by Adam Roberts
Mockler, Anthony, The New Mercenaries (Garden City Press, 1985).
Munnion, Chris, Banana Sunday: Datelines from Africa, (William Waterman, 1993).
Musah, Abdel-Fatau and J. Kayode Fayemi, eds. Mercenaries, An African Security Dilemma (Pluto Press, 2000).
Nortje, Piet, 32 Battalion; The Inside Story of South Africa’s Elite Fighting Unit (Zebra Books, 2003).
Nze Nfumu, Augustin, Macias: Verdugo o Victima? (in Spanish) (self-published, 2004).
Roberts, J. M., The Penguin History of the World (Penguin Books, 1992).
Shearer, David, ‘Outsourcing War’, Foreign Policy (Fall 1998).
Shelley, Toby, Oil, Politics, Poverty and the Planet (Zed Books, 2005).
Singer, P. W., Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatised Military Industry (Cornell University Press, 2003).
Singer, P. W., ‘Outsourcing War’, Foreign Affairs (March/April, 2005), pp. 119–32.
Spicer, Tim, An Unorthodox Soldier: Peace and War and the Sandline Affair (Mainstream Publishing, 1999).
St Jorre, John de, The Nigerian Civil War (Hodder & Stoughton, 1972).
Sundiata, Ibrahim K., From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition 1827–1930 (University of Wisconsin Press, 1996).
United States Senate Report on Riggs Bank (2004).
Van Rensburg, A. P. J., Contemporary Leaders of Africa (HAUM, 1975).
Venter, Al J., Soldier of Fortune (W. H. Allen, 1980).
Waugh, Evelyn, Black Mischief (1932) (Penguin Books, 1965).
Waugh, Evelyn, Scoop (1938) (Penguin Books, 2000).
Wood, Geoffrey, ‘Business and Politics in a Criminal State: The Case of Equatorial Guinea’, African Affairs 103/413 (2004), pp. 547–67.
Yergin, Daniel, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (Free Press, 1991).
Television documentaries/productions
BBC, Coup! (2006): comedy drama written by John Fortune.
BBC, Review of 2003, Barnaby Phillips on Sao Tome (Christmas, 2003).
BBC, The Money Programme, interview with Nick du Toit (October 2004).
BFC Productions, La Nouvelle Fortune des Mercenaires, directed by Patrice Dutertre (2005).
Carte Blanche, ETV, South Africa (29 May 2005).
Channel 4 documentary, My Friend the Mercenary, directed by James Brabazon (March 2005).
Channel 4 News, interview with Crause Steyl (January 2005).
SABC Special Assignment, ‘Anatomy of a Coup’, 8 February 2005.
60 Minutes (Sunday, 1 June 1997).
Selected newspapers and other media
Many newspapers proved useful. In South Africa: This Day, The Star, Business Day, Sunday Times, Sunday Independent, Noseweek, Financial Mail, Mail and Guardian. In Zimbabwe: Zimonline, Herald. In Britain: newspapers: Observer, Sunday Times, Independent on Sunday, Guardian, Independent, Daily Mail, Financial Times, Sunday Telegraph, Telegraph, The Times, Evening Standard; magazines: New African, Africa Confidential, Private Eye, Spectator, the Economist. In the United States: Baltimore Sun, Washington Post, The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Time, Newsweek, Newsday, Vanity Fair, as well as National Public Radio, MotherJones.com. In France: Jeune Afrique. In Spain: El Pais and El Mundo.
There are many informative websites, but two particularly useful ones are: www.afrol.com (news from Equatorial Guinea) and www.guinea-ecuatorial.org (Moto’s website).
Index
A
AAA Aviation 122, 123
Abacha, Sani 58
Abayak 229
Africa:
colonial history 19, 62, 82
oil, gas and mineral resources 49–50, 226–7, 230–31, 262–3, 274
see also Equatorial Guinea
Wonga Coup’s lessons for 262–3, 275
Africa Confidential 59, 171, 172
African National Congress (ANC) 249
African Union 86
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
Alaska 274
Albatross 25, 26–30, 31
Allan, George 26–8
Allerson, Georges 73, 91, 173, 193, 239
Ambush and Counter Ambush 98
Amerada Hess 229, 263
Amnesty International 42, 195, 197, 199, 236, 240, 272, 283
ANC see African National Congress
Ancient Order of Froth Blowers 8
Ancram, Michael 59
Angola 61–2, 105, 263, 293
civil war 6–11, 262–3
diamond industry 13, 69
and Executive Outcomes 9–10, 85–6, 262–3
and mercenaries 7, 8, 9–10, 59, 85–6, 110, 262–3
and Moto 62
oil industry 6–11, 51
and Wonga Coup plot 173, 194, 205, 275
Annobon 45, 129, 142
Archer, Jeffrey 170–71, 296
biography xii, 170
and Calil 58, 170–71, 203–4
‘The Coup’ (short story) 157, 170
and ‘J. H. Archer’ payment xii, 169–71, 215, 246
Thatcher and 120–21, 170
and Wonga Coup attempt 170–71
Archer, Raymond 179, 218, 257
Armenian air crew 107, 128, 159, 160, 193, 195, 239, 259
arms trade 33, 61–2, 69–70, 102, 113, 127, 146–7, 152
Asia, demand for oil 226
Asian Trading and Investment Group SAL 106, 159
Augusto, Abel 71, 193–4, 239, 240
Aznar, Jose Maria 62, 88, 139–40, 143, 204, 264, 266
B
Babangida, Ibrahim 58
Bamako 186
Barbour Griffith and Rogers 270
Bata 107
Bayley, David 112
BBC 237
Benin 7, 101
see also Bight of Benin
Bennet, John 45
BG (company) 53
Biafra 26, 30, 32, 35
Bight of Benin, in old rhyme 75, 78
Bight of Benin Company see Wales, Greg
Bikomo, Santos Pascal 45
Bioko (Fernando Po) 19, 27–8, 33
Bird, Martin 150, 162
Biyogo 184
Black Beach (Playa Negra) prison 21, 40, 41, 43, 193–6, 237, 239–41, 259–60, 261, 280, 283
Black September organisation 27
Blair, Tony 148
Bloody Sunday 15
see also Northern Ireland
Bond, Alan 161
Bongo, Omar 57
Boonazier, Marthinus (Bones) x, 193, 194, 239, 259–60
Botswana 262
Bourthoumieux, Lucie 71, 141, 236, 280
Brabazon, James 135, 164
Branch Energy 12
Bravo, Lopez 27
Brazzaville 160–61
Britain:
arms sales 113
colonial history see Africa
and 1973 coup attempt (Equatorial Guinea) 28–30
court cases against Wonga Coup plotters 215–16, 237, 252, 267–8, 273
and Wonga Coup plot 92, 136, 139, 175, 247, 264, 268
British South Africa Company 82
British Virgin Islands 105
Bubis 22, 43, 44
Buckingham, Tony 6–11, 13–14, 59, 77, 203, 267
see also Executive Outcomes
Buffalo Soldiers xvi, 72, 73, 90, 131, 256
Bujumbura 148
Burrows, Charles 203
see also Wales, Greg
Burton, Sir Richard (traveller) 24
Bush, George, Senior 247
Bush, George W. 269
Buxton, Thomas Fowell 19
Bwiti cult 23
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 124
C
Calil, Ely (Khalil, Smelly):
and Archer 58, 170–71, 203–4
biography xii, 57–9
Mann and 57–60, 134, 207–8, 287–8
and Thatcher 120, 242
and Wonga Coup plot 85–6, 104, 106, 121, 129, 135, 171, 203, 204, 207–8, 215, 254, 271, 273, 285, 286, 2
96
Cameroon 160, 192, 263, 293
Canada 99–100
Canary Islands 27, 29, 34, 94, 106, 135, 159, 173–4, 183–5, 190–91
cannibalism 23–4, 45–6, 60, 88
Cape Verde 27, 29
Capricorn Systems 166
Cardoso, Sergio x, 69
and Wonga Coup plot 71, 73, 126–7, 173, 193, 196, 197, 239
Carlse, Harry (Jacobus Hermanus Albertus Carlse; The Enforcer) ix, 143–4
and Wonga Coup plot 95, 131, 138, 143–4, 145–6, 157, 169, 179, 181–2, 187
aftermath 202, 206, 233, 257
Cassidy and Associates 270
Central Asian Logistics GmbH 127–8
Central Intelligence Organisation (Zimbabwe) 148, 182, 255
Chad 52, 228, 274
Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 136, 266
ChevronTexaco 228
Chikurubi prison 201, 212, 216–19, 221, 233, 255–6
HIV/AIDS and sex in 219, 275
China 127, 274
and Equatorial Guinea 41, 52
Chipika, Learnfirst 219
Cicogma, Gianfranco 210–11
Clark, Margaret Marshall see Mann, Margaret Marshall
Clinton, Bill 85, 127
CMS (oil company) 228
Coetzee, Dries 209–10
Cogito 68, 92, 111, 242
Collier, 290
Comoros 7, 76, 101
Company of Adventurers of London (Guinea Company) 82
Congo, Democratic Republic of (DRC) 7, 68, 70–71, 103–4, 125, 131, 133, 134, 142, 147, 150, 203, 227
Congo, Republic of 160–61
Congolese rebels 70–71, 150–52, 153, 157–8, 160, 165
Costa, Alercio 72–3
Côte d’Ivoire 142, 147
coup attempts:
history, requirements and future of 98–104, 275, 276
see also Equatorial Guinea; Wonga Coup
Cranbrook Academy of Art 51
Croatia 271
Cuba 41, 60
Cyprus 142, 147
D
Dean, Peter 26
Democratic Republic of Congo see Congo, Democratic Republic of
Denard, Bob 7, 9, 15, 35, 76, 100–101, 103, 275
Denley, Tommy Lynn 98–9
Diamond Works 13
diamonds 13, 69, 70, 262
Dodson, Robert, Sr 166
Dodson Aviation Inc. 166–7, 174, 175
Dogs of War, The see Forsyth, Frederick
Domingo, Captain J. P. 91
Domingos, Jose 173, 193, 239
Dominica 99–100, 101
Douala 160
Dracula, Victor ix, 68–9
and Wonga Coup plot 126–7, 257
Drake, Sir Francis 103, 164
DRC see Congo, Democratic Republic of
drugs (illegal) 11, 45, 193
du Prez see Prez, Louis du
du Toit see Toit, Nicolaas du
Dube, Colonel Tshinga 148, 151, 187, 265
E
Eastern Europe 33, 147, 159, 237
Ebano 192
Economist 279
EG see Equatorial Guinea
Eleanor Fishing CC 91
Elf-Acquitaine 58
see also Total
Elizabeth I, Queen 103
Ely see Calil, Ely Emergency Networks 113
Enforcer, The see Carlse, Harry Equatorial Guinea:
1973 coup attempt 28–31, 192
2004 uprising and second coup plot 161–2, 272–3
agriculture 19–20, 89–90, 91
and author 293–4
and Britain 247, 293–4
corruption 51, 52, 95, 221, 224–31, 272
economy 19–20, 50–51, 226–31, 272
executions 17, 21
exiles 20, 88–9
fishing industry 89, 91, 106–7
foreign workers in 21, 192–3, 226–7, 240
health, education and public services 19, 21, 42, 52, 223, 228, 272
history 18–20
human rights and democracy 19, 20–22, 42, 61, 223, 240, 272
life expectancy 42, 227
oil and gas industry 46, 49–51, 52–4, 95–6, 178, 221, 223, 224–31, 263
and Mark Thatcher 246–7, 273
TV and radio stations 44
under Macias 20–24, 37–9, 60
under Obiang 39–46, 50, 60, 62, 63, 71, 88, 91, 95–7, 109, 140, 169, 172–3, 205, 221–2, 224–6, 259–61, 263, 269–73
and white South Africans 67, 89–90, 192
and Wonga Coup plot 163, 172–3, 178, 192–200, 215–16, 221–2, 237, 246–7, 275
trials and releases 235–9, 247, 259, 279
Erdos, Alfred 17–18
Europe:
and Equatorial Guinea 52
and oil and gas 49, 53, 62, 274
see also Britain; Eastern Europe; France; Spain etc.
Evening Standard 246
Everett, Simon 117–18
Executive Outcomes 59, 69, 77, 110, 266, 267
formation, decline and closure 9–14, 47, 59, 66, 262
veterans 69, 73, 78, 92, 94, 95, 129, 131, 144, 167
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 274
Exxon/ExxonMobil 46, 54, 228–30, 263
Eyi, Diosdado Nguema 172
F
F, Captain xiv–xv
see also Mann, Simon
Fallaha, Karim 106, 135, 159, 161, 171, 173–4, 183–4, 190, 204, 254
Fang (people) 20, 23, 24, 40, 43, 95
FBI 99
Fegley, Randall 30
Fernando, Augusto 133
Fernando, Christina 133
Fernando Po see Bioko
Financial Times 230
Fisher, Scott 81
Foreign Military Assistance (Regulation of) Act (South Africa) 14, 208, 251, 258
see also South Africa (anti-mercenary law)
Forsyth, Frederick xii, 30, 41, 275
and the author 296
and 1973 coup plot 30–36, 37, 49, 100, 101, 276
The Dogs of War 25, 31, 34, 35, 37, 102, 112, 206, 276
France:
and Benin coup plotters 100–102
colonial history/colonialism 19, 62, 141
and oil 62
Wonga Coup plotters and 86
Franco, General 19
Frynas, Jedrzej George 227
G
Gabon 57, 62, 82, 141, 192, 227
gas, natural 49
see also Africa; oil companies
Gaskin, Rebecca 120, 203, 207–8
Gay, Alexander Ramsay (‘Harry Greaves’) 26–8, 30–32, 35
Germany 19, 199–200
Ghana 192
Gibraltar 25–6, 34
Greaves, Harry see Gay, Alexander Ramsay
Greene, Graham 19, 68
Greengrass, Paul 15
Griebenow, Alwyn 138, 207–8, 210
Guantanamo Bay 236
Guardian 293
Guernsey 13, 105
Guinea Bissau 117
Guinea Company see Company of Adventurers of London
Guinea Republic 105
Gulf War, first 6
Gutsire, Faith 181
Guyana 15
H
Halloran, Paul, and Mark Hollingsworth 112, 113
Hamilton, Knowle 34
Hamman, Hendrick 168, 218, 234, 259
Hansard Trust Company 169
Harare 157, 159, 160, 162, 174, 180–81, 187–9
see also Zimbabwe
Harris, Errol 145, 217, 257
Hart, David 120–21, 208
Heritage (oil company) 6
Hersham, Gary 57, 171
Hispanoil 62
HIV/AIDS:
in Equatorial Guinea 21
in Zimbabwe 219, 275
Hoare, Mike 7–8, 9, 15, 35, 101, 103, 149, 275–6
Hoenmans, Paul 50
Hollingsworth, Mark see
Halloran, Paul, and Mark
Hollingsworth
‘Holmes’ 139
Hopkin, Mary 17
Horn, Lourens Jacobus (Loutjkie, Hecky) 143–4
and Wonga Coup plot 131, 143–4, 169, 175–6, 179, 181–2, 187, 202, 233, 257
Howe, Herb 81
Human Rights Watch 42
I
Ibis Air 22
Idi Amin 22
Igbo people 32
IMF see International Monetary Fund
Imperial British East Africa Company 82
India 274
International Bar Association 42
International Monetary Fund 51, 226, 227
Iran 27, 127
Iraq 88, 95, 129, 132, 144, 177, 252, 258, 276
Isiro 150
J
Javier, Antonio 89, 196
Jones, Barbara 196
K
Kabila, Joseph 151, 175–6, 264
Kareri, Nene Fall 225
Kareri, Simon xii, 223, 225
Karpetyan, Ashot 159
Katanga region 150, 153
Kenya 148, 263
Kerman, Anthony 211, 248, 260, 268, 279, 295
Kershaw, James (JK) x, 69, 92, 121
and Wonga Coup plot 92–3, 103, 126, 130, 134, 144–5, 152, 164, 174, 179–80, 186, 191, 202, 204, 207, 210–11, 238, 243–4, 265
Khalil see Calil, Ely
Kingsley, Mary 24
Kinshasa 175, 176, 264
Klitgaard, Robert 52, 109
Kobrossi, Karim 203
Koevoet 9
Kolwezi 153, 157, 160–61
L
Leahy, Donald 17
Lebanon 106, 216, 237, 267
Leopold II, King of the Belgians 103–4
Levin, Carl 224
Liberia 70, 105
Linde (pilot) 134
Liniger-Goumaz, Max 23
Llambias 25–6, 27, 28–9, 31
Logo Logistics Limited 105, 121, 123, 128, 130, 134, 159, 169, 171, 175, 203, 211, 215, 246
Lonely Planet guide (Equatorial Guinea) 21
Los Angeles Times 222
Lotz, Leon 169, 179
Luanda 61–2
Lubumbashi 160–61
Lugard, Frederick 82
Luitingh, Lafras 267
M
Macias see Nguema, Macias
Madagascar 49
Madrid bombings 204
Malabo 17–18, 22, 71, 108, 128, 145–6, 235, 282
Malaysia 274
Mali 159, 186–7, 190
Malta 147, 190
Malya, Dr V. J. 167
Mandela, President Nelson 14
Mandelson, Peter 58–9
Mann, Amanda 15, 64, 158, 163, 203, 207–8, 234, 277, 281
Mann, Francis Thomas 3
Mann, Major George 3–4, 15
Mann, Margaret Marshall 4
Mann, Simon (Captain F):
and the author 294
biography and character ix, 4–16, 47–9, 78, 163–5, 260–61, 266–7, 269, 275–6