by Ross Laidlaw
* The five leading Roman jurors in the past, whose verdicts were accepted as deciding precedent.
* The Sea of Marmara.
* Ethiopia.
* Their rival faction was the Greens. See Notes for Chapter 3.
THREE
The Emperor Caesar Justin. . assuming empire by universal choice. .it is
our care. . to keep you in all prosperity
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, On the Ceremonies of the Court, c. 950
‘Petrus!’
‘Valerianus!’
The two friends (whose diverging paths after their student days ended fifteen years before, had prevented their meeting save on rare occasions) embraced warmly, at the Column of Marcian in the capital’s prestigious Eleventh Region — ‘Ta Ioulianes’. Valerian, now a junior general serving under the Magister Militum per Armenias (after having flirted briefly with a legal career), had suggested the rendezvous in a letter written from the front during the latest insurgency to break out in the Taurus Mountains.
‘First grey hairs,’ observed Petrus, as the pair took stock of each other.
The other grinned ruefully. ‘Those Isaurians could turn your whole head white. Persistent little buggers. We keep on beating them; trouble is, no one seems to have told them that.’ He studied Petrus with undisguised curiosity. ‘What’s with this fancy army uniform? I always thought you were a confirmed civilian, nose always stuck in a law book.’
Petrus gave a slightly embarrassed smile. ‘I’m a candidatus — an officer in the Scholae regiment. Strictly a parade soldier, I’m afraid. These days, I’m working more and more for my uncle Roderic, who’s Count of the Excubitors — which is a fighting unit. As he’s also a senator, I write his speeches for him and help him chair committees and dispense patronage — all of which he hates doing. He seems to think that a military uniform gives me a bit more clout. But I haven’t deserted the law; I’ve been working on a draft for a radical revision of our legal code — in fact, ever since ‘the Holy Water Sprinkler’ lectured us on Citations and Ius Respondendi.’
Valerian chuckled. ‘Dear old Olympius; he never did work out why those two front rows were always empty for his lectures.’ He paused and gave his friend a sly wink. ‘And how many female conquests has “the Adonis of Byzantium”, as the girls used to call you, notched up since we last met?’
‘Well — none, actually,’ admitted Petrus with a sheepish grin. Sex, in his opinion, was a vastly overrated pastime, involving an inordinate amount of time and energy which could more profitably be directed towards absorbing and worthwhile pursuits, such as the study of law and theology. He shrugged and spread his hands. ‘I never seem to find the time,’ he added feebly.
Valerian sighed and shook his head in mock despair. ‘Perhaps you’ve missed your vocation, Petrus, and should have trained to be a priest.’ He eyed the other speculatively and chuckled. ‘Somehow though, I can’t imagine you with a beard. But why, I ask myself, are we standing here wasting valuable drinking time? Diogenes’ tavern awaits our patronage, my friend.’
That same morning — the fourth before the Ides of Julius in the year of the consuls Magnus and Anastasius Augustus,* an atmosphere of crisis, approaching one of panic, gripped the Palace. Grim-faced silentiarii — gentlemen-ushers, prowled the corridors in an attempt to prevent any leakage of security, while Celer, the Master of Offices, and Roderic, Count of the Excubitors, alerted the troops under their separate commands, swearing them to silence. For during the night, in the middle of a violent thunderstorm, Emperor Anastasius had died at the age of eighty-seven, designating no successor.
Which created a power-vacuum — an especially dangerous one. Ten days’ march to the north of the capital was an ambitious general, Vitalian, at the head of a powerful army of Goths and Bulgarians. Twice in the past five years he had tried unsuccessfully to topple Anastasius. At this present juncture, any delay in choosing a new emperor would hand Vitalian an opportunity to attempt a coup. Another potential rival for the purple was Hypatius, nephew of Anastasius and Master of Soldiers in the east. Based as he was at Antioch, it would take many days before news of his uncle’s death reached him, and at least an equal amount of time for him to march on the capital. However, as a potential player in the succession game, he most certainly could not be ruled out. Thus, the perfect ingredients for a bloody civil war had all come together at the worst possible conjunction.
It was therefore incumbent on Celer and Roderic, as the two ‘strong men’ in the capital, to take swift, decisive action to install a new emperor before Vitalian or Hypatius could enter the arena. Though speed was of paramount importance, the candidate for the purple must yet be chosen with the utmost care. He would have to be acceptable not only to the Senate and the Army, but most of all to the people — the volatile, strong-willed, and passionate citizens of Constantinople (whose views could be said to reflect in microcosm the opinion of the Empire as a whole), without whose approval no emperor could hope to keep his throne.
Eagerly exchanging reminiscences, the two men headed south into the Twelfth Region (less distinguished than the Eleventh, but still respectable), bound for the Harbour of Theodosius.
‘Phew! After campaigning in the highlands of Isauria, I’d forgotten just how hot the city gets in July,’ murmured Valerian, mopping his brow as they crossed the wide and crowded Mese, its arcaded sides filled with shops selling silks, jewellery, scent, and a hundred other luxuries. All around them swirled a dense mass of humanity, colourful, cosmopolitan: wealthy citizens bejewelled and dressed in the height of fashion, attended by a train of servants and hangers-on; members of the new order of patricians, distinguished in their white robes edged with purple; monks and bearded priests; off-duty soldiers; blue-eyed Germans, conspicuous by their fair hair and pink skins; peasants from the country, driving carts full of vegetables; Egyptian sailors on leave from the grainships of Alexandria; soberly clad merchants. .
A group of Blues supporters approached, everyone in their vicinity giving them a wide berth. On passing Petrus and Valerian however, they greeted the former with respectful salutations.
‘You’re not involved with that bunch of thugs, surely!’ exclaimed Valerian.
‘Purely on a business basis. Call it mutual back-scratching: I keep the city prefect’s police off their backs, in return, they employ, ah — “persuasion”, to expedite certain contracts for my uncle. You’ve no idea the amount of tedious bureaucracy you have to cope with if you go through the normal channels.’
‘You dark horse, you.’ Valerian shook his head, half in disapproval, half in admiration.
As the two threaded the narrow lanes of wooden houses leading to the harbour area, they became aware of a distant shouting coming from an eastern direction. It grew steadily in volume as it swept westwards through the city like an advancing wave. At last, what had at first been a confused babel of sound, resolved itself into intelligible phrases: ‘Anastasius is dead. . the emperor is no more. . our “little father” has been taken from us. .’ The efforts of the imperial staff to stop the news from getting out had failed — little wonder, considering that the Palace was not a single edifice but consisted of two dozen separate buildings: pavilions, banqueting halls, state rooms, offices, chapels, barracks. . Given such a scenario, total security was virtually impossible.
‘I must get back to the Palace!’ exclaimed Petrus, immediately aware of the potential crisis that the news would have precipitated. ‘As a member of the Scholae I’ll be expected; I’d have been there already but for the fact that, thanks to my uncle, I’m excused living in barracks. I just hope to God that Celer and uncle Roderic can keep a lid on things and instal a new emperor before Vitalian or Hypatius can stir things up.’ He smiled apologetically at his companion. ‘Sorry, old friend, our session at Diogenes’ will have to — ’ He broke off suddenly, his face turning ashen. ‘Listen!’
The rapidly approaching roar of the crowd had changed from a confused tumult expressing sorrow and
consternation over the death of Anastasius to a rhythmic chant demanding its choice for a new emperor: ‘Rodericus Augustus! Rodericus Augustus!’
‘The fools!’ gasped Petrus, turning an anguished face to his friend. ‘My uncle can’t be emperor — he’d be totally out of his depth and never be able to cope.’
‘Too late — he’s been named. That means he’ll be seen as a rival for the purple by whoever else decides to throw his hat into the ring. And if he’s defeated. .’ Valerian gripped the other by the arm and stared bleakly into his face. ‘Well, we both know what that could mean.’
‘Blinding or death,’ whispered Petrus. ‘Oh God, Valerian, what a mess.’ He tried to think constructively but his brain refused to respond, his mind seemingly paralyzed.
‘Petrus — get a grip!’ shouted Valerian. ‘We can save your uncle, but only by making sure he becomes emperor. And that means acting, now!’
‘What, what must we do?’ Petrus’ mind cleared, but a sick, hollow feeling of dread began to grow inside him.
‘Go immediately to the Senate House, persuade the Senate that your uncle’s the best man to wear the purple. You know the sort of things you have to say; you’ve done the course in Rhetoric as part of your legal training. Meanwhile, I’ll go to the Hippodrome where the crowds’ll be gathering, try to whip up support for your uncle. If we can get the backing of the House and the people, the soldiers will likely follow suit. Right, let’s go.’ And the pair set off eastwards at a fast pace towards the huge complex comprising the Hippodrome, the Imperial Palace, the great church of the Holy Wisdom* — Hagia Sophia — and the Senate House.
Recognizing the nephew of the Count of the Excubitors, the porters on duty outside the great ivory-panelled doors of the Senate House admitted Petrus into the building. Inside, all seemed confusion, with anxious-faced senators in their archaic togas milling about, and talking in low, excited tones. Not having been primed to announce any bills or official business, Methodius, the Caput Senatus**, a stooped and venerable figure, hovered irresolutely before the rostrum. Only the Patriarch, Epiphanius, seated in his cathedra, aloof and splendidly garbed in his ecclesiastical robes, seemed unmoved by the occasion.
‘Ah, there you are Sabbatius,’ snapped Celer, the Master of Offices. Burly and bald, imposing in muscle cuirass of gilded bronze, the commander of the Scholae exuded authority and confidence. ‘Better late than never, I suppose. I was about to put my name forward as the most suitable replacement for our newly deceased emperor. As the nephew of General Rodericus — who is not without influence in the places where it counts — your support could be useful to me.’
Events had moved beyond his ability to influence them, Petrus told himself, mortified to realize that his chief reaction was a feeling of relief. With Celer about to enter the race, and no sign of Roderic in the chamber to contest him, the result was virtually a foregone conclusion. The nerve-racking prospect of having to address the Senate had evaporated. Then a hot flush of shame swept over Petrus. Even if it now came too late to achieve anything, it would be unforgiveable cowardice not to speak up for the man to whom he owed everything. Twice before, in circumstances forever branded into his memory, he had let cowardly self-interest dictate his actions. But not this time.
‘I’m sorry, sir,’ he heard himself say, ‘but I can’t support you. The people have started calling for my uncle. It’s him that I must help.’ He went on, a note almost of pleading entering his voice, ‘Surely you can see that, sir.’
‘I can see nothing of the sort,’ snorted Celer. ‘General Rodericus as emperor? The idea’s preposterous; he wouldn’t last a week. As for you, Sabbatius — may I remind you that as a serving officer under my command, it is nothing less than your plain duty to give me your backing. Refuse, and the consequences for your career will be extremely serious.’ And he strode off towards the Caput Senatus, with whom he was soon deep in conversation.
By the time Valerian reached it, half Constantinople seemed to have swarmed into the Hippodrome. Already, the crowds had split into two rival camps: one, egged on by the Greens, shouting for Celer to be emperor, the other, supported by the Blues, demanding that Roderic be chosen. Armed and armoured, the Excubitors and units from the Scholae regiments patrolled the expanses of the vast racetrack, modelled on the Circus Maximus in Rome.
Spotting Valerian, a harassed-looking Roderic, still upright and vigorous despite his sixty-eight years, marched up to him. ‘Thank God for a friendly face,’ declared the general. ‘I could use some help if things turn ugly. Those toy soldiers from the Scholae are deliberately siding with the Greens — turning a blind eye when Blues get roughed up, joining in when it’s the other way. And the Blues aren’t helping: whipping up support for me to be emperor. They must be mad. I’m the last person who should don the purple; I’ll have nothing to do with it.’
‘You may have to, sir,’ urged Valerian, who knew and liked the other, having once briefly served with him in Armenia in a border dispute concerning Roman and Persian zones of influence. ‘If Celer wins, to say nothing of Vitalian or Hypatius, you’ll be a marked man.’
‘You really think so? But the last thing I’d want to do is contest their claims. None of them has anything to fear from me.’
‘I know that, sir. And so do most informed people at the top.’ Valerian found himself having to shout above a rising clamour, as more and more people streamed into the Hippodrome. ‘But we’re talking here about ruthless, scheming men. In the event of any of them becoming emperor, their first priority would be to liquidate anyone who seemed to offer even the remotest threat to their position.’
‘I hear what you say,’ said Roderic, a hint of desperation creeping into his voice. ‘But I’d be hopeless as emperor. Diplomacy, administration, legal problems, religious disputes — all that stuff’s completely beyond me.’
‘You’d have advisors, sir. Your nephew Petrus would steady the ship while you learned the ropes — forgive the nautical metaphors. He’s in the Senate House at this very moment, arguing your case. Anyway, you’d make a damned sight better emperor than any of those others, who’d only be in it for personal gain and power.’
‘Oh very well then,’ sighed Roderic resignedly. ‘Let’s go for it. Tell the Excubitors and their following that I accept.’
Minutes later, the triumphant Excubitors, in a gesture the Romans had adopted from the Germans, raised their commander on a shield for all to see. Such a powerful symbol had an immediate effect. Calls for Celer to be emperor began to falter then to die away, while shouts of ‘Rodericus Augustus!’ rose to a rhythmic, deafening din. Followed by an excited crowd, the jubilant Excubitors carried their leader out of the Hippodrome, and headed for the Senate House.
Banging his staff on the marble floor, the Caput Senatus called the House to order. Sensing that at last a significant development was in the offing, the senators fell quiet and took their seats.
‘Seeing that this is an emergency session of the House,’ quavered old Methodius, ‘the Patriarch and I have agreed to dispense with the customary prayers and preamble, and proceed straight away to attend to the urgent matter which has brought us all together: namely, the nomination of a successor to Anastasius of blessed memory, who sadly departed from us in the night. I now call upon Celer, Master of Offices and Commander of the Scholae Palatinae, to address the House.’
Celer stepped up to the rostrum and, head thrown back, seized the lectern with both hands — a gesture somehow conveying the image that here was a strong, capable man able to take charge, a safe pair of hands who could be trusted with the running of the Empire.
‘Romans, fellow citizens,’ Celer declared in ringing tones, ‘as a humble servant of our glorious republic, I would be found wanting in my duty if I were to stand aside at this most critical and dangerous of times, and fail to offer myself as choice of emperor. For that would be to leave the vacant throne to be contested by men who are unworthy to wear the purple. A would-be usurper, a weakling, and an incompeten
t — any one of whom would destroy our prosperity and sap our strength, undermining our ability to resist those enemies who threaten us on every side, just waiting to exploit the slightest signs of Roman weakness: Bulgars, Slavs, and Lombards to the north and west, Persians to the east, and, to the south, the savages of Aethiopia and Nubia.*
‘Let us look closely at these men who threaten to besmirch that most ancient and honourable title — Augustus Romanorum. First, Vitalian — a power-hungry opportunist who, on two occasions, sought to oust our beloved Anastasius, now sadly taken from us. Nor should we forget that Vitalian is a member of that ferocious and fickle race — the Germans. For more than five hundred years, the legacy of these barbarians for Rome has been aggression and bad faith. Arminius, Alaric, Stilicho, Gainas — all Germans who fought for Rome, all ending up betraying her. Can we expect different from Vitalian?’ Celer looked round the rapt faces of his audience. ‘I think we know the answer to that,’ he chuckled.
‘Hypatius? A career soldier, who only rose to his present position of Magister Militum per Orientem through the patronage of his uncle, the late emperor. His military record is hardly an impressive one — thrashed by Vitalian when, reluctantly, he was forced to take the field against him. So, if you want a broken reed for emperor, Hypatius is your man.
‘Finally, Rodericus.’ Celer paused and shook his head, his expression one of amused disbelief. ‘The man’s a joke, a semi-literate peasant who couldn’t even sign his name when first he arrived in the capital. As emperor, this doddering geriatric who should have been pensioned off years ago would have to deal on a daily basis with the complex departments of ministers and officials: the Count of the Domestics, the Master of Audiences, the senior clerks and their staff, the Counts of the Privy and Public Purses, diocesan and provincial governors. . to name but a small selection. As well expect an ape to understand a water-clock. I would also mention, should you need reminding, that Rodericus, like Vitalian, is German — a Goth and a barbarian. Enough said.’ Smiling, Celer bowed his head and, amid enthusiastic applause, returned to his place on the marble benches.