; Charles Warren Stoddard, Exits and Entrances (Boston: Lothrop Publishing Company, 1903), 70; MTHL, 1: 154.
9. L, 5: 456n.
10. Mark Twain, Following the Equator (1897; repr., New York: Harper & Brothers, 1925), 1: 139.
25. COLONEL SELLERS
1. MTB, 476–77.
2. Bryant Morey French, Mark Twain and the Gilded Age (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1965), 175–76; Arlin Turner, “James Lampton, Mark Twain’s Model for Colonel Sellers,” Modern Language Notes 70 (December 1955), 592–94.
3. Edgar Lee Masters, Mark Twain: A Portrait (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1938), 109; French, Mark Twain and the Gilded Age, 87, 131, 96.
4. L, 5: 367; French, Mark Twain and the Gilded Age, 292n.
5. MTB, 1: 518.
6. L, 6: 129n; Jerry Wayne Thomason, “Colonel Sellers: The Story of His Play” (doctoral diss., University of Missouri, 1991), 67 (original of letter in the Stowe-Day Library, Hartford, CT).
7. Quoted in Thomason, “Colonel Sellers: The Story of His Play,” 95.
8. L, 6: 267–73.
9. French, Mark Twain and the Gilded Age, 242.
10. “A Play from Saml L. Clemens: Colonel Sellers,” ed. Jerry Thomason and Tom Quirk, Missouri Review 18, no. 3 (1995), 109–51.
11. L, 4: 167–69; Thomason, “Colonel Sellers: The Story of His Play,” 128.
12. Thomason, “Colonel Sellers: The Story of His Play,” 133, 141, 147; Mary Lawton, A Lifetime with Mark Twain: The Memories of Katy Leary (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1925), 349; MT to Joseph E. Hinds or Samuel S. Hinds, September 1894, and MT to Joseph E. Hinds, September 1894 (photocopies in MTP, courtesy of George J. Houle).
26. MISSISSIPPI MEMORIES
1. L, 6: 55n.
2. See Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Was Huck Black? Mark Twain and American Voices (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 13–40.
3. L, 6: 262–63.
4. Allan Bates, “Mark Twain and the Mississippi River,” (doctoral diss., University of Chicago, 1968); Walter Blair, Mark Twain and Huck Finn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 36–37; L, 1: 329, 331n; 4: 499.
5. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).
6. L, 4: 402, 410.
7. MT to Dora Bowen (Goff), June 6, 1900 (University of Texas Library).
8. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer’s Comrade, ed. Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 408n. For the argument in favor of including the raft episode in Huckleberry Finn, see, for example, Peter G. Bridler, “The Raft Episode in Huckleberry Finn,” Modern Fiction Studies 14 (Spring 1968), 11–20.
27. THE RILEY BOOK
1. William Dean Howells, My Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1910), 125. Twain had accepted a two-thousand-dollar advance for the diamond book that he used to support Riley’s trip to Africa. Later, when Bliss’s son Frank tried to steal A Tramp Abroad for his own newly formed publishing company, Elisha Bliss insisted that A Tramp Abroad be used at the American Publishing Company to fulfill the 1870 contract. But in a conciliatory effort to win back Twain to his own company, he allowed Tom Sawyer to fulfill the earlier contract. See N&J, 2: 291n; and Mark Twain to Elisha Bliss, Jr., March 6, 1879 (photocopy in MTP, courtesy of Nick Karanovich).
2. For an analysis of Irving’s most famous tale, see Jerome Loving, Lost in the Customhouse: Authorship in the American Renaissance (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), 3–18. For a spirited defense of Tom Sawyer as a book intended for children, see John Seelye’s introduction to the Penguin edition of the novel, Mark Twain: The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (New York: Penguin, 1986).
3. Quoted in Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman, ed. Jerome M. Loving (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 8.
4. “The Lessons of the Hour,” in Frederick Douglass Reader, ed. William L. Andrews (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 356.
5. L, 6: 503; MTHL, 1: 122; Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer among the Indians, ed. Dahlia Armon and Walter Blair (Berkeley: University of California Press for the Bancroft Library, 1989), 265–66.
6. Bernard DeVoto, Mark Twain at Work (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1942), 5–6; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ed. John C. Gerber et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 7–8.
7. MTHL, 1: 110–11, 121–22; L, 6: 595n.
8. MTHL, 1: 111; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 18–21.
9. MTLP, 106–7.
10. See L, 6: 596n4, for a counterargument to this speculation.
11. MTCI, 1, 4–7.
28. BANNED IN BOSTON
1. Donald Hoffmann, Mark Twain in Paradise: His Voyages to Bermuda (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006), 26.
2. MTE, 320; and G[eorge] P[arsons] L[athrop], “The Whittier Dinner,” New York Evening Post, December 19, 1877.
3. Henry Nash Smith, “That Hideous Mistake of Poor Clemens’s,” Harvard Library Bulletin 9 (Spring 1955), 145–80.
4. L, 6: 317–20.
5. Bernard DeVoto, Mark Twain’s America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1932), 195.
6. Mark Twain’s Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review, ed. Michael J. Kiskis (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990), 234–36.
7. William H. Bishop, Detmold; A Romance (Boston: Houghton, Osgood, and Company, 1879), 175, 159. The novel was serialized in the Atlantic Monthly in 1877–78. See also Jerome Loving, “Twain’s Whittier Birthday Speech and Howells,” The Howellsian 8 (Fall 2005), 6–9.
8. MTHL, 1: 213, 215; MTMF, 217; and “Mark Twain in 1906: An Edition of Selected Extracts from Isabel V. Lyon’s Journal,” ed. Laurie Lentz, Resources for American Literary Study 11 (Spring 1981), 32.
9. Quoted in Smith, “That Hideous Mistake,” 147, 167; see also a more recent analysis of the speech and its fallout in Harold K. Bush, “The Mythic Struggle between East and West: Mark Twain’s Speech at Whittier’s 70th Birthday Celebration and W. D. Howells’s A Chance Acquaintance,” American Literary Realism 27, no. 2 (
1995), 53–73.
10. Smith, “That Hideous Mistake,” 165–66.
11. William Dean Howells, My Mark Twain (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1910), 63.
12. Smith, “That Hideous Mistake,” 176–77 (holograph in Yale University Library).
29. THE INNOCENT ABROAD AGAIN
1. Jean Webster McKinney Family Papers, Vassar College Library.
2. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, ed. John C. Gerber et al. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), 22–25; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, ed. Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 549–61.
3. MTMF, 219.
4. Letters, 1: 319–20.
5. MT to Orion Clemens, February 21, 1878; MT to Jane Lampton Clemens, February 23, 1878 (MTP).
6. MT to David Gray, April 10, 1878 (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY).
7. MTHL, 1: 220–21, 223n; MTB, 617–18.
8. Jerome Loving, Walt Whitman’s Champion: William Douglas O’Connor (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1978), 110–11, 115–19.
9. MTSpk, 116–19.
10. MTCI, 14; N&J, 2: 268–70; MTE, 305–9.
11. N&J, 2: 42, 123n.
12. A Tramp Abroad, ed. Robert Gray Bruce and Hamlin Hill (New York: Penguin Books, 1997), xxii–xxiv.
13. N&J, 2: 81–82.
14. A Tramp Abroad, 28, 38.
15. N&J, 2: 113n.
16. A Tramp Abroad, 162–64.
17. A Tramp Abroad, 80; Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 158.
18. A Tramp Abroad, 12–13.
30. DOWN AND OUT IN PARIS AND LONDON
1. Olivia L. Clemens to Samuel E. Moffett, March 9, 1879 (MTP), quoted in N&J, 2: 292n.
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