American Crucifixion
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Extermination Order of 1838 and, 2, 36–37, 67, 81
Mormon expulsion from, 2, 8, 31, 148, 238, 260
Mormon War and, 36–37
reparations case for dispossessed Mormon property in, 31, 67, 73, 95
Smith, Joseph imprisonment in, 2–3, 68, 89, 96, 117, 234, 236, 251
Missouri Compromise of 1820, 36
Missouri Republican, 212
Mohammed, Prophet, 8
Monroe, James, 234
Montrose, Iowa, 1, 28, 151, 154n, 252
Moore, George, 75
Morgan, Lucinda, 26, 156
Morgan, William, 26, 156, 194
Morley, Isaac, 175
Mormon curse, 263
Mormon War of 1838, 31, 36–37, 197
Mormonism, Mormons
alcohol use and, 6, 39, 46, 60
baptism of the dead and, 21, 25
crime and, 72–74
criticism of, 55–77
financial troubles and, 36
founding of, 13
freemasonry and, 25–28
heaven and, 21, 24
iconography of, 27
militarism of, 63, 64
missionary work of, 21, 35
persecutors of, 55–77
plurality of gods and, 21, 29, 83
political ambitions of, 62
politics and, 66–71
polygamy and, 9, 21, 79–105, 113–115, 233
rituals and ceremonies of, 5, 21, 25, 26–28, 47–48, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 234, 256, 257, 260, 260n
rival threats to, 243–251
secrecy and, 5, 26–27, 28, 33, 64
slavery and, 9, 30, 36, 41, 119
Smith, Joseph succession and, 231–257
social ethic of, 9
symbols of, 9
theology of, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281
as true religion, 15
See also Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Mormonism in All Ages (Turner), 72
Mormonism Unvailed (Howe), 13
Moroni, Angel, 16–17, 17fig, 18, 88, 243–244
Morris, Benjamin Franklin, 23, 71–72
Morse, Justus, 73
Morse, Samuel, 199
Moses, 52, 56, 84, 246
Napoleon, 250
National Intelligencer, 246
National Reform Party, 30
Native Americans, 19, 38, 84
Nauvoo, Illinois, 20, 28, 46fig, 48
city charter of, 43–45, 60, 71, 110, 117
court proceedings in, 22–23
court system in, 44–45, 105
culture in, 46
disease in, 39
economy of, 40, 46–47, 74–75
eleventh birthday celebration in, 55–59
founding of, 5
government of, 5, 75
growth of, 45–48, 74–75, 139
layout of, 45–46
militia in, 43, 44
Mormon migration to, 21, 38–40
Smith, Joseph as chief justice of, 22–23, 44–45, 125
Smith, Joseph as mayor of, 21, 23–24, 44, 99
tourists in, 51–52
as Zion, 40
Nauvoo, University of, 44
Nauvoo Charter, 43–45, 60, 71, 110, 117
Nauvoo Expositor, 112fig
destruction of, 116–125, 138–150
founding of, 109–111
Nauvoo Charter and, 110
plurality of gods and, 132–133
polygamy and, 110–111, 113–115
See also Carthage jailhouse lynching
Nauvoo High Council, 115
Nauvoo Legion, 5, 9, 44, 56, 68, 73, 96, 99, 138, 143
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 171, 180
Expositor affair and, 122, 134
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 155–156, 159, 164
Nauvoo Mansion, 3, 23, 48–51, 68, 99, 117, 233
Nauvoo Neighbor, 30–31, 65–66, 69, 109, 226, 242, 255
Nauvoo Temple, 47–48, 55–56, 73, 95, 99, 209, 256–257
Necromancy, 16, 64
Needham, John, 38
Nephites, 18, 19, 84, 85, 212
New Mexico, 32
New Testament, 7, 18, 19, 20, 83–84, 86, 116
New World, 15, 25, 75
New York, 2, 7, 13–14, 25–26, 55
New York Daily Tribune, 199
New York Herald, 32, 44, 110, 200
New York Land Company, 37–38
New York Sun, 13
New York Times, 261
New York Tribune, 101
Niles’ National Register, 30, 200
Noon, Sarah, 92
Norton, Henry, 161
Noyes, John Humphrey, 86
Oath of vengeance, 196–197, 260
Ohio, 8, 36, 55, 150, 197, 238, 244
Old Testament, 7, 18, 27, 35, 83–85, 116, 132–133, 233, 246
Oregon, 5, 30, 32, 33, 34
Palmyra, New York, 4, 14, 15, 17
Panic of 1837, 36, 175
Partridge, Edward, 238
Partridge, Emily and Eliza, 48, 88, 105
Pennsylvania, 16, 59, 64, 77, 129, 269
People v. Levi Williams, et. al., 208, 263–264
People v. William Fraim, 140
Peter, biblical disciple, 8
Peyton, John, 214
Phelps, W. W., 27
Phelps, William, 119, 143, 155, 203, 234, 251
Pike, Zebulon, 25
Pitt, William, 58
Plates of Laban, 246, 250
Plural marriage. See Polygamy
Plural wifery. See Polygamy
Plurality of gods, 21, 29, 116, 132–133
Polk, James K., 31, 136
Polygamy, 64, 233
Bible and, 83–87, 99
Book of Mormon and, 86
children and, 98n
dynastic, 90
Expositor affair and, 110–111, 113–115
Law, William, 29
marriage rituals and, 48
Mormonism and, 9, 21, 233
opposition to, 99–105
prosecution for, 102–103
response to, 89–94
revelation concerning, 4, 48, 82, 84, 87, 97–98, 114, 115, 118, 233
Richards, Willard and, 5
Rollins, Mary Elizabeth and, 79–83
secrecy and, 86
Smith, Emma Hale and, 4, 82, 87–89, 97
Smith, Hyrum and, 5
US government and, 93
Pope, Alexander, 104–105
Pratt, Orson, 24, 94
Pratt, Parley, 69, 115, 238
Pratt, Sarah, 94
Prayer, 15, 22, 29
Predestination, 29
Presbyterianism, Presbyterians, 15
Press, freedom of, 9
Priesthood
endowment ritual for, 26–28, 48, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 256, 257, 260
Freemasonry and, 28, 83
High, 6, 24
levels of, 20
men and, 20, 26
Old Testament, 19
women and, 20, 26
Purgatory, 25
Quakerism, Quakers, 15
Quincy, Illinois, 37, 40, 59, 71, 105, 128, 142, 173, 201, 210, 239, 265
Quinn, D. Michael, 91n
Quorum of the Anointed, 5
Quorum of Twelve Apostles, 3, 24, 94, 239, 242, 243, 251, 252–253, 275
Racism, 52
Rappites, 7
Redden, Return Jackson, 267
Reed, Jack, 263
Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 206, 253, 270
Republican Party, 265
Revelation, Book of, 129, 131
Revelations, 13, 20, 35, 56, 63
alcohol use and, 6
Bible and, 9
heaven and, 24
polygamy and, 4, 48, 82, 84, 87, 97–98, 114, 115, 118
Smith, Joseph and, 6
Word of Wisdom, 6
Revivalism, 15, 24
Reynolds, Thomas, 67, 68
Rich, Mary Ann, 191
Richards, Heber, 90fig, 91
Richards, Jennetta, 90fig, 91
Richards, Rhoda, 4, 48, 90–91
Richards, Willard, 4–5, 48, 76, 90fig, 100, 149, 155, 163, 166, 173, 257, 263, 276
appearance of, 4
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 177–178, 179, 181, 182–183, 185–187, 208
freemasonry and, 28
Nauvoo Legion and, 5
polygamy and, 5, 90–91
priesthood endowment ritual and, 26
return to Nauvoo, Ill. of, 191, 192
Smith, Hyrum and, 5
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198
Smith, Joseph presidential candidacy and, 30
Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 234, 235
Richmond, B. W., 146, 156, 162, 191
Rigdon, Nancy, 79, 85, 101
Rigdon, Sidney, 24, 32, 36, 48, 101, 248, 271
Expositor affair and, 111
Mormon War and, 36, 37
polygamy and, 236
preaching and, 237–238, 240
Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 236–238, 239–242, 251–252
visions of, 24
Young, Brigham debate with, 239–242
Rigdon, Wyckliffe, 252
Rituals and ceremonies
baptism of the dead, 21, 25, 56, 83
priesthood endowment, 26–28, 56, 83, 196–197, 209, 256, 257, 260
Second Anointing, 5, 28, 48
secrecy and, 26, 27, 47–48, 234
spiritual adoption, 257
temple, 47, 260n
Robinson, Ebenezer, 48, 98n
Rockwell, George, 142, 201
Rockwell, Orrin Porter, 2–3, 95, 150, 155, 218, 267–269
appearance of, 2
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 187
death of, 3
Expositor affair and, 143
flight to Iowa of, 2–3
Nauvoo Mansion and, 50
return to Nauvoo, Ill. of, 191
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 195
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 153, 154
Rollins, Mary Elizabeth, 79–83, 221n
Russia, 14, 33, 64
Sagers, Harrison, 102
Sagers, Lucinda, 112
Saints, Latter-day See Mormonism, Mormons
Saints’ Herald, 271
Salt Lake City, Utah, 3, 89, 94, 268
Salt Lake Tribune, 268, 269
Salvation, 20, 28, 93, 177
Satan, 82, 123
Scott, Isaac, 123, 156n
Scott, Robert, 103
Second Anointing, 5, 28, 48
Second Coming, 15, 19, 20, 28, 32, 83, 91, 97, 232, 249
Second Great Awakening, 15
Sessions, Patty Bartlett, 92
Sessions, Sylvia, 91–92
Shakers, 15
Sharp, Thomas, 70, 72, 76–77, 104, 166, 265
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 174, 175, 217, 222
Carthage jailhouse lynching trial and, 211, 213–214
as enemy of Joseph Smith, 9
Expositor affair and, 124, 141–143
Mormons, criticism of and, 59–66
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 200–203
Sherwood, Henry, 156
Sin, 20, 29
Sisters of Charity, 194
Skinner, Onias, 226
Slavery, 9, 30, 36, 41, 119
Sloan, James, 259
Smith, Alexander, 154, 270
Smith, David Hyrum, 232
Smith, Don Carlos, 39, 56, 58, 65
polygamy and, 89, 90
Smith, Elias, 15
Smith, Emma, 3
polygamy and, 4
Smith, Emma Hale, 57, 68, 264–265
appearance of, 269–270
Book of Mormon, translation of and, 17–18
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 173–174
Mormonism and, 232
Nauvoo Mansion and, 49–50, 233
polygamy and, 82, 87–89, 97, 157, 204–205, 233, 270, 273–274
as scribe or recorder, 17–18, 89
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 193
Smith, Joseph, III interview of, 270–274
Smith, Joseph, marriage to of, 16
Smith, Joseph, replacing and, 232–235
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 150–153, 154–155, 157, 163
Young, Brigham feud with, 204–205, 252, 270
Smith, Frederick, 154, 206
Smith, George D., 91n, 276
Smith, Hyrum
body returned to Nauvoo, 189–206
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180, 183, 185
counterfeiting and, 74
Expositor affair and, 118, 148–150
flight to Iowa of, 1–5
freemasonry and, 26
murder of, 137
Nauvoo Legion and, 5
politics and, 69, 70
polygamy and, 5, 87–88, 97, 98n, 102, 104, 115
priesthood endowment ritual and, 26, 27
Richards, Willard and, 5
saga of remains of, 203–206
Smith, Joseph, replacing and, 232
surrender of, 151–153, 155, 157, 165, 166, 167
Smith, John, 167, 244
Smith, Joseph, 9
appearance of, 6–7
Book of Mormon and, 7, 13–14, 17–19
Book of Mormon, transcription of and, 3–4
business dealings of, 8, 30, 36, 47, 76, 77, 112, 139, 161, 244, 252, 264
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 137, 169–187
character of, 6–8, 23–25
Civil War prophecy of, 261
diary of, 22
dreams of, 130–131, 164, 169–170
early life of, 14–18
evading prosecution and, 145–146
Expositor affair and, 109–125
falling out(s) with intimates, 24
final sermon (June 16, 1844) of, 127, 131–134
flight to Iowa of, 1–8, 8–9
freemasonry and, 25–28, 83
as innkeeper, 21, 49–50
Jesus Christ, appearances of to, 15–16, 56
King Follett sermon of, 25, 83, 116, 132, 240
meetings with angels and heavenly spirits of, 15
as Nauvoo chief justice, 22–23, 125
Nauvoo Legion and, 5
Nauvoo Mansion and, 48–51
as Nauvoo mayor, 21, 22–23, 44, 99
necromancy and intuition and, 16, 64
opposition to, 13–14
politics and, 66–71, 115
polygamy and, 4, 5, 6, 14, 22, 26, 48, 64, 79–105, 113–115, 137
preaching and, 6–7, 23
presidential candidacy of, 6, 8, 30–33, 71, 115, 119, 237
as prophet, 3, 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, 70, 72, 83, 99, 261–262
revelations of, 6, 9, 13, 20, 24, 35, 63
saga of remains of, 189–206
succession and, 231–257
surrender of, 151–168
theology of, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281
as treasure hunter, 13–14, 16, 76
visions of, 15–17, 18, 24
Washington, D. C. visit of, 2, 31, 95
world government and, 5, 26, 28, 32–33
Smith, Joseph F., 206, 269
Smith, Joseph, III, 154, 205, 270
Nauvoo Mansion and, 49–51
polygamy and, 194, 270
Smith, Emma Hale interview of, 270–274
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 194
Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 235
Smith, Joseph, Sr., 14, 26, 39, 69
Smith, Julia, 81, 154
Smith, Lovina, 118
Smith, Lucy Mack, 51–52, 181, 248
Carthage jailhouse lynching trial and, 211
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 191–192
Smith, Joseph succession and, 235, 252–253
Smith, Joseph surrender and, 155
Smith, Mary Fielding, 193
Smith, Robert F., 70, 160–161, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 179, 183, 264
Smith, Samuel, 189, 190, 191, 232, 234, 235
Smith, William, 102
Mormonism, criticism of and, 64–65
Smith, Joseph succession and, 234–235, 248–249, 252–253
Smoot, Reed, 260n
Snow, Eliza, 89, 90, 105, 260–261, 274
Snow, Erastus, 120
Snow, Lorenzo, 83
Snyder, Adam, 135
Snyder, John F., 137, 266
Sodomy, 102
Solomon, King, 84, 85
Song of Solomon, 7
Spain, 5, 34
Speaking in tongues, 56, 81
Spencer, Augustine, 161
Spiritual wifery, 86, 89, 250, 273, 276
See also Polygamy
St. Louis Bulletin, 115
St. Louis, Mo., 1
Stigall, George, 163, 164, 165, 176, 179, 181–182, 207, 227
Stout, Allen, 196
Stout, Hosea, 58
Strang, James J., 245–251
Styles, George P., 120
Superstition, 16
Taxation, 30
Taylor, John, 48, 66, 90, 92, 109, 147, 163
Carthage jailhouse lynching and, 176–182, 186, 190–191, 208, 274–277
Expositor affair and, 145–146
polygamy and, 276
Smith, Joseph, death of and, 197–198
Smith, Joseph succession and, 232, 234
surrender of, 164
Young, Brigham and, 275–276
Taylor, Leonora, 189, 190
Ten Commandments, 84
Texas, 5, 30, 32, 34
Theodemocracy, 31
Theology, 9, 20, 88, 98, 116, 120, 234, 281
Thieving, 72–73, 77
Thompson, John, 15–16
Thornton, S. S., 241
Times and Seasons newspaper, 35, 58, 59, 63, 65, 66, 96, 101, 109, 242, 244
Tithing, 20–21, 22, 56, 94
True Church of Latter-day Saints, 103–104
Turner, Jonathan, 72
Twain, Mark, 18
Tyler, John, 31, 136, 147–148, 150
United States, 14, 33
Urim and Thummim, 17, 18, 246
U.S. government. See Government
Utah, 25, 48, 49, 93, 154n, 239, 255, 262, 268, 270, 271, 274–276
Van Buren, Martin, 2, 31, 67, 95
Van Wagoner, Richard, 241
Vermont, 6, 8, 14, 15, 206, 238
Vigilantism, 2, 36, 42–43, 128, 137, 171, 222, 251, 254
Voorhis, William, 181–182
Voras, William, 208, 222–223
Walker, Cyrus, 68–69, 70
Walker, Lucy, 48, 198–199
Warren, Calvin, 76–77, 211, 225–226
Warsaw, Illinois, 23, 41, 59–60, 65, 66, 74–77, 124, 125, 128, 137, 141–143, 159, 171
Warsaw Legislature, 66, 212
Warsaw militia, 174, 175, 178–180, 183, 211, 214, 217, 254
Warsaw Signal, 59–66, 72, 76, 102, 104, 124, 141–143, 160
Washington, D. C., Joseph Smith visit to, 2, 31, 95
Washington, George, 5, 25