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American Crucifixion

Page 34

by Alex Beam


  Extermination Order of 1838 and, 2, 36–37, 67, 81

  Mormon expulsion from, 2, 8, 31, 148, 238, 260

  Mormon War and, 36–37

  reparations case for dispossessed Mormon property in, 31, 67, 73, 95

  Smith, Joseph imprisonment in, 2–3, 68, 89, 96, 117, 234, 236, 251

  Missouri Compromise of 1820, 36

  Missouri Republican, 212

  Mohammed, Prophet, 8

  Monroe, James, 234

  Montrose, Iowa, 1, 28, 151, 154n, 252

  Moore, George, 75

  Morgan, Lucinda, 26, 156

  Morgan, William, 26, 156, 194

  Morley, Isaac, 175

  Mormon curse, 263

  Mormon War of 1838, 31, 36–37, 197

  Mormonism, Mormons

  alcohol use and, 6, 39, 46, 60

  baptism of the dead and, 21, 25

  crime and, 72–74

  criticism of, 55–77

  financial troubles and, 36

  founding of, 13

  freemasonry and, 25–28

  heaven and, 21, 24

  iconography of, 27

  militarism of, 63, 64

  missionary work of, 21, 35

  persecutors of, 55–77

  plurality of gods and, 21, 29, 83

  political ambitions of, 62

  politics and, 66–71

  polygamy and, 9, 21, 79–105, 113–115, 233

  rituals and ceremonies of, 5, 21, 25, 26–28, 47–48, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 234, 256, 257, 260, 260n

  rival threats to, 243–251

  secrecy and, 5, 26–27, 28, 33, 64

  slavery and, 9, 30, 36, 41, 119

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 231–257

  social ethic of, 9

  symbols of, 9

  theology of, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281

  as true religion, 15

  See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

  Mormonism in All Ages (Turner), 72

  Mormonism Unvailed (Howe), 13

  Moroni, Angel, 16–17, 17fig, 18, 88, 243–244

  Morris, Benjamin Franklin, 23, 71–72

  Morse, Justus, 73

  Morse, Samuel, 199

  Moses, 52, 56, 84, 246

  Napoleon, 250

  National Intelligencer, 246

  National Reform Party, 30

  Native Americans, 19, 38, 84

  Nauvoo, Illinois, 20, 28, 46fig, 48

  city charter of, 43–45, 60, 71, 110, 117

  court proceedings in, 22–23

  court system in, 44–45, 105

  culture in, 46

  disease in, 39

  economy of, 40, 46–47, 74–75

  eleventh birthday celebration in, 55–59

  founding of, 5

  government of, 5, 75

  growth of, 45–48, 74–75, 139

  layout of, 45–46

  militia in, 43, 44

  Mormon migration to, 21, 38–40

  Smith, Joseph as chief justice of, 22–23, 44–45, 125

  Smith, Joseph as mayor of, 21, 23–24, 44, 99

  tourists in, 51–52

  as Zion, 40

  Nauvoo, University of, 44

  Nauvoo Charter, 43–45, 60, 71, 110, 117

  Nauvoo Expositor, 112fig

  destruction of, 116–125, 138–150

  founding of, 109–111

  Nauvoo Charter and, 110

  plurality of gods and, 132–133

  polygamy and, 110–111, 113–115

  See also Carthage jailhouse lynching

  Nauvoo High Council, 115

  Nauvoo Legion, 5, 9, 44, 56, 68, 73, 96, 99, 138, 143

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 171, 180

  Expositor affair and, 122, 134

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198

  Smith, Joseph surrender and, 155–156, 159, 164

  Nauvoo Mansion, 3, 23, 48–51, 68, 99, 117, 233

  Nauvoo Neighbor, 30–31, 65–66, 69, 109, 226, 242, 255

  Nauvoo Temple, 47–48, 55–56, 73, 95, 99, 209, 256–257

  Necromancy, 16, 64

  Needham, John, 38

  Nephites, 18, 19, 84, 85, 212

  New Mexico, 32

  New Testament, 7, 18, 19, 20, 83–84, 86, 116

  New World, 15, 25, 75

  New York, 2, 7, 13–14, 25–26, 55

  New York Daily Tribune, 199

  New York Herald, 32, 44, 110, 200

  New York Land Company, 37–38

  New York Sun, 13

  New York Times, 261

  New York Tribune, 101

  Niles’ National Register, 30, 200

  Noon, Sarah, 92

  Norton, Henry, 161

  Noyes, John Humphrey, 86

  Oath of vengeance, 196–197, 260

  Ohio, 8, 36, 55, 150, 197, 238, 244

  Old Testament, 7, 18, 27, 35, 83–85, 116, 132–133, 233, 246

  Oregon, 5, 30, 32, 33, 34

  Palmyra, New York, 4, 14, 15, 17

  Panic of 1837, 36, 175

  Partridge, Edward, 238

  Partridge, Emily and Eliza, 48, 88, 105

  Pennsylvania, 16, 59, 64, 77, 129, 269

  People v. Levi Williams, et. al., 208, 263–264

  People v. William Fraim, 140

  Peter, biblical disciple, 8

  Peyton, John, 214

  Phelps, W. W., 27

  Phelps, William, 119, 143, 155, 203, 234, 251

  Pike, Zebulon, 25

  Pitt, William, 58

  Plates of Laban, 246, 250

  Plural marriage. See Polygamy

  Plural wifery. See Polygamy

  Plurality of gods, 21, 29, 116, 132–133

  Polk, James K., 31, 136

  Polygamy, 64, 233

  Bible and, 83–87, 99

  Book of Mormon and, 86

  children and, 98n

  dynastic, 90

  Expositor affair and, 110–111, 113–115

  Law, William, 29

  marriage rituals and, 48

  Mormonism and, 9, 21, 233

  opposition to, 99–105

  prosecution for, 102–103

  response to, 89–94

  revelation concerning, 4, 48, 82, 84, 87, 97–98, 114, 115, 118, 233

  Richards, Willard and, 5

  Rollins, Mary Elizabeth and, 79–83

  secrecy and, 86

  Smith, Emma Hale and, 4, 82, 87–89, 97

  Smith, Hyrum and, 5

  US government and, 93

  Pope, Alexander, 104–105

  Pratt, Orson, 24, 94

  Pratt, Parley, 69, 115, 238

  Pratt, Sarah, 94

  Prayer, 15, 22, 29

  Predestination, 29

  Presbyterianism, Presbyterians, 15

  Press, freedom of, 9

  Priesthood

  endowment ritual for, 26–28, 48, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 256, 257, 260

  Freemasonry and, 28, 83

  High, 6, 24

  levels of, 20

  men and, 20, 26

  Old Testament, 19

  women and, 20, 26

  Purgatory, 25

  Quakerism, Quakers, 15

  Quincy, Illinois, 37, 40, 59, 71, 105, 128, 142, 173, 201, 210, 239, 265

  Quinn, D. Michael, 91n

  Quorum of the Anointed, 5

  Quorum of Twelve Apostles, 3, 24, 94, 239, 242, 243, 251, 252–253, 275

  Racism, 52

  Rappites, 7

  Redden, Return Jackson, 267

  Reed, Jack, 263

  Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 206, 253, 270

  Republican Party, 265

  Revelation, Book of, 129, 131

  Revelations, 13, 20, 35, 56, 63

  alcohol use and, 6

  Bible and, 9

  heaven and, 24

  polygamy and, 4, 48, 82, 84, 87, 97–98, 114, 115, 118

  Smith, Joseph and, 6

  Word of Wisdom, 6
/>   Young, Brigham and, 239

  Revivalism, 15, 24

  Reynolds, Thomas, 67, 68

  Rich, Mary Ann, 191

  Richards, Heber, 90fig, 91

  Richards, Jennetta, 90fig, 91

  Richards, Rhoda, 4, 48, 90–91

  Richards, Willard, 4–5, 48, 76, 90fig, 100, 149, 155, 163, 166, 173, 257, 263, 276

  appearance of, 4

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 177–178, 179, 181, 182–183, 185–187, 208

  freemasonry and, 28

  Nauvoo Legion and, 5

  polygamy and, 5, 90–91

  priesthood endowment ritual and, 26

  return to Nauvoo, Ill. of, 191, 192

  Smith, Hyrum and, 5

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198

  Smith, Joseph presidential candidacy and, 30

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 234, 235

  Richmond, B. W., 146, 156, 162, 191

  Rigdon, Nancy, 79, 85, 101

  Rigdon, Sidney, 24, 32, 36, 48, 101, 248, 271

  Expositor affair and, 111

  Mormon War and, 36, 37

  polygamy and, 236

  preaching and, 237–238, 240

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 236–238, 239–242, 251–252

  visions of, 24

  Young, Brigham debate with, 239–242

  Rigdon, Wyckliffe, 252

  Rituals and ceremonies

  baptism of the dead, 21, 25, 56, 83

  priesthood endowment, 26–28, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 256, 257, 260

  Second Anointing, 5, 28, 48

  secrecy and, 26, 27, 47–48, 234

  spiritual adoption, 257

  temple, 47, 260n

  Robinson, Ebenezer, 48, 98n

  Rockwell, George, 142, 201

  Rockwell, Orrin Porter, 2–3, 95, 150, 155, 218, 267–269

  appearance of, 2

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 187

  death of, 3

  Expositor affair and, 143

  flight to Iowa of, 2–3

  Nauvoo Mansion and, 50

  return to Nauvoo, Ill. of, 191

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 195

  Smith, Joseph surrender and, 153, 154

  Rollins, Mary Elizabeth, 79–83, 221n

  Russia, 14, 33, 64

  Sagers, Harrison, 102

  Sagers, Lucinda, 112

  Saints, Latter-day See Mormonism, Mormons

  Saints’ Herald, 271

  Salt Lake City, Utah, 3, 89, 94, 268

  Salt Lake Tribune, 268, 269

  Salvation, 20, 28, 93, 177

  Satan, 82, 123

  Scott, Isaac, 123, 156n

  Scott, Robert, 103

  Second Anointing, 5, 28, 48

  Second Coming, 15, 19, 20, 28, 32, 83, 91, 97, 232, 249

  Second Great Awakening, 15

  Sessions, Patty Bartlett, 92

  Sessions, Sylvia, 91–92

  Shakers, 15

  Sharp, Thomas, 70, 72, 76–77, 104, 166, 265

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 174, 175, 217, 222

  Carthage jailhouse lynching trial and, 211, 213–214

  as enemy of Joseph Smith, 9

  Expositor affair and, 124, 141–143

  Mormons, criticism of and, 59–66

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 200–203

  Sherwood, Henry, 156

  Sin, 20, 29

  Sisters of Charity, 194

  Skinner, Onias, 226

  Slavery, 9, 30, 36, 41, 119

  Sloan, James, 259

  Smith, Alexander, 154, 270

  Smith, David Hyrum, 232

  Smith, Don Carlos, 39, 56, 58, 65

  polygamy and, 89, 90

  Smith, Elias, 15

  Smith, Emma, 3

  polygamy and, 4

  Smith, Emma Hale, 57, 68, 264–265

  appearance of, 269–270

  Book of Mormon, translation of and, 17–18

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 173–174

  Mormonism and, 232

  Nauvoo Mansion and, 49–50, 233

  polygamy and, 82, 87–89, 97, 157, 204–205, 233, 270, 273–274

  as scribe or recorder, 17–18, 89

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 193

  Smith, Joseph, III interview of, 270–274

  Smith, Joseph, marriage to of, 16

  Smith, Joseph, replacing and, 232–235

  Smith, Joseph surrender and, 150–153, 154–155, 157, 163

  Young, Brigham feud with, 204–205, 252, 270

  Smith, Frederick, 154, 206

  Smith, George D., 91n, 276

  Smith, Hyrum

  body returned to Nauvoo, 189–206

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185

  counterfeiting and, 74

  Expositor affair and, 118, 148–150

  flight to Iowa of, 1–5

  freemasonry and, 26

  murder of, 137

  Nauvoo Legion and, 5

  politics and, 69, 70

  polygamy and, 5, 87–88, 97, 98n, 102, 104, 115

  priesthood endowment ritual and, 26, 27

  Richards, Willard and, 5

  saga of remains of, 203–206

  Smith, Joseph, replacing and, 232

  surrender of, 151–153, 155, 157, 165, 166, 167

  Smith, John, 167, 244

  Smith, Joseph, 9

  appearance of, 6–7

  Book of Mormon and, 7, 13–14, 17–19

  Book of Mormon, transcription of and, 3–4

  business dealings of, 8, 30, 36, 47, 76, 77, 112, 139, 161, 244, 252, 264

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 137, 169–187

  character of, 6–8, 23–25

  Civil War prophecy of, 261

  diary of, 22

  dreams of, 130–131, 164, 169–170

  early life of, 14–18

  evading prosecution and, 145–146

  Expositor affair and, 109–125

  falling out(s) with intimates, 24

  final sermon (June 16, 1844) of, 127, 131–134

  flight to Iowa of, 1–8, 8–9

  freemasonry and, 25–28, 83

  as innkeeper, 21, 49–50

  Jesus Christ, appearances of to, 15–16, 56

  King Follett sermon of, 25, 83, 116, 132, 240

  meetings with angels and heavenly spirits of, 15

  as Nauvoo chief justice, 22–23, 125

  Nauvoo Legion and, 5

  Nauvoo Mansion and, 48–51

  as Nauvoo mayor, 21, 22–23, 44, 99

  necromancy and intuition and, 16, 64

  opposition to, 13–14

  politics and, 66–71, 115

  polygamy and, 4, 5, 6, 14, 22, 26, 48, 64, 79–105, 113–115, 137

  preaching and, 6–7, 23

  presidential candidacy of, 6, 8, 30–33, 71, 115, 119, 237

  as prophet, 3, 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, 70, 72, 83, 99, 261–262

  revelations of, 6, 9, 13, 20, 24, 35, 63

  saga of remains of, 189–206

  succession and, 231–257

  surrender of, 151–168

  theology of, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281

  as treasure hunter, 13–14, 16, 76

  visions of, 15–17, 18, 24

  Washington, D. C. visit of, 2, 31, 95

  world government and, 5, 26, 28, 32–33

  Smith, Joseph F., 206, 269

  Smith, Joseph, III, 154, 205, 270

  Nauvoo Mansion and, 49–51

  polygamy and, 194, 270

  Smith, Emma Hale interview of, 270–274

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 194

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 235

  Smith, Joseph, Sr., 14, 26, 39, 69

  Smith, Julia, 81, 154

  Smith, Lovina, 118

  Smith, Lucy Mack, 51–52, 181, 248

  Carthage jailhouse lynching trial and, 211

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 191–192

 
Smith, Joseph succession and, 235, 252–253

  Smith, Joseph surrender and, 155

  Smith, Mary Fielding, 193

  Smith, Robert F., 70, 160–161, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 179, 183, 264

  Smith, Samuel, 189, 190, 191, 232, 234, 235

  Smith, William, 102

  Mormonism, criticism of and, 64–65

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 234–235, 248–249, 252–253

  Smoot, Reed, 260n

  Snow, Eliza, 89, 90, 105, 260–261, 274

  Snow, Erastus, 120

  Snow, Lorenzo, 83

  Snyder, Adam, 135

  Snyder, John F., 137, 266

  Sodomy, 102

  Solomon, King, 84, 85

  Song of Solomon, 7

  Spain, 5, 34

  Speaking in tongues, 56, 81

  Spencer, Augustine, 161

  Spiritual wifery, 86, 89, 250, 273, 276

  See also Polygamy

  St. Louis Bulletin, 115

  St. Louis, Mo., 1

  Stigall, George, 163, 164, 165, 176, 179, 181–182, 207, 227

  Stout, Allen, 196

  Stout, Hosea, 58

  Strang, James J., 245–251

  Styles, George P., 120

  Superstition, 16

  Taxation, 30

  Taylor, John, 48, 66, 90, 92, 109, 147, 163

  Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 176–182, 186, 190–191, 208, 274–277

  Expositor affair and, 145–146

  polygamy and, 276

  Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198

  Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 234

  surrender of, 164

  Young, Brigham and, 275–276

  Taylor, Leonora, 189, 190

  Ten Commandments, 84

  Texas, 5, 30, 32, 34

  Theodemocracy, 31

  Theology, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281

  Thieving, 72–73, 77

  Thompson, John, 15–16

  Thornton, S. S., 241

  Times and Seasons newspaper, 35, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 96, 101, 109, 242, 244

  Tithing, 20–21, 22, 56, 94

  True Church of Latter-day Saints, 103–104

  Turner, Jonathan, 72

  Twain, Mark, 18

  Tyler, John, 31, 136, 147–148, 150

  United States, 14, 33

  Urim and Thummim, 17, 18, 246

  U.S. government. See Government

  Utah, 25, 48, 49, 93, 154n, 239, 255, 262, 268, 270, 271, 274–276

  Van Buren, Martin, 2, 31, 67, 95

  Van Wagoner, Richard, 241

  Vermont, 6, 8, 14, 15, 206, 238

  Vigilantism, 2, 36, 42–43, 128, 137, 171, 222, 251, 254

  Voorhis, William, 181–182

  Voras, William, 208, 222–223

  Walker, Cyrus, 68–69, 70

  Walker, Lucy, 48, 198–199

  Warren, Calvin, 76–77, 211, 225–226

  Warsaw, Illinois, 23, 41, 59–60, 65, 66, 74–77, 124, 125, 128, 137, 141–143, 159, 171

  Warsaw Legislature, 66, 212

  Warsaw militia, 174, 175, 178–180, 183, 211, 214, 217, 254

  Warsaw Signal, 59–66, 72, 76, 102, 104, 124, 141–143, 160

  Washington, D. C., Joseph Smith visit to, 2, 31, 95

  Washington, George, 5, 25

 

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