65. ibid.
66. Notopoulos, op. cit., pp. 441–2.
Chapter 17, An Evening with Count Maddalo: Venice
1. Journal, p. 104.
2. From Claire’s letter to Byron, printed in To Lord Byron, eds. G. Paston and P. Quennell, 1939, p. 237. It also seems that Elise was upset by some of Byron’s remarks regarding Shelley, Claire and Allegra.
3. Letters, II, No. 479, pp. 34–5.
4. ibid., No. 479, pp. 35–6.
5. ibid.
6. ibid., pp. 36–7.
7. ibid., pp. 37–8.
8. Letters, II, No. 483, p. 43.
9. Mary’s Note in Poetical Works, p. 204.
10. Journal, p. 105.
11. Letters, II, No. 480, p. 38.
12. ibid., No. 481, pp. 39–40.
13. Mary, No. 55, p. 58.
14. For an excellent feminist critique of Shelley’s mishandling of his children, see Ursula Orange, ‘Shuttlecocks of Genius’ in Keats–Shelley Memorial Bulletin, No. 195.
15. Mary’s Note in Poetical Works, p. 204.
16. Letters, II, No. 482, pp. 40–41.
17. ‘Mathilda’ is discussed in Mrs Julian Marshall’s Life and Letters of Mary Shelley, and has been edited by Elizabeth Nitchie, Mathilda, Chapel Hill, 1959 from Abinger MSS reels 6–7.
18. Journal, p. 105.
19. ibid., pp. 106–9.
20. Letters, II, No. 484, p. 44.
21. ibid., No. 483, p. 43.
22. ibid., No. 488, p. 58.
23. Poetical Works, p. 191.
24. ibid., p. 189.
25. ibid., p. 190.
26. ibid.
27. ibid., p. 192.
28. ibid., p. 193.
29. ibid.
30. ibid., p. 194.
31. ibid., p. 190.
32. ibid., p. 195.
33. ibid., p. 199.
34. ibid., p. 201.
35. ibid., p. 202.
36. ibid., p. 203.
37. Posthumous Poems, 1824.
38. Letters, II, No. 540, p. 164.
Chapter 18, The Tombs of Naples: 1818
1. Letters, II, No. 485, p. 45.
2. ibid., pp. 45–7.
3. ibid., p. 48.
4. Letters, II, No. 486, pp. 50–2.
5. Letters, II, No. 487, p. 56.
6. Journal, p. 111.
7. Letters, II, No. 488, p. 59.
8. Journal, p. 111.
9. Prose, p. 226.
10. ibid., p. 224.
11. Mary, No. 59, p. 60.
12. Letters, II, No. 488, p. 60.
13. Mary, No. 59, p. 59.
14. Mary, No. 128, p. 148. Her letter to Mrs Hoppner of 10 August 1821.
15. Letters, II, No. 488, p. 60.
16. ibid., p. 61.
17. Journal, p. 113.
18. Letters, II, No. 491, p. 73.
19. Poetical Works, p. 561.
20. ibid., p. 559; p. 570.
21. ibid., pp. 564–9.
22. ibid., pp. 570–1.
23. Letters, II, No. 488, p. 54.
24. ibid., No. 489, pp. 67–8.
25. ibid., No. 490, p. 69.
26. ibid., No. 575, p. 211. Shelley to the Gisbornes in London 7 July 1820. The last sentence is a compounded quotation from King Lear, Act IV, Scene 6, which has a specifically sexual reference.
27. See Mary, to Maria Gisborne, 18 June 1820, No. 96, p. 108; Letters, II, to Claire, 18 February 1821, No. 609, p. 267; also Mary, to Mrs Hoppner, 10 August 1821, No. 128, p. 128.
28. These 3 documents first discovered and printed by N.I. White, Shelley, II, Appendix VII, pp. 546–50, with translations. White, who must take all the credit for this brilliant piece of research, discusses the implications in Chapter 20, and draws conclusions with which I do not agree.
29. Journal, p. 114.
30. ibid., p. 116.
31. Abinger MS (reel 5); and printed without the moon in Journal, p. 134.
32. Hoppner to Byron, Lord Byron’s Correspondence, John Murray (ed.). Murray, 1922, II, pp. 179–83 (1922); and Claire, pp. 277–9, who speaks of Elise with a Miss Fairhill in March 1822.
33. Lord Byron: Selected Prose, ed. Peter Gunn, 1972, p. 354.
34. Lord Byron’s Correspondence, II, pp. 179–83.
35. Lord Byron: Selected Prose, p. 355.
36. Letters, II, No. 488, p. 62.
37. Mary, No. 128, p. 148.
38. Mary, No. 127, p. 147.
39. Journal, p. 114.
40. Mary, No. 128, p. 148.
41. ibid.
42. Letters, II, No. 491, p. 76.
43. ibid.
44. Letters, II, No. 571, p. 208.
45. Letters, II, No. 553, p. 175.
46. Mary, No. 128, p. 148.
47. Claire, p. 274–83, February and March, 1822.
48. Letters, II, No. 491, p. 75.
49. ibid., p. 71.
50. Poetical Works, pp. 571–2. In the penultimate line, I have adopted the Harvard MS Notebook reading, and that of the first printing of 1832. The Oxford edition gives, ‘and Hell be thy guide’. Within 1819, the poem cannot be assigned with any certainty, and may belong to the autumn; but certain images, verbal echoes of the Neapolitan letters, and the generality of the political attack, convince me that it belongs early in the year.
51. Letters, II, No. 491, p. 75.
52. Charles MacFarlane, Reminiscences of a Literary Life, 1917, pp. 1–12.
53. Letters, II, No. 492, p. 80.
54. MacFarlane, op. cit., p. 9.
55. Letters, II. No. 492, pp. 80–81.
56. Mary, No. 63, p. 62.
57. Letters, II, No. 495, p. 84.
Appendix to Chapter 18
1. The Carl H. Pforzheimer Library have not yet published or made available the original MSS of eleven of Shelley’s letters to Claire in 1820–2, but they have all except one been printed by F. L. Jones in his authoritative Letters, from previous transcripts, and it is doubtful if anything material will appear. However, we will see. Refer also to Chapter 16, Reference 36.
2. Poetical Works, pp. 285–6.
Chapter 19, A Roman Spring: 1819
1. Journal, p. 117.
2. Mary, No. 64, p. 64.
3. Dowden, Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, II, p. 255.
4. Claire, p. 103.
5. Mary, No. 64, p. 64.
6. Letters, II, No. 498, p. 93.
7. Claire, p. 101.
8. Letters, II, No. 495, p. 87.
9. With Shelley in Italy, ed. Anna McMahan, 1908, pp. 101–2 n. 1.
10. Poetical Works, p. 205.
11. Letters, II, No. 495, p. 84–5.
12. ibid., No. 498, p. 94.
13. Poetical Works, p. 205.
14. ibid.
15. ibid., p. 218.
16. ibid.
17. ibid., p. 233.
18. ibid., p. 207.
19. ibid., p. 206.
20. ibid., p. 208.
21. ibid., p. 211.
22. ibid., p. 212.
23. ibid., p. 220.
24. ibid., p. 225.
25. ibid., p. 227.
26. ibid., p. 228.
27. ibid., p. 228.
28. ibid., p. 236.
29. ibid., p. 238.
30. ibid., p. 236.
31. ibid., pp. 237–8.
32. Letters, II, No. 495, p. 86.
33. ibid., p. 89.
34. Poetical Works, p. 239.
35. ibid., p. 239.
36. For a brilliant analysis of this revolutionary-democratic imagery running through out Shelley’s poetry of the 1817–1821 period, see G. M. Matthews, ‘A Volcano’s Voice in Shelley’ (1957), printed in Shelley: Modern Judgements, ed. R. B. Woodings, 1968.
37. Poetical Works, p. 242.
38. ibid., p. 249.
39. ibid., p. 260.
Chapter 20, The Palace of the Dark
1. Mary, No. 65, pp. 66–7.
2. Mary, No. 67, pp. 69–7
0.
3. Letters, II, No. 513, p. 116.
4. ibid., No. 498, pp. 93–4.
5. Claire, p. 109.
6. ibid., p. 110.
7. Medwin, The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, pp. 239–40.
8. Mary, No. 97, p. 111.
9. ibid., No. 141, p. 175 n. 2.
10. Mary’s Note in Poetical Works, p. 335.
11. Murray MS.
12. ibid.
13. Claire, p. 111.
14. Letters, II, No. 497, p. 91.
15. Claire, pp. 111–12.
16. Preface to The Cenci, Poetical Works, p. 277.
17. ibid.
18. ibid., p. 278.
19. ibid., p. 276.
20. ibid., p. 278.
21. Claire, p. 112.
22. Journal, p. 121.
23. Letters, II, No. 499, p. 95.
24. Mary, No. 69, p. 71.
25. ibid., No. 73, p. 76.
26. Letters, II, No. 500, p. 97.
Chapter 21, The Hothouse: Livorno 1819
1. Letters, II, No. 501, p. 98.
2. Mary, No. 71, p. 73.
3. ibid., No. 72, pp. 74–5.
4. Murray MS.
5. Poetical Works, p. 582. The final line was first printed from Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 12. p. 179 (rev.) by Judith Chernaik, The Lyrics of Shelley, 1972, p. 247.
6. ibid., p. 581.
7. Mary, No. 73, p. 76.
8. Mary’s Note to The Cenci, Poetical Works, p. 336.
9. Letters, II, No. 511, p. 114.
10. ibid., No. 502, p. 100.
11. ibid., No. 501, p. 99.
12. See Chapter 15, for Scythrop at large in Marlow.
13. Letters, II, No. 502, p. 100.
14. ibid., No. 504, p. 101 n. 2.
15. ibid., No. 505, p. 104.
16. Poetical Works, p. 295.
17. ibid., pp. 320–1.
18. ibid., p. 299.
19. Preface to The Cenci, Poetical Works, p. 277.
20. Measure for Measure, Act III, scene 1. An account of these and some of the other more glaring plagiarisms was thoughtfully drawn up by Dr Leavis in his essay on Shelley in Revaluation, 1936. But his remarks en passant on The Mask of Anarchy, and Peter Bell the Third form one of the very few pieces of good modern English literary criticism of Shelley.
21. Poetical Works, p. 332.
22. ibid., p. 337.
23. Letters, II, No. 504, pp. 102–3.
24. ibid., No. 506, p. 106.
25. ibid., No. 509, p. 110.
26. ibid., No. 508, p. 108.
27. Journal, p. 122.
28. See Mrs Julian Marshall, Life and Letters of Mary Shelley.
29. Letters, II, No. 508, p. 109.
30. Mary, No. 76, p. 83.
31. Maria Gisborne to Mary Shelley in Maria Gisborne and Edward E. Williams: Their Journals and Letters, F. L. Jones (ed.), p. 54.
32. Letters, II, No. 511, p. 114.
33. Gisborne, p. 53.
34. Letters, II, No. 510, p. 111.
35. ibid., No. 499, p. 96.
36. ibid., No. 514, p. 118.
37. ibid., No. 511, p. 114.
Chapter 22, The West Wind: Florence 1819
1. Letters, II, No. 511, p. 115.
2. ibid., No. 513, p. 117.
3. Poetical Works, p. 298.
4. R.J. White, Waterloo to Peterloo, p. 191.
5. Bamford, Autobiography, Chs. 24–5.
6. R.J. White, p. 192.
7. For an authoritative discussion of the Home Office papers, see E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class, p. 750 n. 1.
8. R.J. White, p. 194.
9. From an eye-witness in Three Accounts of Peterloo, ed. F.A. Brutton, 1921.
10. Bamford, op. cit., p. 157.
11. E. P. Thompson, op. cit., p. 754.
12. Letters, II, No. 514, p. 119.
13. Poetical Works, p. 338.
14. ibid.
15. ibid., pp. 338–9.
16. ibid., pp. 339–40.
17. ibid., p. 340.
18. ibid., p. 342.
19. ibid., p. 343.
20. ibid., p. 344.
21. ibid.
22. Letters, II, No. 515, p. 120.
23. Journal, p. 124.
24. Mary’s Note in Poetical Works, p. 345.
25. Mary, No. 75, p. 80.
26. Mary, No. 75, p. 81.
27. Letters, II, No. 517, p. 123.
28. ibid., No. 517, p. 122.
29. W.H. Wickwar, The Struggle for the Freedom of the Press 1819–1822, 1928. The whole passage on Burdett’s trial is very instructive, pp. 115–28.
30. ibid.
31. Mary’s Note in Poetical Works, p. 345.
32. Maria Gisborne and Edward E. Williams: Their Journals and Letters, p. 53.
33. Letters, II, No. 518, p. 124.
34. Mary, No. 76, p. 82.
35. Letters, II, No. 519, p. 126.
36. ibid., No. 518, p. 126.
37. Journal, p. 125–6.
38. The Unextinguished Hearth, pp. 133–42.
39. Letters, II, No. 519, p. 127.
40. The Unextinguished Hearth, p. 141.
41. ibid., p. 140.
42. ibid., p. 142.
43. Medwin, The Life of Percy Bysshe Shelley, p. 226.
44. Letters, II, No. 518, p. 126.
45. ibid., No. 519, p. 128.
46. This was almost certainly what is now the first of the three ‘Bixby Notebooks’ kept in the Huntington Library, California. Neville Rogers, in his fine examination of the Shelley notebooks in Shelley at Work, 1967, has labelled it ‘Bixby-Huntington I’.
47. ‘Bixby Huntington I’, in Rogers, op. cit., p. 222.
48. ibid., p. 224.
49. Journal, p. 125.
50. Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 12, pp. 150–1. Letters, II, No. 522, p. 130.
51. Poetical Works, p. 577.
52. Letters, II, No. 522, p. 130 n. 1.
53. Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 12, p. 63. Illustrated on back of book-jacket.
54. Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 6, p. 137, rev.
55. Rogers, op. cit., p. 19. It is a quote from Euripides’s Hercules Furens. Shelley had translated the Cyclops of Euripides earlier during the summer, and it was published in the Examiner for 10 October 1819.
56. Letters, II, No. 535, p. 160.
57. ibid., No. 524, p. 132.
58. ibid., No. 520, p. 129.
59. Mary, No. 78, p. 85.
60. Letters, II, No. 539, p. 164.
61. Poetical Works, p. 362.
62. ibid., p. 346.
63. ibid., p. 347.
64. Poetical Works, pp. 356–7.
65. ibid., pp. 350–2.
66. ibid., pp. 355–6.
67. Mary’s note in Poetical Works, p. 363.
68. Letters, II, No. 526, p. 135.
69. ibid., No. 527, p. 136 n. 1.
70. ibid., II, No. 527, p. 143.
71. The Shelley Correspondence in the Bodleian Library, ed. R.H. Hill, 1926, pp. 21–30.
72. Letters, II, No. 527, p. 147.
73. Journal, p. 126.
74. Letters, II, No. 529, p. 151.
75. ibid., No. 528, p. 150.
Chapter 23, From the Gallery: Florence 1820
1. Letters, II, No. 529, p. 151.
2. ibid., No. 531, p. 155.
3. ibid., No. 532, p. 156.
4. ibid., No. 534, p. 159.
5. ibid., No. 523 p. 158.
6. ibid., No. 530, p. 153.
7. Mary, No. 79, p. 87.
8. ibid., No. 78, p. 85.
9. ibid.
10. ibid., No. 80, p. 87.
11. Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 6, p. 136 rev.
12. A fully integrated text of the 21 stanzas was first published in a small pamphlet in 1970, England in 1819: Church, State and Poverty by W.J. McTaggart, under the imprint of the Keats–Shelley Memorial Association. This edition contains a full discussion of all
MS variants. My quotation starts from Bod. MS. and ends with Silsbee — Harrard MS.
13. Mary, No. 81, p. 88.
14. ibid., No. 81, p. 89. Grylls Claire Clairmont, p. 113.
15. Sophia Stacey’s diary has not been published, but substantial extracts are given in Shelley and his Friends in Italy by Helena Rossetti Angeli, 1911.
16. Claire, p. 116.
17. H.R. Angeli, op. cit.
18. Prose, p. 346.
19. ibid.
20. ibid., p. 347. I have not unfortunately seen the holograph of this entry, but I suspect that the polite lacuna is an editor’s — not Shelley’s.
21. ibid., p. 351.
22. ibid., p. 351.
23. ibid., p. 348.
24. Poetical Works, pp. 580, 583, 610.
25. Letters, II, No. 544, p. 167.
26. Poetical Works, p. 627. But I have adopted the reading from the Stacey MS of 1820.
27. Letters, II, No. 539, pp. 163–4.
28. ibid., No. 542, p. 165.
29. ibid., No. 539, p. 164.
30. ibid., No. 543, p. 166.
31. Poetical Works, pp. 574–5. I have altered the endline punctuation, which is introduced by Mrs Shelley in 1839.
32. ibid., p. 583.
Chapter 24, The Reformer: Pisa 1820
1. Prose, pp. 196–214.
2. Claire, p. 117.
3. ibid., pp. 116–17.
4. ibid., p. 118.
5. Letters, II, No. 545, p. 169.
6. Claire, pp. 118–19.
7. Bod. MS Shelley Adds. e. 6, pp. 172–75, rev.
8. Claire, pp. 119 and 124–5; H.R. Angeli, Shelley and his Friends in Italy, pp. 115ff.
9. Claire, p. 119.
10. Mary, No. 85, pp. 96–7.
11. ibid., p. 95.
12. Claire, p. 122.
13. Mary, No. 85, p. 96.
14. Claire, p. 126.
15. ibid., pp. 127–9.
16. Journal, p. 129.
17. Letters, II, No. 554, p. 176.
18. ibid., No. 556, p. 179.
19. Mary, No. 87, p. 101.
20. ibid., No. 90, p. 103.
21. ibid., No. 86, p. 99.
22. Claire, p. 134.
23. Letters, II, No. 554, pp. 176–7.
24. ibid., No. 555, p. 178.
25. ibid., No. 557, p. 181.
26. ibid., No. 560, p. 187.
27. ibid., n. 6.
28. ibid., No. 557, p. 180.
29. Mary, No. 91, p. 104.
30. Poetical Works, pp. 594–5.
31. ibid., p. 599.
32. Mary, No. 92, p. 106; and Journal, p. 131.
33. Letters, II, No. 568, p. 201.
34. Prose, p. 239.
35. ibid., pp. 239–40.
36. ibid., pp. 230 and 231: see also ‘A Defence of Poetry’, Prose, p. 288, where Jesus Christ is consistently treated as a ‘great Reformer’, but the Catholic church as a vicious imperialism.
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