by David Loades
44. Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 98-9.
45. Ibid.
46. BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.283. L & P, X, no. 968.
47. BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.278. L & P, X, no. 1022.
48. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 102.
49. BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.289. L & P, X, no. 1136.
50. Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 101.
51. Chapuys to the Emperor, 1 July 1536. L & P, XI, no. 7.
52. R. W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (2001), pp. 347, 351.
53. Handbook of British Chronology, p. 496.
54. Susan James, Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen (1999).
55. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed. L. S. Marcus, Janelle Mueller and M. B. Rose (2000), pp. 5-6.
56. Statute 35 Henry VIII, cap.1. Statutes of the Realm, III, p. 955.
57. Loades, Elizabeth I (2003), p. 49.
58. Bodleian Library MS Cherry 36, ffs.2-4. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 6-7.
59. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 63-4.
60. Princess Elizabeth to Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, September 1548. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 22.
61. G. Bernard, ‘The Downfall of Sir Thomas Seymour’, in Bernard, The Tudor Nobility (1992).
62. She had been imprisoned during Mary’s reign for suspected involvement in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion, and had been pressed by Philip to marry the Duke of Savoy. Her reaction had been to adopt a very sober style of dress, and to keep a low profile.
9 Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon – the Berwick Years
1. ODNB.
2. Ibid. For the action and deployment of the fleet, which involved the sinking of the Mary Rose, see D. Loades and C. S. Knighton, Letters from the Mary Rose (2002), pp. 106-120.
3. L & P., XXI, no. 1235. Among the documents signed by stamp in1546 is a grant to John Carey, Esquire of the Privy Chamber, who must have been a kinsman, of the ‘rule’ of Kynderweston Hundred, Wiltshire, with issues from the death of William Carey, until the full age of Henry Carey, William’s son and heir.
4. Cal. Pat., Edward VI, II, p. 93.
5. Cal. Pat., Edward VI, III, pp. 250, 320.
6. ODNB.
7. Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1558–60, pp. 60, 90.
8. Ibid, pp. 115-7. W. MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime (1969), p. 40. L. Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy (1965), p. 760.
9. Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1558–60, p. 415.
10. The Garter was also conferred on him in April 1561. ODNB. The takeover of schools and universities by the sons of gentlemen began in the early sixteenth century, and gradually took over from the older notion of a training in arms and manners. Joan Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (1966), pp. 291-8, 333- 368.
11. Cal. Pat. Elizabeth, 1563–66, pp. 22, 24, 42, 123.
12. The Garter was conferred on 24 June. Cal. For., 1564–5, no. 522. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (1965), p. 327. Sir Thomas Smith reported to Cecil on 27 June that ‘there was never an ambassador better liked than Lord Hunsdon’, Cal. For., no.523.
13. Cal. Pat, Elizabeth, 1563–6, pp. 280, 285. D. Loades, The Life and Career of William Paulet (2008), p. 144.
14. Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, II, various.
15.Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, II, p. 86. A report of Thomas Randolf to Cecil, 24 October 1564.
16. Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1566–9, p. 119. H. M. Colvin, The History of the King’s Works, Vol. IV, 1485–1660, pt. ii (1982), pp. 40-47.
17. Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (1969). Alison Weir, Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley (2008), pp. 450-465.
18. Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1566–69, pp. 201, 327.
19. Conyers Read, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s seizure of Alba’s pay ships’, Journal of Modern History, 5, 1933, pp. 443-464. D. Loades, The Cecils; Privilege and Power behind the Throne (2007), pp. 88-9.
20. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 165-6.
21. MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime, p. 229.
22. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (1965), pp. 331-3.
23. Cal. SP. Dom., 1547–1580, p. 348. This was followed up by a royal proclamation, issued at Windsor on 24 November, Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, p. 323.
24. Cal. SP. Dom, p. 346.
25. The 1569 Rebellion, edited by Sir Cuthbert Sharp (1840, reprint 1965), pp. 64-5. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 458-68.
26. Loades, Elizabeth I, p. 167. The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 83-4. On 30 November Sir Ralph Sadler wrote to Cecil ‘the rebels are returned into the Bishopric’.
27. The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil, 1 January 1570, ibid, pp. 130-32. Cal. SP. Dom, p. 356.
28. The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 133-4.
29. Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 445-6.
30. The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 124-5.
31. Cal. SP., Scotland, 1569–71, p. 54. Cal Dom. Addenda, 1566– 79, pp. 193, 241.
32. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 125-6.
33. Cal. SP., Scotland, I, pp. 329, 331.
34. Cal. SP., Dom., 1547–1580, p. 360.
35. Rebellion of 1569, Appendix, pp. 343-9.
36. Ibid, pp. 250-52. That he was a member of this commission may be ascertained from the number of pardons issued to offenders in whose conviction he had had a part. For example, Cal. Pat., 1569–72, p. 290. The commission itself does not appear to be recorded.
37. G. E. Cockayne, ed. Vicary Gibbs, The Complete Peerage (1910–59).
38. Cal. Pat., 1569–72, p. 212.
39. Ibid, p. 289. Cal. SP. Dom., 1547–1580, p. 370.
40. Cal. Pat., 1572–5, p. 169. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 409-10. Cal. Scot., 1563–69, pp. 530, 534, 540.
41. Cal. Pat., 1572–5, p. 328.
42. Captain Cockburn to Lord Burghley, 4 November 1575. Cal. Scot., I, p. 393.
43. A. Weikel, ‘The Marian Council Revisited’ in J. Loach and R. Tittler, The Mid Tudor Polity, 1540–1560 (1980). W. MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588, (1981) pp. 436-7.
44. Acts of the Privy Council, 1577–96, passim.
45. Cal. Pat., 1578–80, p. 121.
46. P. W. Hasler, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1558–1603 (1981), sub George Carey.
47. ODNB. Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–1590.
48. Raphael Holinshed, Chronicle (ed. 1807–8), IV, p. 536. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 222-3.
49. Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–1590, p. 139.
50. Ibid, p. 161.
51. Conyers Read, Lord Burghey and Queen Elizabeth (1965), pp. 233-5.
52. Ibid, p. 289.
53. Ibid.
54. Cal. SP. Scot., II, p. 473.
55. J. H. Pollen, Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot, Scottish Historical Society, 1922. J. Wormald, Mary Queen of Scots: a study in failure (1988).
56. Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–90, p. 164. Walsingham to Burghley, 12 June 1584.
57. Ibid, p. 278.
58. Ibid, p. 463. Howard to Walsingham, 14 February 1588.
59. Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, p. 422.
60. Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–90, pp. 517, 534.
61. F. C. Dietz, English Public Finance, 1558–1641 (1964), pp. 96-9. For Elizabeth’s ‘Golden speech’ of 1601, see Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 355-59.
62. Cal. SP. Dom., 1591–94, p. 268. Report of 11 September 1592.
63. Ibid, 1594–97, p. 162.
64. Elizabeth did not, as far as I am aware, leave any record of her emotional reaction to Lord Hunsdon’s death, but her attitude towards his family after his death suggests a warm attachment, as did her loyalty to him during his life. In that respect he resembled Lord Burghley, for whom her feelings are better known.
65. Cal. SP. Dom., 1594–7, pp. 309, 314. On 11 June 1597 the Queen granted to Hundson’s old friend Charles Howard, the Lord Admiral his office of Chief Justice in Eyre South of
the Trent, with a fee of £100 a year. It is not clear when Hunsdon had acquired this office.
66. The junior branch, stemming from Robert, died out with Henry, his son, the second Earl of Monmouth, in June 1661.
67. ODNB.
10 Elizabeth I, the Boleyn Daughter – the Dudley Years
1. ‘The Count of Feria’s despatch of 14th November 1558’, edited by Simon Adams and Mia Rodriguez-Salgado. Camden Miscellany, 28, 1984, p. 331. He also observed that she was a very vain and clever woman and unlikely to be ‘well disposed in matters of religion’, which could be a description of her mother at the same age.
2. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 109-110.
3. Feria’s despatch, p. 332.
4. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 58.
5. Ibid.
6. Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony; the courtships of Elizabeth I (1996), p. 8.
7. Philip is alleged to have said that in making this proposal, he was sacrificing himself in the cause of his country. Henry Kamen, Philip II (1997).
8. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, pp. 73-98, contains a very full description of these negotiations.
9. Ibid, pp. 97-8. The Howards were the only element in the English Court who supported the marriage unreservedly.
10. D. Loades, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1996), p. 123. They allegedly shared Edward’s lessons at the beginning of the reign. They were both fourteen at that time, while he was ten, but it is just about feasible.
11. Derek Wilson, Sweet Robin; a biography of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (1981), pp. 43, 78.
12. Caspar Breuner to Ferdinand I. Victor von Klarwill, Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners (1928), pp. 113-4.
13. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 192-3.
14. The best analysis of this controversial subject is still Ian Aird’s article of 1956, although Chris Skidmore has recently added his contribution to the debate. Aird, ‘The death of Amy Robsart’, English Historical Review, 71, 1956, pp. 69-79.
15. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, pp. 42-45.
16. Throgmorton to Chamberlain, October 1560. TNA SP70/19, f.132.
17. Wilson, Sweet Robin, pp. 252-68.
18. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, p. 45.
19. Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 203-205. De Quadra is the only source for this story, which must be regarded with a certain scepticism.
20. W. P. Haugaard, ‘Elizabeth Tudor’s Book of Devotions; a neglected clue to the Queen’s life and character’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 12, 1981, pp. 79-105.
21. Cal. Span., Elizabeth, I, pp. 262-4.
22. MacCaffrey, Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime, pp. 93-7.
23. Wilson, Sweet Robin, pp. 139-43.
24. Ibid, p. 226. Cal. Span., Elizabeth, I, p. 431.
25. Dudley Papers at Longleat, III, f.61.
26. Francois, Duke of Alencon, as he was at that time, had been proposed to Elizabeth by Catherine de Medici, his mother, when the negotiations with his elder brother Henri collapsed in 1571. He became Duke of Anjou when Henri succeeded to the throne as Henri III in 1574. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, pp. 130- 153.
27. Alan Young, Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (1987), p. 153. Roy Strong, The Cult of Elizabeth (1977).
28. This is a view not shared by Susan Doran, who considers that Elizabeth preferred consensual advice. However, the way in which she played the Earl of Sussex against Dudley, and Cecil against both of them does not suggest that.
29. Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, p. 21.
30. Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth (1965), pp. 256-277.
31. Cal. Span. 1580–86, p. 226.
32. All the negotiations suggest that Elizabeth’s requirements would have reduced the Crown Matrimonial to a mere cipher, because in addition to the limitations imposed upon Philip in 1554, there was a need for outward conformity to her Church settlement.
33. Conyers Read, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s seizure of Alba’s pay ships’.
34. Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, pp. 357-8. Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (1977).
35. L. O. Boynton, The Elizabethan Militia (1967).
36. D. Loades, The Fighting Tudors (2009), pp. 196-204.
37. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 269-74. Queen Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Heneage, her emissary to the Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, enclosing her letter to Dudley, bearing the same date.
38. Loades, Elizabeth I, p. 177. At his trial in 1572 the Duke of Norfolk tried to impugn the witnesses against him on the grounds that they were men of no substance – by which he meant lineage.
39. Wilson, Sweet Robin, pp. 278-9.
40. Simon Adams, Leicester and the Court (2002), pp. 138-41, 143-4, 146-9.
41. G. E. Cockayne, Complete Peerage.
42. ODNB.
43. L. B. Smith, Treason in Tudor England; Politics and Paranoia (1986), p. 200.
44. W. Camden, The History of the Most Renowned Princess Elizabeth, Late Queen of England, (1688), pp. 623-4.
45. W. B. Devereux, Lives and Letters of the Devereux Earls of Essex, 1540–1646 (1853), I, p. 185.
46. Philippa Berry, Of Chastity and Power: Elizabethan Literature and the Unmarried Queen (1989), pp. 61-83.
47. Conyers Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, pp. 464- 86.
48. Devereux, Earls of Essex, I, p. 184.
49. R. B. Wernham, The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589 (1988), p. 133.
50. Ibid, p. 134.
51. W. MacCaffrey, War and Politics, 1588–1603 (1992), pp. 161- 2.
52. Ibid, p. 472.
53. S. and E. Usherwood, The Counter Armada, 1596: The Journal of the Mary Rose (1983), pp. 118-9.
54. L. B. Smith, Treason in Tudor England, pp. 226-7. MacCaffrey, War and Politics, p. 522.
55. Smith, Treason in Tudor England, pp. 232-3.
56. Ibid, pp. 255-6.
57. Camden, Elizabeth, pp. 602-3.
58. Loades, The Cecils, pp. 217-8.
Conclusion: A Political Family?
1. For a discussion of the origins of this game, see A. Kelly, ‘Eleanor of Aquitaine and her courts of love’, Speculum, 12, 1937.
2. G. R. Elton, The Tudor Revolution in Government (1953), p. 84.
3. These negotiations failed because the King was unwilling to subscribe to the Confession of Augsburg. One of the consequences of that failure was the Cleves marriage. Loades, Henry VIII, (2011) p. 285.
4. The form of acting in the King’s name was strictly observed, but Edward was a child and had no control over their actions. M. L. Bush, The Government Policy of Protector Somerset (1975).
5. He received a few modest grants, such as that of Jane Rochford’s ‘stuff’ at Blickling in September 1542, but there is no indication of significant patronage. L & P, XVII, no. 119.
6. Cal. Span., XI, p. 393.
7. Statute 1 Mary, sess.3, cap.3. Jennifer Loach, Parliament and the Crown in the reign of Mary Tudor (1986), pp. 96-7.
8. David Starkey, ‘Intimacy and Innovation; the rise of the Privy Chamber, 1485–1547’ and Pam Wright, ‘A Change of Direction; the ramifications of a female household, 1558–1603’ in D. Starkey, ed., The English Court from the Wars of the Roses to the Civil War(1987).
9. Loades, Elizabeth I, p. 142.
10. G. E. Cockayne, The Complete Peerage.
PICTURE SECTION
1. Blickling Hall,Norfolk. A seventeenth centuryrebuilding of the ‘fair brick house’constructed by Sir GeoffreyBoleyn.
2. Blickling church containsmany Boleyn memorials, startingwith Sir Geoffrey in a stained glasswindow.
3. The tomb of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Anne Boleyn’s uncle. Hewas originally interred at Thetford Abbey, then moved to Framlingham, where thismemorial was erected.
4. Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who took part along withhis father, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, in the trials of Anne and George Boleyn. He wasexecuted for treason in January 1547.
> 5. Thomas Boleyn, Earlof Wiltshire, who died at HeverCastle in Kent in 1539. From amonumental brass in St Peter’schurch at Hever.
6. Isabella Boleyn, SirGeoffrey’s daughter, and Anne’sgreat aunt. She married Sir JohnCheyney, and her memorial brassremains in Blickling church.
7. Lady Anne Shelton,daughter of Sir William Boleyn ofBlickling, and sister to Sir Thomas.She died in December 1555, and wasburied at Shelton, ten miles south ofNorwich..
9. The ‘Henry VIII bedroom’ at Hever Castle.
10. The gardens at Hever.
11. A portrait of Anne Boleyn at Ripon Cathedral, artistunknown; probably a seventeenth century copy.
12. A lady, thought to be Mary Boleyn. Artist unknown. AtHever Castle.
13. Henry VIII, c. 1540. From the Great Gate at TrinityCollege, Cambridge.
14. Henry VIII, from the cartoon by Hans Holbein in theNational Portrait Gallery.
15. From a bas relief depicting the Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520, which wassomething of a ‘family reunion’ for the Boleyns.
16. The meeting of the two kings, Henry VIII and Francis I, from the same bas relief.
17. Another depiction of the Field of Cloth of Gold, showing thetemporary English palace which was built for the occasion.
18. Thomas Wolsey from a drawing attributed to Jacques Le Boucq.
19. Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein.
20. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, by Gerhard Flicke.
21. William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, c.1528. By Hans Holbein.
22. Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn’s initials entwined at King’s College Chapel, Cambridge.
23. Detail from Holbein’s design for a coronation pageant. It wasstaged on the eve of Anne’s coronation, 31 May 1533.