1944

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1944 Page 72

by Jay Winik


  Monowitz, 111, 129, 452–53, 464

  Montgomery, Bernard, 4, 177, 290, 337, 352, 356

  Battle of the Bulge and, 500, 501

  in Sicily, 395, 396

  Moore, Sir Thomas, 382

  Moran, Lord, 85, 486, 510

  Mordowicz, Czeslaw, 200–201, 497

  Morgan, J. P., 30

  Morgenthau, Elinor Fatman, 421

  Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 58, 74, 227, 238, 240, 248, 312, 418–28, 434, 526, 586n–87n

  background and career path of, 419–23

  Darlan deal and, 342, 343

  DuBois memo and, 418–19, 425–26

  farming and, 420–23, 587n

  FDR’s relationship with, 421–27

  Holocaust and, 380

  Pearl Harbor and, 349

  postwar world as viewed by, 424–25, 485–86, 597n

  rescue plans and, 408, 413–15, 418, 419, 435–37, 440, 455, 595n

  WRB and, 427–28, 435–38

  Morgenthau, Henry, Sr., 420–21, 423, 587n, 588n

  Morocco, 73, 268, 277, 353–54

  Moscow, 15–16, 195, 254, 531

  German advance on, 255, 260, 262–63, 267, 301

  Moscow Radio, 465–66

  movies, 237, 346, 572n

  Munch, Hans, 99

  Mundt, Karl, 416

  Munich, 204, 212, 285, 292

  bombing of, 324

  Himmler’s chicken farm in, 292–93

  Hitler in, 211, 214, 292, 364–67

  revolution in, 365

  synagogue in, 211

  Munich agreement, 46, 230

  Munich University, 366

  Murphy, Robert, 330, 339

  Murphy, USS, 515

  Murray, Williamson, 594n

  Murrow, Edward R., 54, 76, 345, 454, 536, 553n–54n

  music, 213, 323, 393

  at Auschwitz, 109, 112–13, 121, 294, 498

  Hitler and, 360, 362–63

  Muslims, Islam, 2–3, 405, 406, 463, 519

  Mussolini, Benito, 223, 231, 373, 395–98, 550n

  German kidnapping of, 398

  Hitler’s relationship with, 249, 359

  imprisonment of, 396

  Naples, 73, 374, 398

  Napoleon, 2, 334

  Hitler compared with, 50, 82, 256, 354, 571n

  Hitler’s visit to tomb of, 52

  Russia invaded by, 252, 254, 571n

  Nation, 230, 376, 568n

  National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 411, 585n

  National Jewish Monthly, 322

  National People’s Party, 280

  National Resources Planning Board, 56

  national security, U.S., 235

  Lend-Lease and, 240–42

  refugees and, 221, 223, 229

  National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), 366–67

  see also Nazi Party

  navy, British, 39, 335

  navy, French, 339

  navy, German, 372

  Navy, U.S., 232, 239, 277, 510

  demobilization of, 39

  FDR as assistant secretary of, 32, 35–39, 196, 222, 548n

  FDR’s views on, 428–29

  Torch and, 338

  weakness of, 51

  Navy Department, U.S., 35, 37

  Nazi Party, 366–73

  ban on, 292, 368

  greeting, symbol, and credo of, 366–67

  Schulte and, 284–85, 286

  Netherlands, the Dutch, 6, 165, 192, 236, 269

  Allied bombing of, 434

  blitzkrieg against, 48–49, 220, 288

  refugees and, 218

  see also Dutch Jews

  Neutrality Act, 47, 219, 237, 247

  New Deal, 42, 43, 46, 218, 312, 314, 474

  Moroccan, 353–54

  New Moon (boat), 24

  New Republic, 407

  Newsweek, 215, 331–32, 341

  New Year’s, 113, 243, 345–46, 558n

  New York, N.Y., 27, 28, 30–31, 302, 388, 400

  anti-Semitism in, 220

  Day of Mourning and Prayer in, 327

  D-Day in, 194–95

  Eleanor Roosevelt’s apartment in, 489

  election of 1944 and, 488, 489–90, 597n–98n

  FDR’s illnesses and, 34, 39, 40

  humanitarian emergency conference in (1943), 401–2

  Madison Square Garden in, 28, 59, 301, 313, 414

  refugees in, 228

  Roosevelt adjoined townhouses in, 31, 547n

  Schulte in, 283

  Tammany Hall in, 36, 312

  “We Will Never Die” in, 376–78

  Wise in, 310–13, 319, 326

  New York (state), 448

  FDR, as governor of, 32, 41–42, 222, 312, 421, 422

  FDR as senator in, 32–35

  New Yorker Magazine, 191

  New York Herald Tribune, 380

  New York Post, 416, 417

  New York Times, 47, 55, 88, 163, 168, 316, 379, 461, 469, 515, 533

  D-Day and, 190, 195

  on Giesche, 282

  on Holocaust, 326–27, 332, 380, 435, 441–42, 449

  rescuing Jews and, 378, 417

  St. Louis episode in, 217

  New Zealand squadron, 462

  Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 509

  Niebuhr, Reinhold, 387

  Night of the Long Knives, 284–85, 293, 373, 575n

  Nikols, Bruce, 522–23

  Nimitz, Admiral, 56, 481, 482, 520

  1943, 347–98, 580n–84n

  Western world of war in, 1–12, 347–59

  Ninth Panzer Army, 203

  NKVD, 21

  Nordhausen, 527

  Norfolk, Va., 228

  Normandy, 13, 78, 79, 142, 157, 158

  fields flooded in, 83

  map of, 201

  see also Operation Overlord

  North Africa, 179, 197, 245, 272, 273, 301, 353, 480

  Allied invasion of, see Operation Torch

  French, 276, 339–44

  Jews in, 268, 385–86

  landing site in, 277

  refugees and, 385–86

  Norway, Norwegians, 27, 165, 192, 232, 288, 301, 355

  Nazi agents in, 220, 269

  nuclear weapons, 410–13, 509, 531, 585n

  Nuremberg, 434, 521, 530

  Nuremberg laws, 115, 210, 372

  Nuremberg rally (1929), 293

  Nuremberg trials, 380, 533

  Obama, Barack, 23, 522

  O’Connell, Daniel, 547n

  Odessa, 255, 261, 434

  Ohrdruf, 522–25, 533, 599n, 601n

  oil, 203, 204, 223, 246, 252, 393, 409, 470

  synthetic, 111, 295, 452, 453

  Olsen, Iver, 455–56, 459

  Omaha Beach, 162, 183, 185–89, 193, 200, 564n

  101st Airborne Division, U.S., 180, 501

  opera, 362–63

  Operation Barbarossa, 253, 257, 290, 571n

  Operation Bolero, 273, 275

  Operation Jericho, 461–63, 469

  Operation Overlord, 13, 63–65, 67–68, 69, 72, 78–83, 166, 173–95, 375, 492, 594n

  Allied ruse and, 80

  commander selected for, 68, 72–73, 410, 553n

  dead in, 157, 182, 185–98, 200

  FDR’s illness and, 88, 90

  German defenses against, 81–83

  lack of contingency planning in, 81

  location of, 78, 80

  logistics of, 81

  overloading of assault troops in, 186

  preparations for, 78–81, 79, 174, 176, 178, 554n

  sheer magnitude of, 78, 80

  Slapton Sands and, 157–62, 177, 561n

  Trident conference and, 392–94

  weather concerns and, 63–64, 82, 175–78, 563n

  wounded in, 157, 187, 188, 198, 200

  see also D-Day

  Operation Roundup, 273

  Operation Sea Lion, 54, 235

  Operation Tiger, see Slapton Sands

  Operation To
rch, 274–78, 321, 330, 333–45, 350, 352, 356–57, 534, 580n–86n

  equipment for, 338–39, 340

  French and, 339–44

  landings in, 335, 338–42

  map of, 336–37

  second phase of, 341–42

  secrecy of, 335

  success of, 341, 344, 345

  Oppenheimer, Robert, 412, 433–34

  Oradour-sur-Glâne massacre, 492

  Oran, 338, 341

  Orthodox Greek Catholic Church, 406

  OSS, 167

  Oswego, N.Y., 437

  P38 dive-bombers, 470

  Pacific Ocean, Pacific theater, 63, 196, 272, 277, 333, 481

  atomic bomb in, 531

  Soviets in, 513

  Palestine, 3, 18, 216, 302, 318, 379, 405–8, 436, 585n

  Balfour Declaration and, 311

  Jewish rescue and, 378, 402, 416

  killings at Oswiecim and, 326, 327

  postwar plans and, 513, 516

  Papen, Franz von, 370

  paratroopers:

  Allied, 179–83, 190, 200, 564n

  German, 246, 398

  Soviet, 461

  Paris, 27, 48, 125, 211, 302, 355

  Breslau compared with, 282, 283

  fall of, 50, 52, 231, 303, 551n

  FDR in, 27, 38

  liberation of, 471, 472, 484

  McCloy in, 444

  Parker, Dorothy, 401

  Parliament, British, 69, 243–44, 315

  see also House of Commons, British; House of Lords, British

  Pas de Calais, 80

  Passover, 390, 587n

  passports, 297, 303, 459

  Patton, George S., 73, 351, 530

  concentration camps and, 523–24, 601n

  dummy army of, 8

  in Sicily, 395, 396

  Torch and, 336, 338

  Paul, Randolph, 225, 413–14, 427

  Paulus, Friedrich, 355

  Payne, Charles, 522

  Peabody, Endicott, 25, 546n

  peace efforts, 48, 52, 57, 72, 142, 167, 168, 247, 397, 425

  forced on British, 252, 253

  German-Soviet, 60, 69, 277, 448

  Middle East and, 406

  in postwar world, 490, 507, 508, 514, 520, 532, 535, 536

  “soft,” 68

  U.S. negotiated, 241

  Pearl Harbor, 54, 174, 196, 267, 344, 349, 411, 446, 471, 532, 571n, 574n

  McCloy and, 445

  Roberts Commission Report on, 445–46

  Pehle, John, 413, 427, 435–37, 440, 468–71

  bombing issue and, 450–52, 454–57, 469–71

  Pennsylvania, 45, 194, 490

  Pepper, Claude, 235

  Perkins, Frances, 33, 41, 312, 451, 507, 600n

  Perry, Mark, 553n

  Pétain, Henri-Philippe, 342, 373

  Philadelphia, Pa., 45, 194, 490

  Philippines, 481, 482

  photographs, 209–10, 257, 422, 462, 500, 593n

  of Auschwitz, 128–29, 203, 431, 452, 453, 497, 498, 559n, 591n–92n

  Casablanca conference and, 353, 354

  D-Day and, 186

  of FDR’s 1944 acceptance speech, 479, 596n

  of Hitler, 368, 370

  liberation of concentration camps and, 526

  of Nazis, 557n

  of SS applicants, 293

  Pickard, Percy, 462, 463

  Pickett, George, 186

  Pickett’s charge, 83, 97, 186

  Pisarovice, 147–48

  Pitt, William, 113

  Pius XII, Pope, 438

  Pletcher, J. D., 528

  Ploiesti oil fields, 409, 470

  plutonium, 412

  Pogue, Forrest C., 573n

  poison gas, 157, 300, 456

  Churchill and, 49, 550n

  German experiments with, 263–64, 265

  Poison Mushroom, The (Heimer), 213

  Poland, Poles, 69, 72, 92, 115, 165, 271, 284, 434, 585n

  Allied bombing of, 174, 393, 398

  border of, 147, 150, 270

  D-Day surrender of, 182

  in escape from Auschwitz, 128, 130, 145, 148–53

  German invasion of, 46, 61, 93, 220, 232, 260, 288

  in Holocaust, 11–12

  postwar, 512, 514, 600n

  secret service of, 290

  slave labor from, 236, 318

  underground in, 400, 403–5, 440, 469, 470, 488, 495

  police, German, 211–12, 261, 294, 297, 367, 390

  Polish American Congress, 466

  Polish Americans, 466

  Polish-government-in-exile, 318, 326, 331, 497

  Polish Home Army, 389

  Polish Jews, 170, 211, 260–61, 262, 297, 305, 314, 326–27

  deportation of, 271, 304, 389

  in Hungary, 437

  Karski on, 404

  in Red Army, 497, 498

  see also Warsaw ghetto

  Polish political prisoners, 93, 264

  Polish refugees (non-Jews), 382

  Polish Resistance, 498

  Polish Resistance Home Army, 465–67

  politics, 243, 354, 448, 576n

  Long in, 222–23, 226

  see also specific topics

  Pollack, Dr., 154

  Portsmouth, 81

  Portugal, 245, 397, 417, 436

  postwar world, 165, 377, 381, 465

  FDR and, see Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, postwar world and

  Morgenthau’s views on, 424–25, 485–86, 597n

  Tehran conference and, 61, 62, 65–66, 67, 72

  Potsdam garrison church, 371

  Poughkeepsie Eagle, 32

  POWs (prisoners of war), 50, 66, 275, 442, 521

  Polish, 318, 522

  Soviet, 93, 124–25, 145, 255, 260, 264, 291, 318, 504, 522

  President’s Advisory Committee on Political Refugees, 226, 227, 228, 313, 319, 384

  press, 16, 46, 138, 141, 426, 549n

  D-Day and, 190–93

  FDR’s disability ignored by, 45

  FDR’s illness and, 85, 87–88, 89

  FDR’s knowledge of, 26

  Holocaust skeptics in, 331

  Knox’s death and, 157

  leaks and, 485

  Lend-Lease and, 238–39

  Nazi, 211, 215

  see also specific publications

  Preston, Guy, 444

  Prettyman, Arthur, 240

  prostitutes, 296, 360, 363, 364

  Protestants, 28, 218, 280, 331, 406, 424, 435

  Prussian war ministry, 281

  public opinion, 244

  morale and, 333, 574n

  on refugees, 218–20, 230, 387

  on war, 232, 247, 248

  Wise and, 380

  Pyramids, xiv, 2–5

  Pyrenees, 385, 436

  Quanza, SS, 128, 569n

  Quebec conference (1943), 63, 391, 410–12, 485–86, 597n

  Quincy, USS, 515–17

  quotas, immigration, 214–15, 219, 220, 224, 225

  Rabat, 340, 341, 353–54

  race riots, 55

  racist Nazi laws, 115, 210, 213, 567n

  Raczynski, Count, 331

  radar, German, 6, 9, 180, 191, 204

  radio, 57, 85, 231–32, 240–42, 290, 377, 439, 477, 491

  Day of Mourning and Prayer and, 327

  D-Day and, 182, 184, 187, 191, 194, 195, 564n

  Eleanor Roosevelt on, 219

  German, 270, 398, 592n

  Murrow’s broadcasts on, 345, 536

  from Polish transmitter, 391

  Soviet, 255, 465–66

  Wheeler on, 244

  Raleigh News and Observer, 34

  Ranger battalions, 157

  rationing, 156, 299, 324, 330, 333, 452

  Ratshof Pub, 113

  Ravensbrück, 518

  Rayburn, Sam, 192, 332, 411

  Reagan, Ronald, 23

  Reams, R. Borden, 382

  Red Army, 19, 62, 64, 67, 70, 134, 253–54, 267, 335
, 511, 530

  in advance on Auschwitz, 499, 502, 517

  in Berlin, 530–31

  destruction caused by, 203, 274, 355, 434

  fear of collapse of, 273

  at Kiev, 260

  in liberation of Majdanek, 497

  purges of generals of, 252

  Red Cross vans and trucks, 11–12, 96

  reform, 34, 311

  refugees, 50, 92, 214–30, 303, 307, 382, 405–8, 535

  Battle of the Bulge and, 500

  Bermuda conference on, 383–87, 391, 401, 415, 583n

  children as, 218–20

  German Jews as, 214–22, 225, 317, 463, 567n

  Long and, 221–29, 427, 568n

  Nation and, 230, 568n

  safe transport for, 218

  St. Louis episode and

  as spies, 220–21, 223, 226, 427

  as U.S. temporary visitors, 219

  Virgin Islands and, 321

  see also Jews, rescue of

  Reichsbahn, 112

  Reichsbank, 102

  Reichstag, 210, 287, 325, 369, 371, 473, 531

  Reich Youth Leadership, 102

  Reilly, Mike, 17, 21, 482

  “relatives rule,” 224

  “Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews” (DuBois memo; “A Personal Report to the President”), 74, 418–19, 426, 427

  Republicans, Republican Party, 34, 37, 45, 222, 235, 242, 513

  election of 1910 and, 32, 33

  election of 1928 and, 312

  election of 1944 and, 474–76, 486, 487–88, 491, 597n

  postwar world and, 486

  revolution, German, 365

  Revolutionary War, U.S., 141

  Reynaud, Paul, 50

  Rezniqi, Arsllan, 463

  Rhine, 496, 502

  Rhineland, 372

  Rice, Rondall R., 594n

  Riegner, Gerhart, 302–8, 440, 449, 591n

  background of, 302

  consuls approached by, 305–6

  corroboratory information of, 310, 316, 321–22, 329

  despair of, 308

  Harrison’s meeting with, 320, 321–22

  security concerns of, 303

  Wise’s views on, 316

  Riegner Telegram, 304–10, 315–22, 331, 419, 497

  Riga, 255

  Riga extermination camp, 263, 266

  Ringle, Kenneth D., 447

  Ritter von Schönerer, Georg, 362

  Roberts, Owen J., 383

  Roberts Commission Report, 445–46

  Robespierre, 257, 360

  Robinson, Edward G., 376

  Rogers, Will, 415

  Röhm, Ernst, 293, 367, 373

  Romania, 252, 269, 321, 355, 384, 471

  Allied bombing of, 174, 204, 409

  Romanian Jews:

  in Hungary, 437

  rescue efforts and, 378–79, 380, 407–9, 414

  Rome, 48, 174, 179, 195, 395, 397–98

  Rome-Berlin Pact (1936), 372

  Rommel, Erwin, 3, 49, 398, 500

  death of, 481

  in North Africa, 3, 197, 272, 275, 277, 290, 324, 334–35, 344, 355, 356–57, 580n–81n

  Overlord and, 81–83, 157, 158, 162, 182, 198, 200, 565n

  Rommel, Lucie, 198

  Roosevelt, Alice, see Longworth, Alice Roosevelt

 

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