3. Richard W. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, M.D. (Nashville: Southern Publishing Association, 1970), p. 90 (hereinafter Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg); Richard W. Schwarz, “John Harvey Kellogg: American Health Reformer” (PhD thesis in Modern History, University of Michigan, 1964), p. 236 (hereinafter Schwarz, PhD thesis); Henry T. Finck to J. H. Kellogg, October 5, 1922, Reel 2, Images 615–617, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
4. Glenville Kleiser, “Who’s Who–1932,” Sarasota Tribune, March 24, 1932, Clippings File, Reel 32, Image 234, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. (Also included in file is a copy of the same article that ran in the West Palm Beach Tropical Sun, March 18, 1932.)
5. The Kellogg Company, 2014 Annual Report for 2014: Letter to Shareholders and SEC Form 10-K, Fiscal Year End: January 3, 2015 (Battle Creek, MI: Kellogg Company, 2015).
6. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 238.
7. “Are We Too Civilized,” February 23, 1911, Reel 12, Image 669 (page 13 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. Marshall Field and Company of Chicago was also his brother Will’s favorite department store. Norman Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse of a Shy Grandparent, W. K. Kellogg (Privately printed, 1999), copy in the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, p. 54 (hereinafter Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse).
8. Charles MacIvor, manuscript of “The Lord’s Physician,” Addendum to Chapter 40: “Tributes to His Memory,” Charles MacIvor Collection, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 31–40, Center for Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan. Among the many tributes that arrived included telegrams from John D. Rockefeller Jr., Dale Carnegie, Will Durant, and Senator Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI).
9. “Obituary: J. H. Kellogg Dead at 91,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, December 15, 1943, p. 1, Reel 34, Images 585–87; Funeral Program, John Harvey Kellogg, Reel 31, Image 333, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Charles MacIvor, Manuscript of “The Lord’s Physician,” Chapter 40: “The End Time,” p. 8, Charles MacIvor Collection, Box 10, File 12, Chapters 31–40, Center for Adventist Research.
10. Gerald Carson, Cornflake Crusade: From the Pulpit to the Breakfast Table (New York: Rinehart, 1957), pp. 12–13 (hereinafter Carson).
11. Ibid., p. 174.
12. In the Calhoun County death records, Ella’s cause of death on June 14, 1920, is listed as “carcinoma of the colon.” Elizabeth Neumayer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg (Battle Creek, MI: Heritage Battle Creek, 2001), p. 16; “Battle Creek. Points of Interest, Oak Hill Cemetery,” Writers’ Program of the Works Project Administration in the State of Michigan, Michigan: A Guide to the Wolverine State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941), pp. 195–97; J. H. Kellogg, “In Memoriam, Ella Eaton Kellogg.” (Originally appeared in Good Health, July 1920. Reprints from the Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan).
13. Horace B. Powell, The Original Has This Signature—W. K. Kellogg (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1956), pp. 285–87 (hereinafter Powell); “W. K. Kellogg, 91, Dead in Michigan,” New York Times, October 7, 1951; “Will Keith Kellogg. Memorial Announcement. October 6, 1951” (Battle Creek, MI: Kellogg Company, 1951), Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine.
14. Powell, p. 78.
15. Ibid., p. 117.
16. “Community to Mourn W. K. Kellogg for Week,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, October 7, 1951, p. 14. Similarly, a memorial issue of the company newspaper for W. K. Kellogg, 1860–1951, The Kellogg News, October 1951, Collections of the Willard Library of Battle Creek, Michigan, cites this same figure on page 7.
17. Carson, p. 87. The italics for emphasis are Carson’s (or Emma Kellogg’s), not the present author’s. Carson does not indicate the authorship of this emphasis in his book.
18. Kadish Millet, “What’s More American,” recorded by Bing Crosby (with the “Bugs” Bower Orchestra), 45 RPM Single, PIP 8940-A (Long Island City, NY: Pickwick International Productions, 1968); Anne Kadet, “The Neighborhood Report: Brooklyn Up Close—City People: A Song in His Heart, But It’s Falling on Deaf Ears,” New York Times, July 16, 2000, accessed July 16, 2015, at http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/16/nyregion/neighborhood-report-brooklyn-up-close-citypeople-song-his-heart-but-it-s-falling.html.
19. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 138–39.
20. August S. Bloese, “Manuscript of an unfinished biography of John Harvey Kellogg,” Charles MacIvor Collection, No. 251, Box 1, Folder 14, p. 250, Center for Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan (hereinafter A. S. Bloese Manuscript); J. H. Kellogg, “Lecture: Clinical Dietetics. (For members of Domestic Science, Physical Culture, and Nurses Classes),” January 17, 1911, Reel 12, Image 397, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; University of Michigan Lecture by J. H. Kellogg to Junior Medical Students, October 9, 1906, pp. 12–13, Reel 10, Images 595–96, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
21. Dr. Kellogg describes a visit to the Chicago stockyards, which were near the Chicago Mission. “Question Box Hour Lecture,” June 11, 1906, Reel 10, Images 310–16 (pages 14–20 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
22. J. H. Kellogg, Tobaccoism, or How Tobacco Kills (Battle Creek, MI: Modern Medicine Publishing Co., 1922).
23. “Sugar,” July 29, 1909, Reel 11, Images 659–75, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
24. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 244.
25. J. H. Kellogg, The Household Manual of Domestic Hygiene, Foods, and Drinks, Common Diseases, Accidents and Emergencies and Useful Hints and Recipes (Battle Creek, MI: The Office of the Health Reformer, 1875), pp. 36–37.
26. James C. Whorton, Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
27. Lecture, “The Old Way and the New,” July 5, 1906, Reel 10, Image 410 (page 24 of the typescript), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
28. Carson, p. 87. Carson observed: “the busy doctor dictated while seated in his cabinet de nécessité with humble Will taking notes and instructions.” Carson goes on to explain on the same page that Dr. Kellogg made Will follow him as he rode his bicycle “in wide circles in front of the San while Will trotted beside him with a notebook. It was a neat combination of exercise, business conference and brotherly hazing. No wonder, then, when his turn finally came at the wheel of fortune, W.K. was as short as a butter cake with his brother.” Lyndon B. Johnson long enjoyed inviting aides into his bathroom while defecating to record his orders and thoughts. See Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), pp. 121–23. John bought his first bicycle in 1879. “Gus Bell Bought First High Bicycle in Town,” unidentified clip, circa 1879, Reel 32, Image 18, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
29. Powell, p. 76.
30. Ibid.
31. Frederick Winslow, The Principles of Scientific Management (New York: Harper Brothers, 1911). The development and advancement of the Ford Motor Company assembly line is described in Henry Ford, with Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Page Co., 1923); Allan Nevins and Frank Ernest Hill, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1914–1933 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1957); Alfred D. Chandler Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977).
32. The phrase was coined in 1917, not by Dr. Kellogg but by Lenna Cooper, the longtime director of the Sanitarium’s School of Home Economics. Her article was titled “August Breakfasts” and appears in Good Health, 1917; 52: 389–90. The phrase “breakfast is the most important meal of the day” appears on page 389.
33. Benjamin K. Hunnicutt, Kellogg’s Six-Hour Day (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), pp. 13–45.
34. Rea Irvin, “Historic Moments in the Annals of American Industry,” The New Yorker, August 22, 1936; 12(27): 21. Cartoon is used with the permission of his literary executor, Molly Rea (Copyright, Molly Rea, 1916). See also Powell, p. 175.
35. The th
ree major collections are the John Harvey Kellogg Papers housed at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor; an equally large collection of John Harvey Kellogg papers at the Michigan State University Archives in East Lansing; and a superb collection of the papers of his associates and the Battle Creek Sanitarium at the Center for Adventist Research of Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan. There is a smaller collection of materials in the Archives of the State of Michigan, Lansing, Michigan, which is especially rich in copies of Dr. Kellogg’s published books, magazines, and journals, materials related to the Battle Creek College, and a number of other documents that complement the archival collection.
36. The authorized biography of W. K. Kellogg, published in honor of the Kellogg Company’s fiftieth anniversary, is Horace B. Powell, The Original Has This Signature—W. K. Kellogg (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1956); the memoir by his grandson is Norman Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse of a Shy Grandparent, W. K. Kellogg (Privately printed 1999), copy in Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. The archives of the Kellogg Company, which contain corporate documents extending to those covering the founding of the company is also, sadly, restricted to “outside researchers.”
37. Henry R. Luce, “The American Century,” Life, February 17, 1941; 10: 61–65.
1.
“GO WEST, YOUNG MAN”
Chapter title: Often ascribed to Horace Greeley, there exists a great deal of controversy among historians as to who actually coined the axiom “Go west, young man.” For an engaging explanation of the saying’s provenance, see Thomas Fuller, “ ‘Go West, young man!’—An Elusive Slogan,” Indiana Magazine of History, 2004; 100(3): 231–42.
1. Judd Sylvester and Lucius Boltwood, History of Hadley, Including the Early History of Hatfield, South Hadley, Amherst, and Granby, Massachusetts (Northampton, MA: Metcalf and Co., 1863), p. 17.
2. Ibid., pp. 228–33.
3. Merritt G. Kellogg, “A Bit of Family History” (typescript dated July 6, 1914), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M, Reel 1, Images 17–44, Mary Ann Call Kellogg’s birthdate was October 1, 1811. John Preston Kellogg was born on February 14, 1807.
4. Brian C. Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2014), p. 143; Note on Genealogy of the Kellogg Family, Reel 1, University of Michigan, Bentley Historical Library.
5. Timothy Hopkins, The Kelloggs in the Old World and the New, Volume 1 (San Francisco: Sunset Press, 1903), pp. 1–5, quote is from p. 3.
6. H. A. Allerd, “Chicago, a Name of Indian Origin, and the Native Wild Onion to Which the Indians May Have Had Reference as the ‘Skunk Place,’ ” Castanea, March 1955; 20(1): 28–31.
7. The principal treaties, in which the U.S. purchased land at stunningly low rates, included the Treaty of Detroit, 1807 (southeastern Michigan including what are now Wayne and Washtenaw counties), the Treaty of Saginaw, 1819 (the “thumb” area of the lower peninsula), the Treaty of Chicago, 1821 (west Michigan), the Treaty of Washington, 1836 (much of the upper portion of the lower peninsula and parts of the upper peninsula), and the Treaty of La Pointe, 1842 (the entirety of the upper peninsula). Willis F. Dunbar and George S. May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1995; 3rd revised edition), pp. 119–20, 146–54.
8. Dollar translations from the nineteenth century into twenty-first-century values are challenging to even the most accomplished economic historians. I have used the online economic historical calculator MeasuringWorth.com to approximate these figures to provide the reader with a sense of the value of the investments being made by the protagonists in this book between 1833 and 1951.
9. “A Michigan Emigrant Song. From the Detroit Post and Tribune, February 13, 1881,” in Michigan Historical Commission. Pioneer Collections. Report of the Pioneer Society of the State of Michigan, Volume 3 (Lansing, MI: W. S. George, 1881), p. 265; Powell, pp. 6–7.
10. “The Erie Canal was in embryo a matter of national survival, and in realization a miracle of national growth.” Dorothie Bobbe, “Erie Canal,” in James Truslow Adams and R. V. Coleman, eds., Dictionary of American History, Volume 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940), pp. 225–26.
11. New York Governor DeWitt Clinton managed to navigate a large sum of money toward its construction, for which he endured the gibes and sneers of his political opponents, who nicknamed the venture “Clinton’s Ditch.” Gouverneur Morris gave the canal its nickname, “the artificial river.” For those investors who did have financial faith, the Erie Canal turned out an amazing stream of profits. By 1882, the canal had generated revenues amounting to $121 million (about $2.89 billion in 2016), or a profit of over $41 million ($979 million in 2016). Gerald Koeppel, Bond of Union: Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire (New York: Da Capo, 2009), pp. 395–96.
12. Peter L. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 325–55; Carol Sherriff, The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817–1862 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1997); Koeppel, Bond of Union.
13. W. S. Tyron, ed. A Mirror for Americans: Life and Manners in the United States, 1790–1870, as Recorded by American Travelers, Volume 1 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952), p. 113.
14. Merritt G. Kellogg, “A Bit of Family History” (typescript dated July 6, 1914), Reel 1, p. 1 (Images 17–44), J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; A. S. Bloese Manuscript (Chapter 1, “Early Days,” unpaginated), Box 1, File 13.
15. Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of the Americans (London: Whittaker, Treacher and Co., 1832), Chapter 32, in R. W. Hecht, ed., The Erie Canal Reader, 1790–1950 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2003), p. 63.
16. Bela Hubbard, Memorials of a Half-Century (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1887), quote is from p. 13, population data circa 1835 is found on page 115; Dunbar and May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, pp. 139–62. For a superb pictorial and descriptive history of Early Detroit, see Brian Leigh Dunnigan, Frontier Metropolis: Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001).
17. Hubbard, Memorials of a Half-Century, p. 118.
18. R. Alan Douglas, Uppermost Canada: The Western District and Frontier Detroit, 1800–1850 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001), pp. 224–26; Silas Farmer, The History of Detroit and Michigan: Or, the Metropolis Illustrated; a Chronological Cyclopaedia of the Past and Present, Including a Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan, and the Annals of Wayne County (Detroit: Silas Farmer, 1884), pp. 48–49; Arthur Woodford, This Is Detroit, 1701–2001 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001); Howard Peckham, The Making of the University of Michigan, 1817–1992 (Ann Arbor: Bentley Historical Library, 1994); Howard Markel, When Germs Travel: Six Major Epidemics That Invaded America and the Fears They Unleashed (New York: Vintage/Random House, 2005), pp. 181–82; Richard Adler, Cholera in Detroit: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013); Charles Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987, 2nd edition).
19. Dunbar and May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, p. 339.
20. Hubbard, Memorials of a Half-Century, pp. 374–76; Dunbar and May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, pp. 139–62, 338–51; William Barillas, “Michigan’s Pioneers and the Destruction of the Hardwood Forest,” Michigan Historical Review, 1989; 15(2): 1–22; L. D. Watkins, “Destruction of the Forests of Southern Michigan,” Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, 1900; 28: 148–50; John R. Knott Jr., Imagining the Forest: Narratives of Michigan and the Upper Midwest (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012).
21. Merritt G. Kellogg, “A Bit of Family History” (typescript dated July 6, 1914), Reel 1, p. 1, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; A. S. Bloese Manuscript (Introductory Chapter, unpaginated), Box 1, File 13; Dunbar and May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, pp.
160–62; Payson J. Treat, The National Land System, 1785–1820 (New York: E. B. Treat and Company, 1910); Powell, pp. 7–8.
22. For an excellent description of “Michigan Fever,” see Caroline M. Kirkland, Western Clearings (New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1846). Kirkland also wrote a popular novel about life in the woods of territories such as Michigan; see Caroline M. Kirkland, Forest Life (New York: C. S. Francis and Co./Boston: J. H. Francis, 1844, in two volumes).
23. Dunbar and May, Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State, p. 164.
24. The estimated amount of destroyed timber on a plot of land in southeastern Michigan measuring 320 acres circa 1834 as well as the methods of clearing trees in this era can be found in Barillas, “Michigan’s Pioneers and the Destruction of the Hardwood Forest,” pp. 1–22; William Nowlin, The Bark Covered House: Being a Graphic and Thrilling Description of Real Pioneer Life in the Wilderness of Michigan (Detroit: E. W. De La Vergne, 1876).
25. Powell, pp. 8–10.
26. Hubbard, Memorials of a Half-Century, p. 486. See also Nowlin, The Bark Covered House.
27. Powell, p. 9.
28. A. S. Bloese Manuscript (Introductory Chapter, unpaginated), Box 1, File 13; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 9–10.
29. Edgar W. Martin, The Standard of Living in 1860: American Consumption Levels on the Eve of the Civil War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942), p. 220.
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