100. Powell, p. 205.
101. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 158–61.
102. Powell, pp. 205–6.
103. Letter from W. K. Kellogg to John L. Kellogg, undated, quoted in ibid., p. 206.
104. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 160–63; “W. K. Kellogg’s Grandson Found. Shotgun and Note to His Brother Nearby,” Chicago Tribune, February 7, 1938, p. 7. John Jr.’s son, John Leonard Kellogg III, was born on April 4, 1938, one day before his great-grandfather returned to New York from his cruise.
105. Powell, pp. 206–7, quote is from page 207; Carson, p. 224.
106. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 22–23, quote is from p. 23.
107. Powell, pp. 253–54.
108. Carson, p. 215.
109. Ibid.; Powell, p. 342.
110. Carson, p. 225.
111. Powell, p. 287.
112. Other proud owners of Rin Tin Tin’s progeny included the M-G-M screen legends Greta Garbo and Jean Harlow. See Carson, p. 215; Powell, pp. 278, 346; Susan Orleans, Rin Tin Tin: The Life and the Legend (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 72.
113. Carson, pp. 215–16.
114. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, photo insert between pages 106 and 107. Photograph of Will’s chief nurse, Elsie Gay Hoatson. Another one of his nurses in this photograph is Mrs. Louise Gardner. There were several other nurses and aides who took care of Will Kellogg in his last years, including his longtime secretaries Bessie Young and Helen Abbott, but Ms. Hoatson was Will’s chief caregiver from 1939 to his death in 1951. See Powell, pp. 262–63.
115. Powell, p. 263.
116. Letter from W. K. Kellogg to Charles N. Crittenton, October 5, 1909, quoted in Powell, p. 293. Crittenton’s principal charity was directed at “rescue homes” for young unwed mothers, prostitutes, and “wayward girls.” “Charles N. Crittenton Dead. Wealthy Druggist Founded 73 Rescue Homes in Daughter’s Memory,” New York Times, November 17, 1909, p. 9.
117. Powell, p. 293 (“humanity” quote), p. 297 (“spend it wisely” quote).
118. Powell, pp. 303–4. In early 1930, hardly dreaming his life would extend to nonagenarian status, Will wrote his attorney, Burritt Hamilton, “I want you to draft a will for me. It will contain about thirty trusts. It must be carefully drawn. It will dispose of property of the estimated value of $50,000,000” (over $709 million in 2016). In actuality, Will’s lawyer created more than fifty trusts, twenty-six of which took care of the financial needs of his living children, his grandchildren, unborn great-grandchildren, a few old friends, and needy relatives and employees. Another twenty-four trusts were created for various colleges, universities, an animal husbandry institute at Pomona to care for his beloved Arabian horses, the donation of his homes in Palm Springs and Florida, a bird sanctuary and biological station, and his mansion on Gull Lake just outside Battle Creek. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 193. The twenty-six family trusts amounted to more than $5 million, an amount greater than $70.9 million in 2016. See also Powell, pp. 298–311. The “draft a will” quote appears on p. 298.
119. Letter from W. K. Kellogg to L. J. Brown, Eugene McKay, and A. C. Selmon, June 7, 1930, reproduced in Powell, p. 301.
120. Powell, p. 306.
121. Ibid., p. 305.
122. White House Conference, 1930: Addresses and Abstracts of Committee Reports. White House Conference on Child Health and Protection Called by President Hoover (New York: The Century Co., 1931), pp. v–vii.
123. “Medicine: Breakfast Food Men,” Time, December 8, 1930; 16(23): 30, 32.
124. Powell, pp. 308–9.
125. “Emory Morris, Obituary,” Toledo Blade, July 9, 1974, p. 5.
126. For the history and impact of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation, see W. K. Kellogg Foundation: The First Eleven Years, 1930–1941 (Battle Creek, MI: W. K. Kellogg Foundation/Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelly and Sons, Chicago, 1942); W. K. Kellogg Foundation: The First Twenty-Five Years: The Story of a Foundation (Battle Creek, MI: W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 1955); W. K. Kellogg Foundation: The First Half-Century, 1930–1980: Private Approaches (Battle Creek, MI: W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 1980); “I’ll Invest My Money in People” (Battle Creek, MI: The W. K. Kellogg Foundation, 1979).
127. “Dr. Sadler, 93, Dies; Services Are Scheduled,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1969, p. B18.
128. Powell, p. 182.
129. Ibid., p. 289.
130. Ibid., pp. 289–90.
131. Ibid., p. 290.
132. Ibid., pp. 258, 290.
133. Ibid., p. 291.
16.
THE FINAL SCORE
1. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 133–34; Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 55.
2. For the history of Trudeau’s sanatorium, see E. L. Trudeau, An Autobiography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1916); Robert Taylor, Saranac: America’s Magic Mountain (New York: Paragon House, 1986).
3. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying: What the Dying Have to Teach Doctors, Nurses, Clergy and Their Own Families (New York: Macmillan, 1969). She famously described the five steps of death and dying as denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
4. Schwarz, PhD thesis, p. 55; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 133–35.
5. Every late autumn, Dr. Kellogg wrote an “open letter to the people of Battle Creek” announcing his “enforced winter sojourn in the South,” which was published in the Battle Creek newspapers. See, for example, “A Letter from Dr. J. H. Kellogg,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, October 25, 1936, Reel 4, Images 410–11, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
6. Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 464–68.
7. Ibid., p. 466.
8. “Seek to Avert Sale of Sanitarium. File Action to Prevent Auction Sale,” Battle Creek Moon-Journal, May 24, 1929, p. 1, Images 43–44, “Sanitarium Fights Taxes. Million Involved in Legal Action,” Battle Creek Enquirer and the Evening News, May 24, 1929, pp. 1–2, Images 45–46; “City Commission Proceedings, Battle Creek Michigan,” Battle Creek Moon-Journal, May 27, 1929; Battle Creek Moon-Journal, May 28, 1929, pp. 13–14, Images 47–48; “City to Hire Expert Talent in Tax Action,” Battle Creek Enquirer, May 28, 1929, Image 49; “Mayor Urges Counter Suit Against San,” Battle Creek Moon-Journal, May 28, 1929, Images 50–52; “Tax Sale Held by City Clerk,” Battle Creek Moon-Journal, May 31, 1929, Image 52; all on Reel 36, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
9. Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 468–69.
10. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 79–80; Carson, p. 244. The property was worth at least $200,000, or about $2.84 million in 2016.
11. See, for example, letters from Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, February 8, 1931, Reel 3, Images 350–52; Will Durant to J. H. Kellogg, November 8, 1939, Image 801, J. H. Kellogg to W. Durant, November 10, 1939, Reel 5, Images 803–5, W. Durant to J. H. Kellogg, November 16, 1939, Reel 5, Images 811–12; J. H. Kellogg to W. Durant, November 20, 1939, Reel 5, Image 813; W. Durant to J. H. Kellogg, November 28, 1939, Reel 5, Images 817–18, Reel 5, Images 831–32; J. H. Kellogg to Alexis Carrel, January 30, 1939, Reel 5, Images 509–10; Dale Carnegie to J. H. Kellogg, April 5, 1938, Reel 5, Image 180; J. H. Kellogg to Dale Carnegie, April 12, 1938, Reel 5, Images 198–201; J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, December 2, 1937, Reel 5, Images 1184–85; J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, February 21, 1940, Reel 5, Images 977–78; Lt. Commander Gene Tunney to Dr. Kellogg, March 6, 1942, Reel 6, Images 23–24, all J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
12. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to John D. Rockefeller Jr., May 17, 1938, Reel 5, Images 250–53, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
13. A. S. Bloese Manuscript, pp. 316–18, quote is from p. 316; Box 1, Folder 14.
14. Ibid., p. 316.
15. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to George Bernard Shaw, February 7, 1936, Reel 4, Images 36–39, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
16. “Food Ferrin Is a Modern Source of Assimilable Iron,” brochure, circa 1941, Battle Creek Food Company, Battle Creek, Michigan, Collections of the University of Michigan Center for the History of Med
icine.
17. Letter from J. H. Kellogg to George Bernard Shaw, February 7, 1936, Reel 4, Images 36–39, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
18. “Predicts Noted Playwright Will Be Active When 100,” Miami Herald, February 10, 1936; “G. B. Shaw Asserts Roosevelt Is a Red. President Beginning to Realize He is a Communist, Says Writer, Now in Cuba,” New York Times, February 8, 1936, p. 17; “Shaw Bounces His Wit into Miami,” Literary Digest, February 15, 1936, p. 29, all in Reel 32, Images 328–31, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
19. “Transcript of Telephone Call Between J. H. Kellogg and Bankers, April 6, 1933,” Reel 26, Images 1072–94, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
20. Telegram from J. H. Kellogg to Henry Ford, May 3, 1937; Letter from E. G. Liebold, General Secretary to Henry Ford, May 5, 1937; Letter from J. H. Kellogg to E. H. Liebold, May 10, 1937; E. G. Liebold to J. H. Kellogg, May 12, 1937; J. H. Kellogg to E. G. Liebold, May 15, 1937; E. G. Liebold to J. H. Kellogg, June 10, 1937, Accession 285, Box 2041, 1937–593-Kello-Kelly (Correspondence), Benson Ford Research Center, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, Dearborn Michigan. It is interesting to note that on September 10, 1937, J. H. Kellogg wrote Henry’s wife, Clara Ford, “You have both shown so much interest in our work here that I am sure you will be glad to know that the embarrassment which distressed us considerably a few months ago is being satisfactorily adjusted,” Reel 4, Image 1006, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M. A few years later, in 1940, he wrote to Clara: “I esteem Mr. Ford as one of the greatest men this country has produced. His contributions to industry and especially to the welfare of the average man are inestimable, and most of all I admire his sound philosophy and broad vision and unbiased common sense attitude toward fundamentals.” J. H. Kellogg to Clara Ford, February 21, 1940, Reel 5, Images 977–98, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
21. “Reorganization Petition Mailed,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, June 4, 1937, Reel 32, Image 363; “Sanitarium Conferees Continue Discussions,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, August 26, 1938, Reel 32, Image 384; “San Policies Discussed at Board Meeting,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, November 24, 1938, p. 12, Reel 32, Image 389; “San Creditors Will Get Part Cash This Week,” Battle Creek Moon-Journal, January 29, 1939, Reel 32, Image 390, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M.
22. Schwarz, PhD thesis, pp. 469–72.
23. Interview with Leslie Sargent, conducted by Richard Schwarz, August 8, 1962, Box 5, File 16, Sargent, Richard Schwarz Papers, Center for Adventist Research.
24. George Howe Colt, “Brother Against Brother: John and Will Kellogg,” Brothers: On His Brothers and Brothers in History (New York: Scribner, 2012), pp. 162–63; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 238; J. H. Kellogg, “The Simple Life in a Nutshell,” in Dr. Kellogg’s Lectures on Practical Topics, Volume 1 (Battle Creek, MI: Good Health Publishing Co., 1913), pp. 61–80.
25. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 233–34.
26. Powell, p. 285.
27. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, p. 140.
28. Ibid., p. 238. Here Schwarz is quoting a letter from W. K. Kellogg to Dr. George Thomason, October 12, 1942, and the “Deposition in the matter of the Estate of John Harvey Kellogg,” February 8, 1945, Schwarz PhD thesis, p. 482. This document exists in the now restricted files of the W. K. Kellogg Foundation Archives, to which I did not have access.
29. For details on Will’s extensive letter-writing campaign against his brother to various Seventh-day Adventist officials, see letters from W. K. Kellogg to Elder W. H. Branson, October 18, 1943; April 16, 1943; November 19, 1943, Collection 234, Box 8, File 17, as well as letter from George Thomason, M.D. to W. E. Nelson of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, January 17, 1943, which quotes a letter from W. K. Kellogg to George Thomason guaranteeing the Adventist Church “against financial loss,” Collection 234, Box 9, File 2, Center for Adventist Research. See also earlier letters from W. K. Kellogg to Elder J. F. Wright, September 10, 1942, September 11, 1942 (in which he reports that John has “notified Seventh-day Adventist helpers at the Sanitarium work Saturdays, the same as other days”), September 18, 1942; September 16, 1942; October 24, 1942 (in which W.K. complains about John’s purported attempts to ruin the U.S. government’s plan to buy the San and reporting on his work to contain his brother’s “wild and expensive plans” and “spending spree”). On November 19, 1943, Will wrote W. H. Branson about how badly his brother presented himself on the witness stand. “Knowing from past experiences that Dr. Kellogg is a very evasive witness, it occurs to me that the unfavorable impression that he is almost sure to make on the Court would make a wonderfully good witness for the defense.” All these letters are in Collection 234, Box 9, F 20, Center for Adventist Research.
30. W. K. Kellogg to Elder W. H. Branson, October 18, 1943, Collection 234, Box 9, F 20, Center for Adventist Research.
31. Letter from George Thomason, M.D. to W. E. Nelson of the General Conference of the Seventh-day Adventists, January 17, 1943, Collection 234, Box 9, File 2, Center for Adventist Research. This letter attaches a copy of a letter Will Kellogg wrote to Thomason, undated. The quote is from page 4 of the letter.
32. Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 238–40.
33. Elizabeth Neumayer, “Mother”: Ella Eaton Kellogg (Battle Creek, MI: Heritage Battle Creek, 2002), p. 49. This page has a table listing all forty-two of the Kelloggs’ adopted or foster children.
34. “Dr. Kellogg Is Dead at 91,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, December 15, 1943, Page 1; “Funeral Program for John H. Kellogg,” Reel 31, Image 333, J. H. Kellogg Papers, U-M; Schwarz, John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 240–41; Brian Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Religion of Biologic Living (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), p. 173.
35. What remained of the San, now called the Sanitarium Association, was absorbed by a group of Seventh-day Adventist physicians and reopened in 1959 as the Battle Creek Health Center, which focused on mental health and substance abuse treatment and acute care. Long-term sanitarium services ended in 1972 and, two years later, in 1974, the facility was absorbed into the Seventh-day Adventist Hospital System. In 1993, the entire facility was sold to the secular Battle Creek System, which is now defunct. See Wilson, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, p. 173; Carson, pp. 251–53; Schwarz, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, pp. 239–41; Battle Creek Enquirer and News, December 15, 1943, p. 1.
36. Powell, pp. 285–86.
37. Ibid., p. 286.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., pp. 286–87.
40. Pauline Kael, Herman J. Mankiewicz, and Orson Welles, The Citizen Kane Book: Raising Kane by Pauline Kael and the Shooting Script (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971).
41. Powell, pp. 350–51.
42. Ibid., p. 351. Hoatson later married Elbon. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, p. 203.
43. Powell, p. 351.
44. “W. K. Kellogg, 1860–1951,” The Kellogg News, October 1951, Collections of the Willard Library of Battle Creek, Michigan.
45. Powell, p. 345.
46. “Community to Mourn W. K. Kellogg for Week,” Battle Creek Enquirer and News, October 7, 1951, p. 1. The obituary appears on pp. 1, 12, 13, and 14.
47. Also buried in this plot are Will’s first wife, Elmira (Ella) Osborn Davis Kellogg, their two sons who died in childhood, Irvin Hadley and William Keith Jr., his sister Hester, his niece Gertrude, and a cousin, Sarah E. Kellogg. Deb Stanley, “W. K. Kellogg Rests Here,” in “A Battle Creek Celebration: W. K. Kellogg 150 Years,” Scene Magazine, 1997; 34(1): 57; Colt, Brothers: On His Brothers and Brothers in History, p. 166.
48. Williamson Jr., An Intimate Glimpse, pp. 186–87, 190.
49. Ibid., p. 190.
50. Ibid., p. 187.
51. William Carew Hazlitt, English Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases Collected from the Most Authentic Sources, Alphabetically Arranged and Annotated with Much Matter Not Previously Published (London: Reeves and Turner, 1907), p. 173. The author of the proverb is unknown but it appears in John Clarke’s 1639 proverb collection Paroemiologia
Anglo-Latina in Usum Scholarum Concinnata; Or proverbs English, and Latine, methodically disposed according to the common-place heads, in Erasmus his adages. Very use-full and delightful for all sorts of men, on all occasions. More especially profitable for scholars for the attaining elegancie, sublimitie, and varietie of the best expressions (London: Imprinted by Felix Kyngston for Robert Mylbourne, and are to be sold at the signe of the Vnicorne neere Fleet-bridge, 1639).
52. Carson, p. 87.
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
Reproduced with permission from: Bettmann/Bettmann/Getty Images: 3, 114, 117, 122, 126
Courtesy of Heritage Battle Creek, the Historical Society of Battle Creek, Michigan: 124, 125, 130, 131
Courtesy of the Historic Adventist Village and Museum, Battle Creek, Michigan: 26, 82, 105, 120, 121, 123
© Library of Congress: 70, 101
© Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan: 14, 19, 35, 38, 39, 41, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 79, 99, 100
© National Library of Medicine: 15, 21, 108, 109
© New York Public Library: 9, 10, 17
Reproduced with permission, Niagara Falls Public Library, Niagara Falls, Ontario: 36
In: J. D. Scott, Combination Atlas Map of Burlington County, New Jersey, 1876. Reproduced with permission of the Princeton University Library Collections: 18
Reproduced with permission from Molly Rea and the Rea Irvin Estate. © Molly Rea: 5
Reproduced with permission, Truman State University Special Collections and Archives: 98
Courtesy of University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine: 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 104, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, 127, 128, 129
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The Kelloggs Page 59