6. Dolores Katz, “Sybil today: Brilliant and witty,” Detroit Free Press, 25 July 1973 (copy in FRS Box 12, File 283).
7. SAM to FM, 30 May 1972; SAM to FM, October 1972, both DE.
8. Schreiber, Sybil, pp. 264–265, 290.
9. See FRS to Dominick Abel, 26 September 1973, FRS Box 12, File 294; B. Franklin Kamsler to FRS, 28 September 1973 and 15 April 1974; all in FRS Box 30, File 939; FRS to Nancy Wechsler, 9 August 1973, FRS Box 37, File 1103.
10. FRS to Dominick Abel, 26 September 1973, FRS Box 12, File 294; FRS to Nancy Wechsler, 9 August 1973, FRS Box 37, File 1103.
11. Schreiber, Sybil, pp. 11–12.
12. Author telephone interview with Albert J. Paris, Bullhead City, AZ, May 2008; FRS Box 24, File 686.
13. FRS Box 30, Files 939 and 944; Box 24, File 686.
14. Katz, “Sybil today.”
15. Author interview with Jean Lane, in Portland OR, May 2008.
16. Author interview with Dianne Morrow, in Lansdowne, PA, July 2009; Shirley Mason to FM, 16 December 1974, DE.
17. All details about Shirley’s life with Connie in Lexington during this period are from author telephone and personal interviews with Dianne Morrow.
18. See FRS to Nancy Wechsler, 13 March 1974, in FRS Box 13, File 315; Box 24, File 686; Box 30, File 944.
19. Author telephone interview with Keith Brown’s niece Deborah Brown Kovac, of Bushnell, IL, November 2008.
20. Dianne Morrow, interview.
21. Author telephone interview with Monty Norris, of Oakley, CA., August 2009.
CHAPTER 18
1. Information regarding Monty Norris is taken from author’s telephone interview with him at his residence in Oakley, CA, August 2009.
2. Monty Norris, “Sybil: A shocked Dodge Center thinks she grew up there,” Minneapolis Star-Tribune , 27 August 1975.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., and handwritten book club report on Sybil by Pearl Lohrbach, n.d. but per contents written in summer 1975. Copy at Dodge Center, MN Public Library and in author’s possession.
5. FRS to Lee Canning, 2 September 1975; “Author of Sybil defends reporter’s right of confidentiality against the press” (press release by FRS, n.d.). Both in FRS Box 37, File 1103.
6. Harold Severson, “Dodge Center ‘mum’ over similarity to Sybil,” Rochester (MN) Post Bulletin, 24 September 1975. For date of Dessie Engbard’s death see Minnesota Death Certificates Index:
7. Cornelia Wilbur to Stewart Stern, 19 September 1975, in STERN; Cornelia Wilbur to FRS, 6 April 1976, in FRS Box 13, File 315.
8. Author telephone interview with Charlotte Gray, of Ottawa, Canada, May 2010.
9. Charlotte Gray to FRS, 29 September 1975, FRS Box 12, File 297.
10. FRS to Charlotte Gray, 15 October 1975, FRS Box 12, File 297.
11. Author telephone and in-person interviews with Dr. Stanley Aronson, Providence, RI, January and May 2010.
12. FRS to Patricia Myrer, 14 November 1977, FRS Box 23, File 635. See other, similar letters in Box 23, File 63. Obituary for Frederick Keith Brown, New York Times, 19 October 1976; “Stuart Long dies at 63; ran Texas news service,” New York Times, 4 February 1977; author telephone interview with Flora Schreiber’s research assistant during the late 1970s, James McLain, of Milford, PA, May 2010.
CHAPTER 19
1. Author telephone interview with Flora Schreiber’s research assistant during the late 1970s, James McLain, of Milford, PA, May 2010.
2. FRS to Patricia Myrer, 30 October 1975, FRS Box 23, File 635.
3. FRS Box 15, File 407, Joe Kallinger to FRS, 8 August 1975.
4. FRS Box 15, File 407, FRS to Joe Kallinger, 8 September 1975.
5. Patricia Myrer to Harvey Plotnick, 26 March 1976, FRS Box 30, File 941; Patricia Myrer to FRS, 28 June 1976, FRS Box 8, File 197; FRS to Eugene Winick, 7 September 1985, FRS Box 8, File 197; Box 2, File 38; Box 18, File 521.
6. Flora Rheta Schreiber, The Shoemaker (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp. 19, 347.
7. Linda Matchan, “Stalking a killer’s evil demons,” Boston Globe, 30 October 1983, Living section, p. 1; FRS Box 3, File 54; Box 5, File 88.
8. Author telephone interview with Flora Schreiber’s good friend Ben Termine, of Clearwater, FL, February 2010.
9. Interview with Peggy Polumbo, FRS Box 14, File 402.
10. Schreiber, The Shoemaker.
11. Pat Myrer to FRS, 10 September 1975, FRS Box 23, File 635.
12. Kirkus Reviews, 1 May 1983; Chris Wall, “Looking for answers to a psycho killer,” Los Angeles Times, 2 August 1983; Paul Robinson, “Demon in the Little Bird,” Psychology Today, July 1983; Shirley Horner, “About Books,” New York Times (New Jersey Section), 31 July 1983.
13. FRS Box 2, Files 21–25 and 27.
14. FRS Box 1, File 15; FRS Box 8, Files 222 and 223.
15. FRS Box 5, File 103, FRS to Eugene Winick, 20 August 1985; Evva Pryor to Sydell Albert, 20 November 1986; “Part Two: Mistaken Identity Sequences”; File 295; FRS Box 8, File 197, FRS to Eugene Winick, 15 July 1986.
16. For Rudolph Hess see FRS Box 5, Files 100, 100(a); for age misstatement see “Contemporary Authors (copy for revision),” FRS Box 8, File 207.
17. FRS to Cornelia Wilbur, 14 March 1987, FRS Box 1, File 5.
18. FRS Box 3, File 88, FRS to Joe Kallinger, 27 August 1988.
19. FRS Box 3, File 88, September 23, 1988, John Shapiro to Joseph Kallinger.
20. FRS Box 3, File 88, FRS to Joseph Kallinger, 4 October 1988.
21. FRS Box 3, File 88, John Shapiro to Joseph Kallinger, 20 October 1988.
22. Author interview with Flora Schreiber’s cousin Stanley Aronson, in Providence, RI, May 2010.
23. FRS Box 8, File 223.
24. Andrew Yarrow, “Flora Schreiber, 70, the writer of ‘Sybil’ and of ‘Shoemaker,’” New York Times, 4 November 1988.
CHAPTER 20
1. Information about the founding of the Open Hospital from author personal interview with Dr. Rosa K. Riggs, in Lexington, KY, July 2010.
2. Author personal interview in October 2009 with a former nurse from the Southwestern United States; and from the 1979 diary of the mother of an Open Hospital patient, who has requested anonymity.
3. Letters from Heather (since deceased, last name withheld at family’s request), a newly admitted Open Hospital patient, to her family: 13 January 1979 and n.d., copies in author’s possession; diary of Heather’s mother.
4. Heather to “Mom and Dad,” 13 January 1979, copy in author’s possession.
5. Heather to her family, 4 July 1979, copy in author’s possession; Lucy Freeman, Nightmare (New York: Richardson Steirman, 1987), p. 223.
6. Heather’s medical background from her family and from author personal interview with Dr. Billie Ables, in Lexington, KY, one of Heather’s therapists after she left the Open Hospital.
7. Cornelia Wilbur to Heather’s mother, 16 January 1979, copy in author’s possession.
8. Author interview with Dr. Billie Ables; author telephone interview with Heather’s mother, May 2010.
9. Rosa K. Riggs, interview.
10. Ibid., and Heather to her family, 15 September 1980, copy in author’s possession.
11. John Van, “Multiple personalities put creative talents to profitable work,” Chicago Tribune, 29 May 1979, Tempo section. For further evidence that Connie asked literary agents in New York to help publish her MPD patients’ work, see Anita Diamant to Cornelia Wilbur, March 1980 and 3 July 1980, copies in author’s possession.
12. DSM-III (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980), p. 257.
13. Sandy Pearl, producer, and Jane Wallace, reporter, “Multiple Personalities: People in Pieces,” WABC-TV Eyewitness News, 11–14 November 1980; Diary of Heather’s mother, early 1979.
14. Author interview with Dr. Robert Kraus in Lexington, KY, July 2010.
15. For Mason Arts, see FRS Box 9
, File 225.
16. Author interview with Brenda Burwell Canning in Ancaster, Ontario, Canada, April 2009. She is the source for the subsequent account of life in Connie’s house.
17. List of audiotapes for sale from ISSMP&D conferences: 1984–1988, copy in author’s possession.
18. Dr. Cornelia B. Wilbur, “MPD & Child Abuse: An Etiologic Overview” (Plenary Session, First International Conference on Multiple Personality/Dissociative States, 1984). Tape in author’s possession.
19. Lawrence Pazder and Michelle Smith, Michelle Remembers (New York: St. Martins, 1980).
20. Wilbur, “MPD & Child Abuse.”
21. Ibid.
22. See Debbie Nathan and Michael Snedeker, Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (New York: Basic, 1995).
23. Audiotape list, see note 17.
24. DSM-III, p. 258; DSM-III-R (1987), p. 271.
25. G. K. Ganaway, “Historical versus narrative truth: Clarifying the role of exogenous trauma in the etiology of MPD and its variants,” Dissociation 2:4 (1989): 205–220; Bill Moyers, “The Chemical Communicators,” in Healing and the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 1993).
26. P. M. Coons, “The differential diagnosis of multiple personality,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 12 (1984): 51–57. Colin Ross et al., “Dissociative experiences in the general population: A factor analysis,” Hospital Community Psychiatry 42 (March 1991): 297–301. Richard J. Lowenstein, interviewed in Ilan Flammer and Sherrill Mulhern, La mémoire abusée (Paris: Eva I Communication, 1993).
27. Lowenstein, in Flammer, La mémoire.
28. George B. Greaves and George H. Faust, “Legal and Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Dissociative Disorders,” in Larry K. Michelson and William J. Ray (eds.), Handbook of Dissociation (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1996), p. 600.
29. “Evening with Cornelia B. Wilbur, M.D.,” Cornelia Wilbur address to the Eastern Regional Conference on Multiple Personality and Dissociation, 23 June 1989, Alexandria, VA. Audiotape in author’s possession.
30. See, e.g., John Lindenbaum et al., “Neuropsychiatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis,” New England Journal of Medicine 318 (30 June 1988): 1720–1728; A. D. M. Smith, “Megaloblastic madness,” British Medical Journal, 24 December 1960, pp. 1840–1845; Pernicious Anaema Society Symptom Checklist, at www.pernicious-anaemia-society.org/; “Pernicious Anemia and Other Megaloblastic Anemias,” in Robert E. Rakel and Edward T. Bope, Conn’s Current Therapy 2009 (Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2009), pp. 394–397. For further psychiatric symptoms in pernicious anemia, see Paul W. Preu and Arthur J. Geiger, “Symptomatic psychosis in pernicious anemia,” Annals of Internal Medicine 9:6 (1 December 1935): 766–778. For psychiatric symptoms and early twentieth-century use of liver extract to treat anemia, see Lawrence Kass, Pernicious Anemia (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1976).
31. Author personal interview of Roberta Guy, of Lexington, KY, July 2010. Guy was Connie’s nurse in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
32. Cornelia Burwell Wilbur death certificate, on file with Kentucky Department for Health Services Registrar of Vital Statistics.
33. Richard P. Kluft, “Cornelia B. Wilbur, M.D.,” Dissociation 5:2 (1992): 71–72.
34. Last Will and Testament of Cornelia B. Wilbur, on file in Lexington, KY. At Fayette County Probate Court.
35. Author personal interview with Dianne Morrow in Landsdowne, PA. She is the daughter of Jeannette Morrow, who died in 2009.
36. Ibid.
CHAPTER 21
1. Jeanne A. Heaton and Nona L. Wilson, Tuning in Trouble (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1995), p. 134.
2. C. Gorney, “The many women on the witness stand,” Washington Post, 8 November 1990.
3. “A Star Cries Incest,” People, 7 October 1991, pp. 84–88.
4. Gloria Steinem, Revolution from Within: A Book of Self Esteem (New York: Little Brown, 1992), p. 318.
5. For Mulhern’s work during this period, see, e.g., “Satanism and Psychotherapy: A Rumor in Search of an Inquisition,” in James T. Richardson et al. (eds.), The Satanism Scare (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1991), pp. 145–172.
6. Joan Acocella, Creating Hysteria: Women and Multiple Personality Disorder (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1999).
7. False Memory Syndrome Foundation Newsletter, 5 February 1993, available in March 2011 at
8. Author telephone interview with Jeanette Bartha, of Denver, CO.
9. Glenn Kessler, “Mining gold in memory business,” Newsday (Long Island, NY), 28 November 1993; Rosie Waterhouse, “There’ll be the devil to pay,” London Independent, 17 October 1994; Bonnie Gangelhoff, “Diagnosis,” Houston Press, 6 July 1995.
10. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM- IV) (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994), pp. 485, 487; DSM-IV Guidebook (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1995), p. 304.
11. DSM-IV, pp. 843–849; Yolanda Kays Jackson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006).
12. Walter Goodman, “Television Review: Who programmed Mary? Could it be Satan?” New York Times, 24 October 1995.
13. Pam Belluck, “She recovered memories, then millions in damages,” New York Times, 9 November 1997.
14. Acocella, Creating Hysteria.
15. Helen Kennedy, “Devil doc a crock,” New York Daily News, 13 February 1997.
16. Geraldo Live, CNBC, 12 December 1995.
17. Acocella, Creating Hysteria, p. 106.
18. Harold Merskey, The Analysis of Hysteria: Second Edition (London: Royal College of Psychiatrists, 1995); John F. Kihlstrom, “Dissociative disorders,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 1 (2005): 227–253; Timo Giesbrecht et al., “Cognitive processes in dissociation: An analysis of core theoretical assumptions, Psychological Bulletin 134:5 (2008): 617–647; Rafaele J. C. Huntjens et al., “Inter-identity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder: A simulated memory impairment?” Psychological Medicine 36:6 (2006): 857–863; Rafaele J. C. Huntjens et al., “Procedural memory in dissociative identity disorder: When can inter-identity amnesia be truly established?” Consciousness and Cognition, 14:2 (June 2005) :377–389; Martin J. Dorahy and Rafaele J. C. Huntjens, “Memory and Attentional Processes in Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Review of the Empirical Literature,” in American Psychiatric Publications, Traumatic Dissociation: Neurobiology and Treatment (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishers, 2007), pp. 55–76.
19. Eleanor A. Maguire et al., “Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98:8 (2000): 4398–4403; Christian Gaser and Gottfried Schlaug, “Brain structures differ between musicians and non-musicians,” The Journal of Neuroscience 23:27 (2003): 9240–9245.
20. Janet Malcolm, “Trouble in the Archives,” The New Yorker, 12 December 1983, pp. 110–119.
21. Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and Herbert Spiegel, “Sybil—the Making of a Disease: An Interview with Dr. Herbert Spiegel,” New York Review of Books, 24 April 1997.
22. Account of Swales’s and Borch-Jacobsen’s investigation into Shirley’s identity is from author telephone conversation with Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, of Paris, France, September 2010.
CHAPTER 22
1. Author interview with Roberta Guy in Lexington, KY, July 2010.
2. Last Will and Testament of Cornelia Wilbur, on file in Lexington, KY, Fayette County Probate Court.
3. Roberta Guy, interview.
4. Author telephone interview with Lexington, KY, antiques dealer Mark Boultinghouse, August 2010.
5. Shirley Mason to Eddice [sic, actually Edice] Barber, 10 February 1998, copy sent from Peter Swales to Daniel Houlihan, copy in author’s possession.
EPILOGUE
1. Anita Weeks Bird letter to FRS, 20 August 1975, and Bird to SAM, 20 August 1975, in FRS Box 13, File
315, and Box 37, File 1099; Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, Making Minds and Madness (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
2. Mark Miller and Barbara Kantrowitz, “Unmasking Sybil,” Newsweek, 25 January 1999, pp. 66–68; Reuters, “Tapes raise new doubts about ‘Sybil’ personalities,” New York Times, 19 August 1998, p. A-21.
3. Harrison Pope Jr. et al., “Attitudes toward DSM-IV dissociative disorders diagnoses among board-certified American psychiatrists,” American Journal of Psychiatry 156:2 (1999): 323–323; Numan Gharaibeh, “Dissociative identity disorder: Time to remove it from DSM-V?” Current Psychiatry 8:9 (2009): 30–36.
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