2 Feldbaek, O. Denmark and the Armed Neutrality: 1800–1801 is the definitive study of this issue. His The Battle of Copenhagen 1801 contains an excellent summary.
3 Le Donne, J. The Russian Empire and the World 1700–1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment, pp. 54–64, 302
4 Ehrman, Pitt III, p. 398; speech in House of Commons on 2.2.1801
5 Smith, E A. Lord Grey, 1764–1845, pp. 78–9
6 Coupland, ed. The War Speeches of William Pitt the Younger, pp. 288–301. The appearance of this volume in 1915 only emphasises the extent to which that generation looked back to the French wars for inspiration.
7 Ehrman, J. The Younger Pitt: Vol.III, p. 411
8 Spencer to St Vincent 28.11.1800; Spencer IV pp. 273–4
9 St Vincent to Spencer 7.12.1800; Spencer IV pp. 274–5
10 Lord Whitworth (ex Amb.) to Spencer 18.12.1800; Spencer IV p. 275
11 Dundas to Spencer 3.1.1801 SP III pp. 287–8
12 Grenville to Carysfort 16.12.1800. Fortescue VI pp. 407–9
13 King’s speech 31.12.1800; St Vincent I p. 51
14 Dundas to Admiralty Secretary Evan Nepean 9.1.1801; ADM 1/4168
15 St Vincent was keen to get rid of old followers of Hood, including Donnett and Young, from the Channel fleet. Morriss pp. 567, 578–9
16 Admiralty to Nelson 9.1.1801; Add. 34,934 f19
17 Spencer to St Vincent 26.1.1801; Spencer IV p. 279
18 See Lyon, D. Sailing Navy List pp. 250–1 for the six vessels purchased.
19 Parker to Spencer 11.1.1801; Spencer IV pp. 275–7
20 Thesiger to Spencer 16.1.1801; Spencer IV pp. 278–9
21 Nelson to Spencer 17.1.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 274–5
22 Admiralty to Nelson 17 and 18.1.1801; Add. 34,934 f25 and 34,923 f25
23 St Vincent to Spencer 23.1.1801; Spencer IV p. 264
24 St Vincent to Nelson 26.1.1801; Croker Collection, NMM 10
25 Nelson to Emma 25.1.1801; Morrison II pp. 108–9. Pettigrew printed many of these letters in the 1840s, but this quote, and much of the other interesting matter, was edited out.
26 Nelson to Emma 26 and 28.1.1801; Morrison pp. 1909–10, and Nicolas IV p. 279.
27 Nelson to Emma 14.2.1801; Morrison II pp. 114–15
28 Nelson to Emma 19 and 22.2.1801; Morrison II pp. 118–21
29 ADM 3/144N
30 Lord Grenville to Admiralty 2.2.1801; FO13/1
31 Nelson to Admiralty 2.2.1801; Nicolas IV p. 282
32 St Vincent to Nepean 9.2. Spencer IV p. 265
33 The Nelson–Troubridge Correspondence in CRK/14 and Naval Miscellany I is critical to this process, and the inner history of the campaign.
34 St Vincent to Simcoe 22.2.1801; St Vincent Papers I p. 82. Dundas to Admiralty 23.2.1801 and Dundas to Duke of York (Secret) 23.2.1801; ADM 1/4168. The Cumloden Papers.
35 Secretary of State to Admiralty 23.2.1801; ADM 1/4168
36 Admiralty to Nelson 26.2.1801; Add. 34,934 f. 32
37 Nelson to Emma 1, 4, 6 and 11.3.1801,; to Wife 4.3.1801; Morrison II pp. 123–9
38 St Vincent to Nelson 8.3.1801; St Vincent I p. 84
39 Nelson to Troubridge 7 and 10.3.1801; Laughton, J.K. ed. The Naval Miscellany I, Navy Records Society 1901 pp. 415–18. St Vincent to Hyde Parker 11.3.1801; St Vincent I pp. 86–7
40 Nelson to Troubridge 11.3.1801; Miscellany I p. 419
41 Nelson to Troubridge 7.3.1801; Miscellany I pp. 414–15
42 Nelson to Troubridge 10 and 29.3.1801; Miscellany I pp. 417–18 and 424–5
43 Order of Battle 10.4.1801; Add. 34,918 f.16.
44 Dundas to Admiralty (Secret) 14.3.1801; ADM 1/4186
45 Admiralty to Hyde Parker (Secret) 15.3.1801; Add.34,934 f. 38
46 Nelson to Troubridge 16.3.1801; Miscellany I pp. 420–1
47 Vansittart to Hawkesbury 14.3.1801; Add. 31,233 f. 11–9
48 Vansittart to Hawkesbury 19.3.1801; Add. 31,233 f. 34
49 Hyde Parker’s Journal 22.3.1801; ADM 50/65.
50 Cumloden Papers 23.3.1801. Hyde-Parker to Admiralty 23.3.1801; ADM 1/ 4 39 and 48
51 Nelson to Hyde– Parker 24.3.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 2956
52 Hyde Parker to Nelson 24.3.17801; CRK/8 53 Cumloden Papers 24.3.1801
54 Ibid. 26.3.1801
55 Domett to Nelson 26.3.1801; CRK/4
56 Nelson to Troubridge 29.3.1801; Miscellany 1 pp. 424–5
57 Nelson to Emma 30.3.1801; Morrison II p. 132
58 Parker’s Journal 31.3. and 1.4.1801 ADM 50/65
59 Cumloden Papers 31.3 and 1.4.1801
60 The key words in the Stewart quote are usually given as ‘jug’ and ‘bale’, but these make no sense. Allowances should be made for Nelson’s accent and the noise of battle. Nelson to Berry 9.3.1801; Nicolas IV p. 292
61 Minto letter of 19.5.1801; Minto III p. 219
62 Nelson to Davison 4.4.1801; Nicolas VII p. ccv
63 Hamond to Captain Andrew Hamond 5.4.1801; Hamond Papers, Duke University
64 She became HMS Nassau and captured another Danish battleship in 1808
65 The main focus of literature on this campaign has been the Slagt por Reden, the battle for the roadstead. This has diverted attention from the wider aims of the campaign, and the impact this terrifying demonstration of power had on European opinion.
66 Nelson to Emma 6.4.1801; Morrison II p. 135. Nelson to St Vincent 9.4.1801; Nicolas IV p. 341
67 Nelson to Admiralty 9.4.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 339–41. Nelson to Troubridge 9.3.1801; Miscellany I p. 427
68 Nelson to Minto 9.4.1801; Nicolas IV p. 342
69 Balfour to Nelson 17.4.1801; CRK/2
70 St Vincent to Parker 5.4.1801; St Vincent I pp. 88–9
71 Parker to Admiralty 9.4.1801; ADM 1/ 4
72 Typically Bligh, who had fought like a lion, was so unsure of himself as to ask Nelson for a testimonial, which he was told was ‘perfectly unnecessary’. Nelson to St Vincent 14.4.1801; Nicolas IV p. 343
73 Hobart to Admiralty 16.4.1801 Secret; ADM1/4187. Admiralty to Parker 17.4.1801 Secret; Add.34,934 f. 43
74 Spencer to Nelson 19.4.1801; CRK/10
75 St Vincent to Lord Mayor 15.4.1801 to Parker, Nelson 17.4.1801; St Vincent I pp. 89–91
76 Davison to Nelson 4.4.1801; CRK/3
77 St Vincent to Nelson 25.4.1801; St Vincent I p. 93. Nelson to Maurice 15.4.1801; Nicolas IV p. 138
78 Admiralty to Nelson 21.4.1801; Add. 34,934 f. 57
79 St Vincent to Nelson 21.4.1801; St Vincent I pp. 92–3
80 St Vincent to King 21.4.11801; Aspinall, George III 1798–1801. p. 517
81 Parker to Admiralty 25.4.1801; ADM 1 /4 65. Parker to Nelson 23.4.1801; CRK/8
82 Nelson to Emma 20 and 23.4.1801; Morrison II pp. 139 and 142
83 Nelson to Davison 23.4.1801; Naish pp. 586–7. Nelson to Troubridge 23.4.1801; Miscellany I p. 429
84 Nelson to Troubridge 28.4.1801; Miscellany 1 pp. 431–2
85 Nelson to Davison 22.4.1801; Nicolas VII pp. ccvii–ix. Parker to Admiralty 30.4.1801; ADM 1/ 470. St Vincent to Nelson 1.5.1801; St Vincent I p. 94
86 Hyde Parker to Nelson 9.4.1801; CRK/8
87 St Vincent to Lord Hawkesbury (Foreign Secretary) 4.5.1801; St Vincent I PP. 94–5
88 Hobart to Admiralty 5.5.1801; ADM 1/4187. Admiralty to Nelson 6.5.1801 (Secret); Add. 34,918 f. 86
89 St Vincent to Duckworth (C.in.C. West Indies) 15.5.1801; St Vincent to Hawkesbury 21.5.1801; St Vincent 1 pp. 96–7
90 Nelson to Admiralty, Davison, St Vincent, Addington 5.5.1801; Nelson to Admiralty 7.5.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 352–9. Nelson to Troubridge 7.5.1801; Miscellany I pp. 432–3. Cumloden Papers.
91 Nelson to Emma 5.5.1801; Morrison II p. 144
92 Nelson to Admiralty 5.5.1801; ADM 1/ 4 71 and 74
93 Nelson to Vansittart 12.5.1801; Nicolas IV p. 368
94 Nelson to St Vincent 16.5.1801; Nicolas IV p. 370. Cumloden Papers.
95 Garlike to Nelson
15.5.1801; FO 95/217
96 Nelson to St Vincent 16.5.1801; Nelson to Davison 12.5.1801; quote Nicolas IV pp. 370 and 373.
97 Nelson to Admiralty 17.5.1801; Nicolas IV 375.
98 St Vincent Standing Orders 25.4.1801; Add. 34,918 f. 52.
99 Nelson to Admiralty 22.5.1801; ADM 1/4 81–3 and 86. are typical.
100 Nelson to Lord Carysfort (Minister at Berlin) 19.5.1801; Nicolas IV p. 375. Dr Baird to Sick and Hurt Board 10.5.1801; Baird to Nelson 30.5.1801; Add. 34,918 f59 and 65.
101 Nelson to Admiralty 23.5.1801; Nicolas IV p. 383
102 Nelson to Admiralty 23.5.1801; ADM 1/4 90, enclosing Fremantle to Nelson 23.5.1801; CRK/5
103 Nelson to St Vincent 22.5.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 379–80
104 Lambert, The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–1856, p. 74
105 Nelson to St Helen’s 22.5.1801; Nelson to Admiralty 23.5.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 380–3
106 Garlike to Hawkesbury (Secret) 24.5.1801; FO 95/217
107 Nelson to Count Pahlen 26.5.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 393–4
108 St Vincent to King 24.5.1801; Aspinall, George III pp. 542–3
109 St Vincent to King 30.5.1801; Aspinall, George III p. 545
110 St Vincent to Addington and Nelson 31.5.18o1; St Vincent I pp. 100–1
111 Nepean to Nelson (Personal) 31.5.1801; Add. 34,918 f. 67
112 Hood to Nelson 1.6.1801: CRK/6
113 Admiralty to Nelson 31.5.1801; Add. 34,934 f. 98
114 Admiralty to Nelson 8.6.1801; Add 34,934 f. 112
115 Hobart to Admiralty 12.6.1801 (Secret); ADM 1/4187
116 Nelson to Admiralty St Vincent 12.6.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 411–12
117 Nelson to Ball 4.6.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 400–1
118 St Vincent to Nelson 3.6.1801; St Vincent 1 p. 103
119 Nelson to Admiralty 13.6.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 413–14. Nelson to Davison 15.6.1801; Nicolas IV p. 416
120 St Helen’s Hawkesbury 18.6.1801; FO 95/217.
121 Totty to Nelson 16.6.1801; CRK/12
122 Nelson to Admiralty 12.6.1801; ADM 1/4 108. Admiralty to Nelson 26.6.1801; Add. 34, 934 f. 119
123 Admiral Pole’s Journal 21.6.1801; ADM 50/43
124 Pole to Admiralty 26.6.1801; ADM 1/4 123. Pole Journal 26.6.1801; ADM 50/43
125 Pole to Nelson 30.7.1801; CRK/10
126 Pole to Admiralty 9.8.1801; and endorsement of 10.9.1801; ADM 1/ 4
127 Nelson to Nepean 29.6.1801; ADM /4 127
CHAPTER XII
1 Gash, Lord Liverpool, pp. 41–2
2 Monaque, ‘Latouche Tréville; the Admiral who defied Nelson’
3 St Vincent to King George III 24.7.1801; George III p. 582. Admiralty to Nelson 26.7.1801; Morrison II pp. 157–9. St Vincent to Admiral Lutwidge 24.7.1801; St Vincent pp. 125–6. Lutwidge had been Nelson’s captain on the Arctic expedition. Nelson Memorandum 25.7.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 425–8
4 White, ‘The Public Oder Book’, pp. 253–5 gives a full list.
5 Nelson to Admiralty 27 and 28.7.1801; to St Vincent 28.7.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 429–32.
6 It had opened in 1796. Wilson, The Old Telegraphs, pp. 17–20
7 St Vincent to Nelson 29.7.1801; CRK/11. also St Vincent 1 pp. 127–8
8 Nelson to Admiralty 30.7.1801; to St Vincent 30 and 31.7.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 432–3. St Vincent to Nelson 31.7.1801; CRK/11 and St Vincent I pp. 128–9
9 Nelson to Addington 31.7.1801; Nicolas IV p. 434
10 Ware, C. The Bomb Vessel: Shore Bombardment in the Age of Sail, pp. 54–8
11 Nelson to St Vincent 2.8.1801; Nicolas IV p. 434. St Vincent to Nelson 3.8.1801; CRK/11
12 Nelson to Lutwidge and Admiralty 3.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 435–8
13 Nelson to Admiralty 4.8.1801; to Addington (quote) 4.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp.438–41
14 Nelson to Clarence 5.8.1801; Nicolas IV p. 441
15 Nelson to Admiralty; to Captains of the Sea Fencibles 6.8.1801; Nicolas IV PP. 443–5
16 Nelson to St Vincent 6.8.1801; Nicolas IV p. 445
17 St Vincent to Nelson 7 and 8.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 131–3
18 Nelson to St Vincent 7.8.1801 and Nelson to Admiralty 10.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 446–7 and 451–2
19 Nelson to St Vincent 10.8.1801; Nicolas IV p. 449
20 Nelson to Emma 11.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 454–5
21 Nelson to Emma 4.8.1801; Morrison II p. 160
22 Wareham pp. 145–7.
23 Owen to Nelson 9.8.1801; Add. 34,918 ff. 123 and 125.
24 Nelson to Bedford 10.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 452–3
25 Troubridge to Nelson 13.8.1801; CRK/13
26 St Vincent to Nelson 10, 11 and 12.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 133–6
27 Nelson to St Vincent 13.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 456–7
28 Nelson to Davison 13.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 458–9
29 Collingwood to Edward Collingwood 13.8.1801; Owen ed. Miscellany VI PP. 173–5
30 St Vincent to Nelson 14.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 135–6
31 Nelson to Admiralty; to St Vincent 16.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 464–7
32 St Vincent to King 17.8.1801; George III p. 594
33 Addington to Nelson 17.8.1801; CRK/1, St Vincent to Nelson 17.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 136–7. Nelson to Squadron Captains 18.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 471–2.
34 Nelson to Emma 18.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 473–4
35 Hood to Cornwallis 31.8.1801; Manuscripts of Cornwallis p. 395
36 St Vincent to Nelson 18.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 137–8. Addington to Nelson I9.8.1801; CRK/1
37 Nelson to Addington 21.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 474–6
38 Nelson to Admiralty 23.8.1801; Nicolas IVB pp. 476–7
39 Troubridge to Nelson 13.8.1801; CRK/13. Owen to Nelson 21.8.1801; CRK/9. Owen to Nelson 22.8.1801; Add. 34,918 f. 189. Nelson to Owen 23.8.1801; Nicolas IV p. 476.
40 Nelson to Lutwidge and St Vincent 24.8.1801. Nelson to Admiralty 25.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 477–80.
41 Nelson to Stewart 26.8.1801; Cumloden Papers.
42 St Vincent to Nelson 19 and 26.8.1801; St Vincent I pp. 138–40. Troubridge to Nelson 28.8.1801; CRK/13
43 Nelson to Davison 31.8.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 481–2
44 St Vincent to Countess of Malmesbury 20.8.1801; St Vincent I p. 209
45 Nepean to Nelson 28.8.1801; Add. 34,918 f. 200
46 Haslewood to Nelson 25.8., 31.8. and 2.9.1801; Add. 34,918 ff. 193, 210, 215
47 Nelson to Davison 18.12.1801; Nicolas IV p. 556
48 Troubridge to Nelson 20.9.1801; CRK/13
49 Troubridge to Nelson 9 and 12.9.1801; CRK/13
50 Nelson to Hercules Ross 12.9.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 487–8
51 Nelson to Davison 14.9.1801; Nicolas IV p. 489
52 Nelson to Admiralty 14.9.1801; to St Vincent 15.9.1801; Nicolas p. 487–90
53 St Vincent to Nelson 14, 21 and 22.9.1801; St Vincent I pp. 144–5
54 Nelson to Stewart 23.9.1801; Cumloden Papers
55 W. Owen to Nelson 26.9.1801; CRK/9. Nelson to Owen 1.10.1801; Nelson to Admiralty 3.10.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 500–2. Burrows, E. H. Captain Owen of the African Survey, 1774–1857, Rotterdam, 1979, pp. 31–2.
56 Nelson to St Vincent 29.9.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 499–500
57 St Vincent to Nelson 2 and 5. 10.1801; St Vincent I p. 146
58 Nelson to Lutwidge 3.10.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 503–4
59 Nelson to Admiralty 3 and 4.10.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 502–5
60 Nelson to St Vincent 4?.10.1801; Nicolas IV p. 505. George III to Addington 20.9.1801; Aspinall, George III p. 613.
61 Addington to Nelson 8.10.1801; Nelson to Davison 9.10.1801, to Addington and St Vincent 10.10.1801; Nicolas pp. 506–8. Nelson to Lutwidge 14.10.1801; Nicolas IV p. 511
62 Nelson to Admiralty 14 and 15.10.1801; Nicolas IV p. 511
63 St Vincent to Nelson 20 and 24.10.1801; St Vincent I pp. 147–8
64 Addington to Nelson 26.10.1801; Add. 34,918 f. 290.
65 Nicolas
IV pp. 520–1
66 Nelson to St Vincent 29.9.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 499–500. Nelson to Lord Mayor, Addington, St Vincent 20.11.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 524–7
67 Nelson to St Vincent 21.11.1801; Nicolas IV p. 527
68 St Vincent to Addington 3.1.1802; St VINCENT I pp. 105
69 Addington to Nelson 27.11.1801; Nicolas IV pp. 525–6
70 Cumloden Papers. Admiral of the Fleet Sir Graham Eden Hamond (1779–1862) commanded the Blanche in the battle. Hamond Papers; William R. Perkins Library, Duke University.
71 Nelson to Sir Brooke Boothby 1.5.1802; Nicolas IV pp. 12–13
72 Baird to Nelson 27.1.1803; CRK/1
73 Nelson to Suckling 15.4.1802; Nelson to Mrs Bolton 11.6 1802; Nicolas V pp. 10 and 15
74 Ball to Emma 30.4.1802; Morrison II p. 187
75 Diary entry 4.1.1810 at Bath; Bickley, F. ed. The Diaries of Sylvester Douglas, Lord Glenbervie, London, 1928, II, p. 50.
76 Guerin, Horatia Nelson, pp. 24–58 is very hostile and a powerful corrective to the usual gushing romantic nonsense.
77 Nelson to McArthur 23 and 28.4.1802; 7.5.1802; 11.6.1802; Nicolas V pp. 11–15.
78 Nelson to St Vincent 28.1.1803; endorsed by Nelson 25.2.1803; Nicolas V pp. 40–1. Nelson gave up some of his own share to ensure that Stewart took the same proportion as a junior flag officer. Clearly he had impressed Nelson as much as Nelson had impressed him.
79 e.g. over Malta see; Ziegler, Addington pp. 120, 124. Nelson to Boothby 1.5.1802; Nicolas V pp. 12–13. Nelson to Addington 17.7.1802; Nicolas VII p. ccxii.
80 Nelson to Addington 31.1.1802; Nicolas V p. 3
81 Addington to Nelson 19.2.1802 and 30.5.1802; Morrison II pp. 185–6. and CRK/1. See Ziegler at pp. 139–40 for Addington’s Episcopal appointments.
82 Nelson to Addington 23.2.1802, 25.3.1802; Nicolas V pp. 6 and 8–9
83 Nelson to Addington 30.6.1804; Ziegler p. 226
84 Nelson to Troubridge 17.2.1802; Nicolas V p. 5
85 Nelson to Sutton 15.1. and 6.2.1802. Nicolas V p. 2
86 Nelson to St Vincent 16.6.1802; Nicolas V p. 16
87 Ziegler, p. 101
88 Nelson to Boothby 1.5.1802; Nicolas V pp. 12–13
89 Stewart to Nelson 10.10.1802; Morrison II pp. 198–9. Nelson to Stewart 12.10.1802; Cumloden Papers
90 Nelson to Davison 11 and 14.9.1802; Nicolas V pp. 29–31
Nelson: Britannia's God of War Page 57