[1232] Maev Kennedy, ‘On the March: Terracotta Army Aims for Ticket Office Triumph’, Guardian, 8 February 2007.
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[1233] ‘Great Wall Overtakes Florence for Tourists’, 20 May 2005, posted on http://news.ft.com.
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[1234] Edward L. Dreyer, Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433 (New York: Pearson Longman, 2007), p. 170.
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[1235] My thanks to Zhang Feng for these observations. See also ‘Columbus or Zheng He? Debate Rages On’, China Daily, 19 July 2007, especially the views of Ge Jianxiong.
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[1236] ‘Chinese Maritime Hero Commemorated’, China Daily, 30 August 2005.
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[1237] Gavin Menzies, 1421: The Year China Discovered The World (London: Bantam Books, 2003).
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[1238] Geoff Wade, ‘Don’t Be Deceived: Our History Really is Under Serious Attack’, Canberra Times, 27 April 2006.
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[1239] Quoted in Chris Alden, China in Africa (London: Zed Books, 2007), p. 19.
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[1240] Patrick L. Smith, ‘Museum’s Display Links the Birth of Golf to China ’, International Herald Tribune, 1 March 2006.
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[1241] Nicholas D. Kristof, ‘Glory is as Ephemeral as Smoke and Clouds’, International Herald Tribune, 23 May 2005.
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[1242] Dava Sobel, Longitude (London: Fourth Estate, 1998).
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[1243] Lucian W. Pye, The Spirit of Chinese Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 235.
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[1244] Suisheng Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 147-9.
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[1245] David C. Kang, ‘Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks’, International Security, 27: 4 (Spring 2003), pp. 57, 61-5.
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[1246] Ibid., pp. 66-8, 79–82.
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[1247] Ibid., pp. 57–85.
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[1248] It is noteworthy that in 2006 the Chinese government committed to establish special economic enclaves in five African countries where Chinese businesses are to enjoy privileged treatment as well as preferential access to Chinese capital and African markets; Chris Alden, Daniel Large and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, eds, China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace (London: Hurst, 2008), pp. 357-8.
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[1249] ‘ China “May Lease Foreign Fields”’, 29 April 2008, posted on www.bbc. co.uk/news.
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[1250] Angus Maddison, The World Economy: Historical Statistics (Paris: OECD, 2003), p. 258.
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[1251] For a very interesting article on the decline of the United States, and the West, in this context, see Niall Ferguson, ‘ Empire Falls ’, October 2006, posted on www.vanityfair.com.
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[1252] Angus Maddison, The World Economy. A Millennial Perspective (Paris: OECD,2006), p. 128.
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[1253] Howard W. French, ‘For Old Rivals, a Chance at a Grand New Bargain’, International Herald Tribune, 9 February 2007.
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[1254] Wolfgang Georg Arlt, China’s Outbound Tourism (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 67, 227-8.
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[1255] ‘China Soon to be World’s Biggest Internet User’, Guardian, 25 January 2007; ‘US Slips on the Web’, International Herald Tribune, 11 May 2006.
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[1256] Martin Jacques, ‘Global Hierarchy of Race’, Guardian, 20 September 2003.
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[1257] Wang Xiaodong, ‘Chinese Nationalism Under the Shadow of Globalisation’, lecture, London School of Economics, 7 February 2005, pp. 1–2.
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[1258] Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction, pp. 147-9.
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[1259] Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross, New Directions in the Study of China’s Foreign Policy (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2006), pp. 410-11.
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[1260] Zi Zhongyun, ‘The Clash of Ideas: Ideology and Sino-US Relations’, in Suisheng Zhao, ed., Chinese Foreign Policy: Pragmatism and Strategic Behaviour (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), pp. 224-42.
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[1261] Richard Gott, ‘Latin America is Preparing to Settle Accounts with Its White Settler Elite’, Guardian, 15 November 2006; Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (London: William Heinemann, 2003), Chapter 2.
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[1262] ‘A Battle of Cultures in Milan ’s Chinatown ’, International Herald Tribune, 27 April 2007; also ‘Chinese Entrepreneurs Upset French Neighbors’, International Herald Tribune, 6 June 2007.
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[1263] Hong Kong-listed shares surged after the Chinese government agreed in August 2007 that its citizens would be allowed to invest in the Hong Kong stock market. All five of China ’s biggest companies by market value in late 2007 had Hong Kong listings.
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[1264] ‘ China Market Values Soar’, International Herald Tribune, 30 October 2007.
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[1265] Jing Ulrich, ‘Insight: China Prepares for Overseas Investment’, Financial Times, 7 August 2007.
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[1266] ‘ China ’s Overseas Investment Rises 60 % Annually’, 2 February 2007, posted on www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina.
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[1267] ‘Morgan Stanley Taps China for $5bn’, Financial Times, 19 December 2007; Tony Jackson, ‘The Chinese Bank Plan is One to Watch’, Financial Times, 23 July 2007; Geoff Dyer and Sundeep Tucker, ‘In Search of Illumination: Chinese Companies Expand Overseas’, Financial Times, 3 December 2007.
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[1268] Zhou Ping and Loet Leydesdorff, ‘The Emergence of China as a Leading Nation in Science’, Research Policy, 35 (2006), pp. 83-104.
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[1269] James Wilsdon and James Keeley, ‘ China: The Next Science Superpower? The Atlas of Ideas: Mapping the New Geography of Science’ (London: Demos, 2007), p. 6.
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[1270] Geoff Dyer, ‘The Dragon’s Lab — How China is Rising Through the Innovation Ranks’, Financial Times, 5 January 2007.
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[1271] ‘Chinese Spacecraft Back to Earth’, 17 October 2005, posted on www.bbc. co.uk/news.
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[1272] ‘China’s Missile Test Holds Signal for US’, International Herald Tribune, 20–21 January 2007; ‘China Uses Space Technology as Diplomatic Trump Card’, International Herald Tribune, 24 May 2007.
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[1273] ‘It’s a Multi-Currency World We Live In’, Financial Times, 26 December 2007; Benn Steil, ‘A Rising Euro Threatens American Dominance’, Financial Times, 22 April 2008.
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[1274] Daniel Dombey, ‘ America Faces a Diplomatic Penalty as the Dollar Dwindles’, Financial Times, 27 December 2007.
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[1275] Quoted in ibid.
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[1276] Ibid.
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[1277] Avinash D. Persaud, ‘The Dollar Standard: (Only the) Beginning of the End’, posted on http://opendemocracy.net; Avinash D. Persaud, ‘When Currency Empires Fall’, posted on www.gresham.ac.uk.
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[1278] Mark Leonard, What Does China Think? (London: Fourth Estate, 2008), p. 120.
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[1279] Eric Hobsbawm, ‘ America ’s Neo-Conservative World Supremacists Will Fail’, Guardian, 25 June 2005.
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[1280] Alastair Ian Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 258- 9.
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[1281] Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation: America and the World 1600-1898 (London: Atlantic Books, 2006), p. 304.
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[1282] Callahan, Contingent States, pp. 28–44.
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[1283] Yan Xuetong, ‘The Rise of China in Chinese Eyes’, Journal of Contemporary China , 10: 26 (2001), p. 34.
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[1284] Callahan, Contingent States, p. 34.
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[1285] Robert Ross, ‘The Geography of Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-first Century’, in Michael Brown et al., eds, The Rise of China (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), pp. 189-90, 193.
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[1286] Callahan, Contingent States , pp. 34-7.
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[1287] Johnston, Cultural Realism, p. 249.
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[1288] Callahan, Contingent States, pp. 34- 5.
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[1289] Wang Xiaodong, Chinese Youth’s Views on the World: A Survey Report (Beijing: China Youth Research Centre, 2003), pp. 27-8.
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[1290] Wang Gungwu, ‘Early Ming Relations with Southeast Asia: A Background Essay’, in John King Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China’s Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 61.
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[1291] Ibid., p. 61.
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[1292] Interview with Shi Yinhong, Beijing, 19 May 2006.
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[1293] Pankaj Mishra, ‘Getting Rich’, London Review of Books, 30 November 2006, pp. 6–7.
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[1294] John Gray, ‘(Re-)Ordering the World: Dilemmas of Liberal Imperialism’, RSA Journal, 2:6 (2002), p. 52.
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[1295] Lucian W. Pye, ‘ China: Erratic State, Frustrated Society’, Foreign Affairs, 69: 4 (Fall 1990), pp. 56–74.
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[1296] Ibid., pp. 56–74.
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[1297] ‘Foreign and Chinese Delegates Flock to First Confucius Institute Conference’, 6 July 2006, posted on http://english.peopledaily.com.cn.
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[1298] ‘Chinese Language Fever Brings Opportunities and Harmony to the World’, 13 July 2006, posted on http://english.people.com.cn; Michael Vatikiotis, ‘The Soft Power of “Happy Chinese”’, International Herald Tribune, 18 January 2006.
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[1299] Joshua Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive: How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2007), pp. 68-9.
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[1300] ‘ Chicago Hub of Chinese Learning in US’, China Daily, 17 May 2006.
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[1301] Julian Borger, ‘America in “Critical Need” of Mandarin’, Guardian Weekly, 10–16 March 2006; ‘Demand for Chinese Language Courses in US Soars’, China Daily, 23 November 2005; ‘Mandarin Lessons for All — in UK School’, Strait Times, 21 January 2006; ‘The Future is… Mandarin’, Guardian, 6 April 2004; ‘Mandarin Learning Sours Outside China’, 29 July 2007, posted on www.bloc.co.uk/news.
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[1302] ‘English Today, Mandarin by 2020?’, September 2006, posted on www.pbs. org; ‘Beijing Sets Up Its Own Internet Domains’, International Herald Tribune, 21 March 2006.
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[1303] David Crystal, English as a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 113.
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[1304] Ibid., Chapter 1; p. 117.
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[1305] Posted on www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007.
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[1306] http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm.
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[1307] Della Bradshaw, ‘Chinese Business Schools Move Up Rankings’, Financial Times, 31 October 2004.
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[1308] David Shambaugh, ‘ China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order’, International Security, 29: 3 (Winter 2004/5), p. 78.
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[1309] ‘Students Again Make Beeline to US Colleges’, 5 April 2006, posted on http://English.peopledaily.com.cn.
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[1310] Howard W. French, ‘China Luring Scholars to Make Universities Great’, New York Times, 28 October 2008; Arian Eunjung Cha, ‘Opportunities in China Lure Scientists Home’, Washington Post Foreign Service, 20 February 2008.
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[1311] Xan Rice, ‘ China ’s Long March’, Observer Sport Monthly, 80 (October 2006).
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[1312] Michael Curtin, Playing to the World’s Biggest Audience: The Globalization of Chinese Film and TV (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 3; also p. 10.
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[1313] Steve Rose, ‘The Great Fall of China’, Guardian, 1 August 2002; interview with Gong Li, ‘I Don’t Go to Hollywood. Hollywood Goes to China ’, Guardian, 6 April 2007; David Barboza, ‘Made-in-China Blockbusters: Success that Can Sting’, International Herald Tribune, 29 June 2007; Mark Landler, ‘Pa per Tigers, Hidden Knockoffs Flood Market’, International Herald Tribune, 4 July 2001.
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[1314] See Gary Gang Xu, Sinascape: Contemporary Chinese Cinema (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007).
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[1315] ‘KungFuBustle’, China Business Weekly, 14–20 November 2005.
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[1316] David Barboza, ‘At Christie’s Auction, New Records for Chinese Art’, International Herald Tribune, 29 November 2006; David Barboza, ‘In China’s New Revolution, Art Greets Capitalism’, International Herald Tribune, 4 January 2007; Jonathan Watts, ‘Once Hated, Now Fêted — Chinese Artists Come Out From Behind the Wall’, Guardian, 11 April 2007; Souren Melikian, ‘The Chinese Advance: More Bids, Many Buys’, International Herald Tribune, 8–9 April 2006.
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[1317] Kurlantzick, Charm Offensive, p. 63.
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[1318] David Barboza, ‘The Games Are Golden for Beijing Network’, International Herald Tribune, 23–24 August 2008.
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