34. Meskell, 2002, p. 62.
35. Ibid., pp. 64–5.
36. Adapted from Bierbrier, 1982, p. 32.
37. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 168.
38. Bryan, B., 2006: ‘The Temple of Mut: New Evidence on Hatshepsut’s Building Activity’ in Roehrigh, C. H., et al. (eds), Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. New York. Yale University Press. p. 183.
39. Lesko, B., 1999: The Great Goddesses of Egypt. Norman. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 115.
40. Janssen, R. and J. Janssen, 1996: Getting Old in Ancient Egypt. London. Rubicon Press. p. 52.
41. Meskell, 2002, p. 203.
42. Ibid., p. 55.
43. Ibid., p. 121.
44. Demarée, R. J., 1983: The 3h ikr n Ra Stelae: On Ancestor Worship in Ancient Egypt. Leiden. Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten. p. 282.
45. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 53.
46. David, 2002, p. 275.
47. Meskell, 2002, p. 111.
48. Ibid., p. 171.
49. Ibid., p. 172.
50. Qau tomb 7695.
51. Gardiner, A. and K. Sethe, 1928: Egyptian Letters to the Dead: Mainly from the Old and Middle Kingdoms. London. Egypt Exploration Society. pp. 3–5, 17–19.
52. Redford, S., 2008: The Harem Conspiracy: The Murder of Ramesses III. Illinois. Northern Illinois University Press. p. 18.
53. Quirke, 1992, pp. 125–6.
4. Love, Sex and Marriage
1. Manniche, L., 1997: Sexual Life in Ancient Egypt. London. Kegan Paul Press. pp. 98–9.
2. Ibid., p. 74.
3. Green, L., 2001: ‘The Hand of God’ Sacred and Profane Sex in Ancient Egypt’ in KMT Vol. 12 No. 4. p. 56.
4. Manniche, 1997, p. 100.
5. Green, 2001, p. 57.
6. Manniche, 1997, p. 104.
7. Monserrat, 1996, p. 113.
8. Ibid., pp. 113–14.
9. Manniche, 1997, p. 104.
10. Ibid., p. 104.
11. Montserrat, 1996, p. 82.
12. Manniche, 1997, pp. 98–9.
13. Montserrat, 1996, p. 121.
14. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 175.
15. Manniche, 1987, p. 15.
16. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 151.
17. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 44.
18. Manniche, 1997, p. 18.
19. Meskell, 2002, p. 102.
20. Romer, 1984, p. 98.
21. Ibid., p. 98.
22. Szpakowska, 2008, note 94, p. 43.
23. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 52.
24. Meskell, 2002, p. 95.
25. Manniche, 1997, p. 28.
26. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 57.
27. Meskell, 2002, p. 98.
28. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 53.
29. Ibid., p. 54.
30. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 143.
31. Meskell, 2002, p. 95.
32. ‘Papyrus Harris 500’ in Simpson, W. K., 2003: The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, Stelae, Autobiographies, and Poetry: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions and Poetry. London. Yale University Press. p. 314.
33. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 183.
34. Ibid., p. 184.
35. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 61.
36. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 132.
37. Ibid., p. 35.
38. Manniche, 1997, pp. 98–9.
39. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 141.
40. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 59.
41. Meskell, 2002, p. 95.
42. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 19.
43. Ibid., p. 56.
44. Lichtheim, 1980, p. 128.
45. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 65.
46. McDowell, 1999, p. 46.
47. Meskell, 2002, p. 97.
48. Donker Van Heel, K., 2014: Mrs. Tsenhor a Female Entrepreneur in Ancient Egypt. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. p. 65.
49. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 90.
50. Meskell, 2002, p. 101.
51. McDowell, 1999, p. 42.
52. Meskell, 2002, p. 99.
53. Ibid., p. 101.
54. Montserrat, 1996, p. 97.
55. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 61.
56. Donker van Heel, K., 2013: Djekhy and Son: Doing Business in Ancient Egypt. Cairo. American University in Cairo Press. p. 47.
57. Montserrat, 1996, p. 100.
58. The oath of P. Turin 1880.
59. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 238.
60. Ibid., p. 87.
61. McDowell, 1999, p. 43.
62. Manniche, 1997, p. 60.
63. Romer, 1984, p. 84.
64. Lichtheim, 1976, pp. 203–11.
65. Meskell, 2002, p. 100.
66. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 91.
67. Parkinson, R., 1995: ‘Homosexual Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature’ in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol. 81. p. 61.
68. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 103.
69. Allen T.G., 1974: The Book of the Dead: or, Going Forth by Day: ideas of the ancient Egyptians concerning the hereafter as expressed in their own terms. Chicago. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 98.
70. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 160.
71. Parkinson, 1995, p. 59.
72. Ibid., p. 68.
73. Montserrat, 1996, p. 141.
74. Parkinson, 1995, p. 71.
75. Parkinson, R., 1991: Voices From Ancient Egypt. London. British Museum Press. pp. 54–6.
76. Montserrat, 1996, p. 143.
77. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 183.
78. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 103.
79. Reeder, G., 2008: ‘Queer Egyptologies of Niankhkhumn and Khnumhotep’ in Graves-Brown, C. (Ed.), Sex and Gender in Ancient Egypt: Don your Wig for a Joyful Hour. Swansea. Classical Press of Wales Publications. p. 147.
80. Cherpion, quoted in Reeder, 2008, p. 145.
81. Parkinson, 1995, p. 62.
82. Manniche, 1997, p. 22.
83. Montserrat, 1996, p. 140.
84. Taylor and Antoine, 2014, p. 168.
85. Ostracon Berlin P. Love, Sex10627, twentieth dynasty, Meskell, 2002, p. 65.
86. Robins, 1994, p. 27.
87. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 81.
88. Montserrat, 1996, p. 84.
89. Robins, 1994, p. 33.
90. Ibid., p. 33.
91. Montserrat, 1996, p. 85.
92. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 146.
93. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 220.
94. Watterson, 1997, p. 85.
95. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 221.
96. Robins, 1994, p. 27.
97. Meskell, 2002, p. 68.
98. Ghalioungui, P., S. H. Khalil and A. R. Ammar, 1963: ‘On an Ancient Egyptian Method of Diagnosing Pregnancy and Determining Foetal Sex’ in Medical History Vol. 7 No. 3. p. 245.
99. Robins, 1994, p. 27.
100. Meskell, 2002, p. 69.
101. Ibid., p. 79.
102. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 138.
103. Meskell, 2002, pp. 81–3.
104. Ibid., p. 69.
105. Watterson, 1997, p. 91.
106. Harer, B., 2013: ‘Obstetrics in Ancient Egypt’ in KMT Vol. 24 No. 2. pp. 47–8.
107. Wegner, J., 2002: ‘A Decorated Birth-Brick from South Abydos’ in Egyptian Archaeology No. 21. p. 3.
108. Ibid., p. 8.
109. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 64.
110. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 29.
111. Wileman, J., 2005: Hide and Seek. The Archaeology of Childhood. Stroud. Tempus. p. 16.
112. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 62.
113. Meskell, 2002, p. 70.
114. Nunn, 1996, p. 194.
115. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 210.
116. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 65.
117. Ibid., p. 50.
118. Robins, 1994, p. 29.
119. Wileman, 2005, p. 21.
120. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 169.
121. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 161.
122. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 213.
123. Montserrat, 1996, p. 86.
125. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 162.
5. Childhood
1. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 76.
2. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 19.
3. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 141.
4. Wileman, 2005, p. 20.
5. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 47.
6. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 50.
7. Ibid., p. 52.
8. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 158.
9. Wileman, 2005, p. 64.
10. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 51.
11. Meskell, 2002, p. 83.
12. Taylor and Antoine, 2014, pp. 113–129.
13. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 99.
14. Meskell, 2002, p. 84.
15. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 103.
16. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 189.
17. Lichtheim, 1973, p. 185.
18. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 212.
19. McDowell, 1999, p. 129.
20. Fletcher, J., 2000: Chronicle of a Pharaoh; the Intimate Life of Amenhotep III. Oxford. Oxford University Press. p. 26.
21. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 76.
22. Ibid., 1990, p. 76.
23. Wileman, 2005, p. 48.
24. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 80.
25. McDowell, 1999, p. 130.
26. Lichtheim, 1973, pp. 185–6.
27. McDowell, 1999, p. 141.
28. Lichtheim, 1976, p. 171.
29. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 75.
30. McDowell, 1999, p. 142.
31. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 48.
32. Ibid., 1990, p. 46.
33. Decker, 1992, p. 111.
34. Ibid., p. 113.
35. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 54.
36. Decker, 1987, p. 68.
37. Ibid., p. 67.
38. Ibid., p. 123.
39. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 64.
40. Houlihan, 1996, p. 105.
41. Janssen and Janssen, 1989, p. 23.
42. Ibid., p. 23.
43. Houlihan, 1996, p. 108.
44. Janssen and Janssen, 1990, p. 42.
45. Robins, 1993, p. 122.
46. Macy Roth, A., 1991: Egyptian Phyles in the Old Kingdom: The evolution of a System of Social Organisation. Chicago. Oriental Institute. p. 71.
47. Nunn, 1996, pp. 170–1.
48. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 194.
49. Meskell, 2002, p. 88.
50. Lord, C., 2013: ‘To Be or Not to Be; Circumcision in Ancient Egypt’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 14 No. 1 Issue 79. p. 35.
6. Working for a Living
1. Papyrus Sallier. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 99.
2. Meskell, 2002, p. 91.
3. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 157.
4. Janssen and Janssen, 1989, p. 38.
5. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 115.
6. Decker, 1992, p. 160.
7. Tyldesley, J., 2004: ‘Crime and Punishment in Ancient Egypt’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 4 Issue 6. p. 32.
8. Booth, C., 2005: ‘A study of a Ptolemaic head in the Petrie Museum’ in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Vol. 91 pp. 197–200.
9. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 123.
10. Manniche, 1997, p. 31.
11. Watterson, 1997, p. 128.
12. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 83.
13. Decker, 1992, p. 76.
14. Ibid., p. 87.
15. Ibid., pp. 62–3.
16. Ibid., p. 64.
17. Wernick, N. 2009: ‘Timekeeping in Ancient Egypt’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 9 No. 3 Issue 51. pp. 29–32.
18. Partridge, R., 2002: Fighting Pharaohs: Weapons and Warfare in Ancient Egypt. Manchester. Peartree Publishing. p. 81.
19. For more information on these soldiers see Winlock, H., 1945: Slain Soldiers of Neb-hept-ra. New York. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
20. Sauneron, S., 2000: The Priests of Ancient Egypt. London. Cornell University Press. p. 34.
21. David, 2002, p. 198.
22. Sauneron, 2000, p. 13.
23. David, 2002, p. 200.
24. Sauneron, 2000, p. 42.
25. Ibid., p. 48.
26. Ibid., p. 36.
27. Ibid., p. 58.
28. David, 2002, p. 202.
29. Halioua and Ziskind, 2005, p. 161.
30. Donker Van Heel, 2014, p. 60.
31. Lichtheim, M., 1980: Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume III. London. University of California Press. p. 96.
32. Ibid., pp. 127–138.
33. Ibid., p. 139.
34. David, 2002, p. 203.
35. Donker Van Heel, 2013, p. 70.
36. Ibid., p. 146.
37. Sauneron, 2000, p. 93.
38. Ikram, S., 1995: Choice Cuts: Meat Production in Ancient Egypt. Leuven. Peeters: Department Oosterse Studies. p. 110.
39. Payne, P., 2007: ‘Re-excavation at the Amarna house of Panehsy’ in Egyptian Archaeology No. 3. pp. 18–19.
40. David, 2002, p. 199.
41. Graves-Brown, 2010, pp. 25–6.
42. Ibid., p. 135.
43. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 196.
44. Ibid., pp. 14–15.
45. David, 2002, p. 199.
46. Faulkner, 1998, p. 203.
47. Robins, 1993, p. 164.
48. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 94.
49. Watterson, 1997, p. 37.
50. Robins, 1993, p. 118.
51. Ibid., p. 116.
52. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 166.
53. Watterson, 1997, p. 38.
54. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 139.
55. Robins, 1993, p. 103.
56. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 81.
57. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 84.
58. Kemp, 1997, p. 8.
59. Sélincourt, 1972, p. 159.
60. Hall, R., 1986: Egyptian Textiles. Princes Risborough. Shire Publications Ltd. p. 10.
61. A rove is un-spun but brushed and cleaned wool.
62. Lichtheim, 1973, p. 188.
63. Davies, 1999, p. 84.
64. Kemp, 1997, p. 7.
65. Romer, 1984, p. 61.
66. Booth, C., 2011: ‘Knitting Coptic Socks’ in Piecework Magazine Ed. US Issue December. p. 18–22 and Sock It! blog. Found at http: //ancientegyptiansock.blogspot.co.uk/
67. For further information on ancient Egyptian knitting see Booth, 2011.
68. Campbell Hurd-Mead, K., 1938: A History of Women in Medicine: From the Earliest of Times to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. Haddam Press. p. 16.
69. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 83.
70. Robins, 1993, p. 117.
71. Watterson, 1997, p. 123.
72. Ostracon Letellier. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 229.
73. Janssen and Janssen, 1996, p. 11.
74. Manniche, 1991, p. 9.
75. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 113.
76. Decker, 1992, p. 144.
77. Manniche, 1991, p. 49.
78. Ibid., pp. 99–100.
79. Ibid., pp. 35–6.
80. Ibid., p. 60.
81. Ibid., p. 63.
82. Green, 2002–3, p. 60.
83. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 58.
84. Tyldesley, J., 2000: Judgment of the Pharaoh: Crime and Punishment in Ancient Egypt. London. Phoenix. p. 79.
85. Meskell, 2002, p. 105.
86. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 114.
87. Ibid., p. 117.
88. Donker Van Heel, 2013, p. 38.
89. Ibid., p. 133.
90. Szpakowska, 2008, p. 111.
91. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 114.
92. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 75.
93. Donker van Heel, 2014, p. 119.
94. Meskell, 2002, p. 101.
95. McDowell, 1999, p. 231.
96. Ibid., p. 233.
97. Fransden, P., 1990: ‘Editing Reality. The Turin Strike Papyrus’ in Israelit-Groll, S. (ed.), Studies in Egyptology Vol. 1. Jerusalem, Magnes Press, Hebrew University. p. 168.
98. Fransden, 1990, p. 177.
; 99. Ibid., p. 186.
100. Translated by Fransden, 1990.
101. Ibid., pp. 189–90.
7. Legal Matters
1. Papyrus BM 10052. Peet, 1930, p. 24.
2. McDowell, 1999, p. 167.
3. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 168.
4. Tyldesley, 2004, pp. 30–1.
5. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 140.
6. Meskell, 2002, p. 110.
7. Peet, 1930, p. 19.
8. Ibid., p. 20.
9. Stocker, M., 2014: ‘The Ancient Egyptian Legal system – in Life and in Death’ in Ancient Egypt Magazine Vol. 14 No. 5 Issue 83. p. 44.
10. Manning, J. G., 2012: ‘The Representation of Justice in Ancient Egypt’ in Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities Vol. 24 Issue 1 Article 4. p. 118.
11. Peet, 1930, p. 16.
12. Ibid., p. 20.
13. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 78.
14. McDowell, 1999, pp. 165–7.
15. Stocker, 2014, p. 43.
16. Romer, 1984, p. 91.
17. Peet, 1930, p. 19.
18. Ibid., pp. 20–1.
19. Tyldesley, 2004, p. 32.
20. McDowell, 1999, p. 193.
21. Peet, 1930, p. 24.
22. Papyrus BM 10052. Peet, 1930, p. 24.
23. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 149.
24. McDowell, 1999, p. 173.
25. David, R., 2002: Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt. London, Penguin. p. 280.
26. Meskell, 2002, p. 111.
27. McDowell, 1999, p. 83.
28. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 68.
29. Toivari-Viitala, 2001, p. 236.
30. Sweeney, D., 2007: ‘Gender and Oracular Practice in Deir el-Medina’. Based on a paper given at the workshop ‘From Sumer to the Genizah: Diplomatic and Legal Documents in the Ancient World’ at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 11–13 March, 2007. Found at https://www.academia.edu/810495/_Gender_and_Oracular_Practice_in_Deir_el-Med%C3%AEna_ p.7. [Accessed 26 May 2015.]
31. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 147.
32. Ibid., p. 151.
33. Romer, 1984, p. 103.
34. McDowell, 1999, p. 171.
35. Romer, 1984, p. 65.
36. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 60.
37. Romer, 1984, p. 80.
38. Tyldesley, 2004, p. 32.
39. Papyrus BM 10052.
40. Papyrus BM 10053. Peet, 1930, p. 23.
41. McDowell, 1999, p. 187.
42. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 66.
43. Ibid., p. 71.
44. Ostracon EA 65930.
45. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 44.
46. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 69.
47. Ibid., p. 80.
48. McDowell, 1999, p. 186.
49. Papyri BM 10053 and BM 10068. Peet, 1930, p. 73.
50. Tyldesley, 2000, p. 41.
51. Ibid., p. 43.
52. Ibid., p. 81.
53. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 44.
54. Watterson, 1997, p. 28.
55. Ibid., p. 23.
56. Ibid., p. 24.
57. Graves-Brown, 2010, p. 29.
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