[434] Angus Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, Second Edition, Revised and Updated: 960-2030 AD (Paris: OECD, 2007), pp. 64, 89.
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[435] Wang Gungwu, ‘Rationalizing China’s Place in Asia, 1800–2005: Beyond the Literati Consensus’, in Reid and Zheng, Negotiating Asymmetry, p. 5.
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[436] Gittings, The Changing Face of China , p. 186.
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[437] Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic? p. 33.
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[438] Ibid., pp. 238-9.
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[439] Yu Yongding, ‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes Against the Backdrop of the Asian Financial Crisis’, unpublished paper, Japanese Ministry of Finance, 2000, pp. 1-11; Wang Yizhou, ‘Political Stability and International Relations in the Process of Economic Globalisation — Another Perspective on Asia’s Financial Crisis’, unpublished article, Beijing, 2000, pp. 1-13; and Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance: China Confronts Globalisation’, Pacific Review, 17:4 (2000), p. 542.
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[440] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, unpublished paper, Seoul Conference, 2005, p. 2.
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[441] Nolan, Transforming China , p. 61; Lex, ‘ China and International Law’, Financial Times, 30 April 2008.
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[442] Clyde Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (New York: Basic Books, 2006), p. 61.
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[443] George J. Gilboy, ‘The Myth behind China ’s Miracle’, Foreign Affairs, July/ August 2004, pp. 4–5.
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[444] ‘The Dragon and the Eagle Survey’, The Economist, 2 October 2004, p. 11.
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[445] Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, p. 69.
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[446] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, p. 1
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[447] Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006.
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[448] Andy Xie, Asia/Pacific Economics, report for Morgan Stanley, November 2002.
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[449] ‘ Guangdong Factories Drop Cheap for Chic’, South China Morning Post, 17 March 2008; ‘End of an Era for Pearl River Delta’, South China Morning Post, 9 February 2008.
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[450] Yu Yongding, ‘China’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, unpublished paper, Namura Tokyo Club Conference, Kyoto, 21 November 2005, p. 12.
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[451] Ibid., p. 11.
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[452] Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, pp. 94-6.
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[453] Interview with Yu Yongding, Beijing, 6 December 2005: Wang Gungwu, ‘Ration alizing China ’s Place in Asia ’, in Reid and Zheng, Negotiating Asymmetry, p. 5.
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[454] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, p. 2.
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[455] Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 74.
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[456] Joseph Stiglitz, ‘Development in Defiance of the Washington Consensus’, Guardian, 13 April 2006.
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[457] Oded Shenkar, The Chinese Century: The Rising Chinese Economy and Its Impact on the Global Economy, the Balance of Power and Your Job (New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing, 2006), p. 114.
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[458] Yu Yongding, ‘China’s Macroeconomic Development, Exchange Rate Policy and Global Imbalances’, unpublished paper, Asahi Shimbun Symposium, October 2005, pp. 2–3.
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[459] Tom Mitchell and Geoff Dyer, ‘Heat in the Workshop’, Financial Times, 14 October 2007; ‘Inflation: China ’s Least Wanted Export’, Financial Times, 12 November 2007.
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[460] Interview with Yu Yongding, Beijing, 6 December 2005.
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[461] Ibid.
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[462] The World Bank predicted a fall of almost 2 per cent in China’s growth rate in 2008 as compared with 2007; ‘China “On Course for Growth Slowdown”’, Financial Times, 4 February, 2008.
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[463] Yu Yongding, ‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes’, pp. 1, 6–8.
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[464] Interview with Yu Yongding, Singapore, 3 March 2006; and Yu Yongding, ‘Opinions on Structure Reform and Exchange Rate Regimes’.
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[465] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, pp. 1–5.
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[466] Interview with Zhu Wenhui, Beijing, 20 November 2006; interview with Fang Ning, Beijing, 7 December 2005; and interview with Wang Hui, Beijing, 23 May 2006.
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[467] Ibid., p. 2.
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[468] Peter Nolan, China at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), p. 15.
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[469] Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, p. 98.
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[470] Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, pp. 531-4; Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic? pp. 296–301.
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[471] Gittings, The Changing Face of China , pp. 274-5.
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[472] Quoted in Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China , p. 32.
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[473] Wang Zhengyi, ‘Conceptualising Economic Security and Governance’, pp. 534-5.
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[474] Zheng Yongnian, Will China Become Democratic?, pp. 104- 5.
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[475] Ibid., pp. 136-7.
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[476] Zheng Yongnian, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China , p. 32.
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[477] Nolan, China at the Crossroads, p. 30. Chinese tax revenues increased by 22 per cent in 2006 and by 20 per cent in 2005, which suggests that this process is continuing.
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[478] David Shambaugh, ‘The Rise of China and Asia’s New Dynamics’, in Shambaugh, ed., Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 18.
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[479] ‘Year of the Three Big Headaches’, South China Morning Post, 4 January 2007.
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[480] ‘ China ’s Priorities’, Financial Times, 9 March 2008.
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[481] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Structural Adjustment’, p. 5.
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[482] Yu Yongding, ‘ China ’s Rise, Twin Surplus and the Change of China’s Development Strategy’, pp. 24-5.
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[483] ‘What Will the World Gain from China in 20 Years?’ China Business Review, March/April 2003.
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[484] Zha Daojiong, ‘China’s Energy Security and Its International Relations’, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 3: 3 (November 2005), p. 44; and Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, unpublished paper, Nikkei Simbon Symposium, 5 April 2005, p. 2.
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[485] Lester R. Brown, ‘A New World Order’, Guardian, 25 January 2006.
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[486] Javier Blas and Carola Hoyos, ‘IEA Predicts Oil Price to Rebound to $100’, Financial Times, 5 November 2008.
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[487] Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley, ‘As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes’, New York Times, 26 August 2007.
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[488] Elizabeth C. Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), Chapter 2; Mark Elvin, The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China (New Haven and London: Ya
le University Press, 2004), pp. 460-71.
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[489] John Warburton and Leo Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part One)’, 25 October 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net.
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[490] Gaoming Jiang and Jixi Gao, ‘The Terrible Cost of China’s Growth’, 12 January 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net; Economy, The River Runs Black, p. 18; Warburton and Horn, ‘China’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part One)’.
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[491] ‘Chinese Carmakers Veer to Green’, International Herald Tribune, 21–22 April 2007.
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[492] ‘Can Shanghai Turn Green and Grow?’, posted on www.bbc.co.uk/news; Lex, ‘Chinese Cars’, Financial Times, 6 July 2007.
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[493] Yu Yongding, ‘The Interactions between China and the World Economy’, p. 3.
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[494] ‘ China Gains on US in Emissions’, International Herald Tribune, 9 November 2006.
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[495] Warburton and Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis’.
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[496] ‘China Gas Emissions “ May Pass US ”’, 25 April, 2007, posted on http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk. The International Energy Agency originally estimated that China would surpass the US in 2009 as the biggest emitter of the main gas linked to global warming.
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[497] www.foundation.org.uk/801/311002_2pdf.
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[498] Jonathon Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate’, 13 November 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net (accessed 2/6/08). The Chinese National Climate Change Assessment Report has predicted that by 2020 the average temperature in China will increase by between 1.1 °C and 2.1 °C.
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[499] Maddison, Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, p. 97.
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[500] ‘Climate Key Issue for Wen at Asean Talks’, South China Morning Post, 19 November 2007.
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[501] Warburton and Horn, ‘ China ’s Crisis (Part One)’.
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[502] ‘Economy is More Important, China Says’, International Herald Tribune, 5 June 2007; Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate.’
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[503] Hu Angang, ‘Green Development: The Inevitable Choice for China, Parts One and Two’, posted on www.chinadialogue.net (acessed 2/6/08).
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[504] Dominic Ziegler, ‘Reaching for Renaissance: A Special Report on China and Its Region’, The Economist, 31 March 2007.
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[505] John Warburton and Leo Horn, ‘China’s Crisis: A Development Perspective (Part Two), 25 October 2007, posted on www.chinadialogue.net; Keith Bradsher and David Barboza, ‘Pollution from Chinese Coal Casts a Global Shadow’, New York Times, 11 June 2006.
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[506] Porritt, ‘ China Could Lead the Fight for a Cooler Climate’.
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[507] ‘ China Carmakers Go Green in Drive for Profit’, Financial Times, 20 April 2008.
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[508] Each car had to spend one day a week off the road. These restrictions were reintroduced again after the Olympics in an effort to improve air quality.
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[509] Chunli Lee, ‘Strategic Alliances of Chinese, Japanese and US firms in the Chinese Manufacturing Industry: The Impact of “China Prices” and Integrated Localization’, paper presented for the Fairbank Center for East Asia Research, Harvard University, October 2004.
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[510] James Kynge, China Shakes the World: The Rise of a Hungry Nation (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2006), pp. 160-62.
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[511] Gilboy, ‘The Myth behind China ’s Miracle’, pp. 4–5.
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[512] Kynge, China Shakes the World, pp. 108-10, 112; Shenkar, The Chinese Century, pp. 66-8.
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[513] Kynge, China Shakes the World, p. 109.
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[514] Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, pp. 147, 149; Kynge, China Shakes the World, pp. 83-4; Shenkar, The Chinese Century, p. 165.
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[515] Kynge, China Shakes the World, pp. 72, 78–82.
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[516] Prestowitz, Three Billion New Capitalists, p. 143.
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[517] James Wilsdon and James Keeley, China: The Next Science Superpower? (London: Demos, 2007), p. 9.
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[518] Ibid., p. 7.
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[519] Ibid., p. 16.
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[520] Ping Zhou and Loet Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, Research Policy, 35 (2006), pp. 86–92, 100; Wilsdon and Keeley, China, pp. 16–17.
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[521] Zhou and Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, p. 100.
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[522] Wilsdon and Keeley, China, p. 32.
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[523] Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘The Educated Giant’, International Herald Tribune, 29 May 2007.
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[524] Wilsdon and Keeley, China, p. 29.
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[525] Zhou and Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, p. 84.
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[526] Wilsdon and Keeley, China, pp. 30–31; Geoff Dyer, ‘How China is Rising Through the Innovation Ranks’, Financial Times, 5 January 2007; Shenkar, The Chinese Century, p. 74; Gittings, The Changing Face of China, p. 263.
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[527] Suntech Power Holdings, for example, has grown big and successful as China’s leading maker of silicon photovoltaic solar cells; Thomas L. Friedman, ‘China’s Sunshine Boys’, International Herald Tribune, 7 December 2006. Also ‘China Climbs Technology Value Chain’, South China Morning Post, 30 March 2007; Victor Keegan, ‘Virtual China looks for Real Benefits’, Guardian, 1 November 2007; ‘High-tech-Hopefuls: A Special Report on Technology in India and China’, The Economist, 10 November 2007.
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