by David Loades
[326] Knecht, Francis I, p. 235. L & P, VIII., no. 909.
[327] Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 19, 28.
[328] Ives, Life and Death, p. 328.
[329] L & P, X, no. 878. Contrast with Henry Norris, worth £1,327, and William Brereton at £1,236.
[330] Retha Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn, (1989), pp. 214-19. Ives, ‘Stress, Faction and Ideology in early-Tudor England’, Historical Journal, 34, 1991, p. 199.
[331] Notably by Eric Ives, George Bernard, Retha Warnicke and Maria Dowling. Ives, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn (2004), Bernard, Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (2010) (and in numerous articles), Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn (1990), and Dowling, ‘Anne Boleyn and Reform’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 35, 1984.
[332] Sir John had a large family, including several daughters, and it is thought to have been his inability to produce dowries for them all which accounts for Jane’s unmarried state at the age of twenty-seven.
[333] Cal. Span., 1536–38, p. 39.
[334] Ibid, pp. 39-40.
[335] Knecht, Francis I, p. 275.
[336] Charles Wriothesley, A Chronicle of England, 1485–1559, ed.W.D. Hamilton (Camden Society, 2nd series,11, 1875), I, p. 32.
[337] Ives, Life and Death, p. 296. Anne was about thirty-five at the time, and could have been approaching the menopause.
[338] Ibid. The miscarriage was unexpected, and no skilled midwife would have been in attendance.
[339] Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn.
[340] Cal. Span., 1531–33, p. 28. Ives, Life and Death, pp. 298-9.
[341] L & P, X, no. 670.
[342] Among other things, he saluted her in the Chapel Royal. Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 54, 75, 89, 91-8.
[343] It was this opposition which prompted Henry to haggle in his dealings with the Imperial ambassador, in spite of an apparent consensus in his council in favour of a deal. L & P, X, no. 699.
[344] R. W. Hoyle, ‘The origins of the dissolution of the monasteries’, Historical Journal, 38, 1995, pp. 284-99.
[345] Ives, Life and Death, p. 316.
[346] Bernard, Anne Boleyn, p. 163.
[347] State Papers, VII, pp. 683-8.
[348] Wriothesley, Chronicle, I, pp. 189-91.
[349] S. E. Lehmberg, The Later Parliaments of Henry VIII, (1977), pp. 25-28.
[350] Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 151-61.
[351] Ives, Life and Death, p. 320.
[352] Cavendish, The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, ed. Singer, pp. 451, 456.
[353] Hall, Chronicle, p. 819.
[354] Cavendish, Wolsey, ed. Singer, p. 451.
[355] Cal. Span., 1536–38, pp. 107-8.
[356] Cavendish, Wolsey, ed. Singer, pp. 458-9.
[357] Ives, Life and Death, pp. 338-40.
[358] Rochford was apparently given a writing containing her statement, for his comment. He then read it out publicly in court. Wriothesley, Chronicle, p. 39.
[359] Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 168-9.
[360] L & P, X, no. 908.
[361] N. H. Nicholas, The Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII, (1827), pp. 97, 112, 168.
[362] Ives, Life and Death, pp. 334-6.
[363] The only possible impediments which could have been used in this context must have existed before the marriage had taken place. It could have been the King’s relationship with Mary, or Anne’s precontract with Henry Percy (if any such had existed).
[364] S. Bentley, Excerpta Historica, (1831), p. 263.
[365] The Papers of George Wyatt, ed. D. Loades (Camden Scoety, 4th series, 5, 1968) p. 189.
[366] L & P, X, pp. 888, 1161, 1227.
[367] Loades, The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2009), p. 92.
[368] L & P, XIII, I, no. 1419.
[369] Ives, Life and Death, pp. 338-56.
[370] Bernard, Anne Boleyn, pp. 161-82.
[371] Ibid.
[372] L & P, X, no. 908.
[373] Statute 27 Henry VIII, cap. 28. Statutes of the Realm, III, pp. 575-8. For a discussion of the Bishops’ Book and its revisions, see MacCulloch, Thomas Cranmer, pp. 185-97, 207-13.
[374] Loades, Mary Tudor, pp. 98-9.
[375] Ibid.
[376] BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.283. L & P, X, no. 968.
[377] BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.278. L & P, X, no. 1022.
[378] Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 102.
[379] BL Cotton MS Otho C.X, f.289. L & P, X, no. 1136.
[380] Loades, Mary Tudor, p. 101.
[381] Chapuys to the Emperor, 1 July 1536. L & P, XI, no. 7.
[382] R. W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (2001), pp. 347, 351.
[383] Handbook of British Chronology, p. 496.
[384] Susan James, Kateryn Parr: the Making of a Queen (1999).
[385] Elizabeth I: Collected Works, ed. L. S. Marcus, Janelle Mueller and M. B. Rose (2000), pp. 5-6.
[386] Statute 35 Henry VIII, cap.1. Statutes of the Realm, III, p. 955.
[387] Loades, Elizabeth I (2003), p. 49.
[388] Bodleian Library MS Cherry 36, ffs.2-4. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 6-7.
[389] Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 63-4.
[390] Princess Elizabeth to Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector, September 1548. Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 22.
[391] G. Bernard, ‘The Downfall of Sir Thomas Seymour’, in Bernard, The Tudor Nobility (1992).
[392] She had been imprisoned during Mary’s reign for suspected involvement in Sir Thomas Wyatt’s rebellion, and had been pressed by Philip to marry the Duke of Savoy. Her reaction had been to adopt a very sober style of dress, and to keep a low profile.
[393] ODNB.
[394] Ibid. For the action and deployment of the fleet, which involved the sinking of the Mary Rose, see D. Loades and C. S. Knighton, Letters from the Mary Rose (2002), pp. 106-120.
[395] L & P., XXI, no. 1235. Among the documents signed by stamp in1546 is a grant to John Carey, Esquire of the Privy Chamber, who must have been a kinsman, of the ‘rule’ of Kynderweston Hundred, Wiltshire, with issues from the death of William Carey, until the full age of Henry Carey, William’s son and heir.
[396] Cal. Pat., Edward VI, II, p. 93.
[397] Cal. Pat., Edward VI, III, pp. 250, 320.
[398] ODNB.
[399] Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1558–60, pp. 60, 90.
[400] Ibid, pp. 115-7. W. MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime (1969), p. 40. L. Stone, The Crisis of the Aristocracy (1965), p. 760.
[401] Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1558–60, p. 415.
[402] The Garter was also conferred on him in April 1561. ODNB. The takeover of schools and universities by the sons of gentlemen began in the early sixteenth century, and gradually took over from the older notion of a training in arms and manners. Joan Simon, Education and Society in Tudor England (1966), pp. 291-8, 333- 368.
[403] Cal. Pat. Elizabeth, 1563–66, pp. 22, 24, 42, 123.
[404] The Garter was conferred on 24 June. Cal. For., 1564–5, no. 522. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (1965), p. 327. Sir Thomas Smith reported to Cecil on 27 June that ‘there was never an ambassador better liked than Lord Hunsdon’, Cal. For., no.523.
[405] Cal. Pat, Elizabeth, 1563–6, pp. 280, 285. D. Loades, The Life and Career of William Paulet (2008), p. 144.
[406] Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, II, various.
[407] Calendar of State Papers Relating to Scotland, II, p. 86. A report of Thomas Randolf to Cecil, 24 October 1564.
[408] Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1566–9, p. 119. H. M. Colvin, The History of the King’s Works, Vol. IV, 1485–1660, pt. ii (1982), pp. 40-47.
[409] Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots (1969). Alison Weir, Mary Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley (2008), pp. 450-465.
[410] Cal. Pat., Elizabeth, 1566–69, pp. 201, 327.
[411] Conyers Read, ‘Queen Elizabeth’s seizure of Alba’s pay ships’, Journal of Moder
n History, 5, 1933, pp. 443-464. D. Loades, The Cecils; Privilege and Power behind the Throne (2007), pp. 88-9.
[412] Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 165-6.
[413] MacCaffrey, The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime, p. 229.
[414] Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil and Queen Elizabeth (1965), pp. 331-3.
[415] Cal. SP. Dom., 1547–1580, p. 348. This was followed up by a royal proclamation, issued at Windsor on 24 November, Hughes and Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, II, p. 323.
[416] Cal. SP. Dom, p. 346.
[417] The 1569 Rebellion, edited by Sir Cuthbert Sharp (1840, reprint 1965), pp. 64-5. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 458-68.
[418] Loades, Elizabeth I, p. 167. The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 83-4. On 30 November Sir Ralph Sadler wrote to Cecil ‘the rebels are returned into the Bishopric’.
[419] The Earl of Sussex to Sir William Cecil, 1 January 1570, ibid, pp. 130-32. Cal. SP. Dom, p. 356.
[420] The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 133-4.
[421] Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 445-6.
[422] The 1569 Rebellion, pp. 124-5.
[423] Cal. SP., Scotland, 1569–71, p. 54. Cal Dom. Addenda, 1566– 79, pp. 193, 241.
[424] Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 125-6.
[425] Cal. SP., Scotland, I, pp. 329, 331.
[426] Cal. SP., Dom., 1547–1580, p. 360.
[427] Rebellion of 1569, Appendix, pp. 343-9.
[428] Ibid, pp. 250-52. That he was a member of this commission may be ascertained from the number of pardons issued to offenders in whose conviction he had had a part. For example, Cal. Pat., 1569–72, p. 290. The commission itself does not appear to be recorded.
[429] G. E. Cockayne, ed. Vicary Gibbs, The Complete Peerage (1910–59).
[430] Cal. Pat., 1569–72, p. 212.
[431] Ibid, p. 289. Cal. SP. Dom., 1547–1580, p. 370.
[432] Cal. Pat., 1572–5, p. 169. Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 409-10. Cal. Scot., 1563–69, pp. 530, 534, 540.
[433] Cal. Pat., 1572–5, p. 328.
[434] Captain Cockburn to Lord Burghley, 4 November 1575. Cal. Scot., I, p. 393.
[435] A. Weikel, ‘The Marian Council Revisited’ in J. Loach and R. Tittler, The Mid Tudor Polity, 1540–1560 (1980). W. MacCaffrey, Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572–1588, (1981) pp. 436-7.
[436] Acts of the Privy Council, 1577–96, passim.
[437] Cal. Pat., 1578–80, p. 121.
[438] P. W. Hasler, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons, 1558–1603 (1981), sub George Carey.
[439] ODNB. Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–1590.
[440] Raphael Holinshed, Chronicle (ed. 1807–8), IV, p. 536. Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 222-3.
[441] Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–1590, p. 139.
[442] Ibid, p. 161.
[443] Conyers Read, Lord Burghey and Queen Elizabeth (1965), pp. 233-5.
[444] Ibid, p. 289.
[445] Ibid.
[446] Cal. SP. Scot., II, p. 473.
[447] J. H. Pollen, Mary Queen of Scots and the Babington Plot, Scottish Historical Society, 1922. J. Wormald, Mary Queen of Scots: a study in failure (1988).
[448] Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–90, p. 164. Walsingham to Burghley, 12 June 1584.
[449] Ibid, p. 278.
[450] Ibid, p. 463. Howard to Walsingham, 14 February 1588.
[451] Read, Lord Burghley and Queen Elizabeth, p. 422.
[452] Cal. SP. Dom., 1581–90, pp. 517, 534.
[453] F. C. Dietz, English Public Finance, 1558–1641 (1964), pp. 96-9. For Elizabeth’s ‘Golden speech’ of 1601, see Elizabeth I: Collected Works, pp. 355-59.
[454] Cal. SP. Dom., 1591–94, p. 268. Report of 11 September 1592.
[455] Ibid, 1594–97, p. 162.
[456] Elizabeth did not, as far as I am aware, leave any record of her emotional reaction to Lord Hunsdon’s death, but her attitude towards his family after his death suggests a warm attachment, as did her loyalty to him during his life. In that respect he resembled Lord Burghley, for whom her feelings are better known.
[457] Cal. SP. Dom., 1594–7, pp. 309, 314. On 11 June 1597 the Queen granted to Hundson’s old friend Charles Howard, the Lord Admiral his office of Chief Justice in Eyre South of the Trent, with a fee of £100 a year. It is not clear when Hunsdon had acquired this office.
[458] The junior branch, stemming from Robert, died out with Henry, his son, the second Earl of Monmouth, in June 1661.
[459] ODNB.
[460] ‘The Count of Feria’s despatch of 14th November 1558’, edited by Simon Adams and Mia Rodriguez-Salgado. Camden Miscellany, 28, 1984, p. 331. He also observed that she was a very vain and clever woman and unlikely to be ‘well disposed in matters of religion’, which could be a description of her mother at the same age.
[461] Loades, Elizabeth I, pp. 109-110.
[462] Feria’s despatch, p. 332.
[463] Elizabeth I: Collected Works, p. 58.
[464] Ibid.
[465] Susan Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony; the courtships of Elizabeth I (1996), p. 8.
[466] Philip is alleged to have said that in making this proposal, he was sacrificing himself in the cause of his country. Henry Kamen, Philip II (1997).
[467] Doran, Monarchy and Matrimony, pp. 73-98, contains a very full description of these negotiations.
[468] Ibid, pp. 97-8. The Howards were the only element in the English Court who supported the marriage unreservedly.
[469] D. Loades, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland (1996), p. 123. They allegedly shared Edward’s lessons at the beginning of the reign. They were both fourteen at that time, while he was ten, but it is just about feasible.
[470] Derek Wilson, Sweet Robin; a biography of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester (1981), pp. 43, 78.
[471] Caspar Breuner to Ferdinand I. Victor von Klarwill, Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners (1928), pp. 113-4.
[472] Conyers Read, Mr. Secretary Cecil, pp. 192-3.
[473] The best analysis of this controversial subject is still Ian Aird’s article of 1956, although Chris Skidmore has recently added his contribution to the debate. Aird, ‘The death of Amy Robsart’, English Historical Review, 71, 1956, pp. 69-79.