by Nikil Saval
56. Ibid., 289.
57. Le Corbusier, When the Cathedrals Were White, 51–53.
58. Ibid., 52.
59. Ibid., 54–55.
60. Ibid., 53.
61. Reyner Banham, The Architecture of the Well-Tempered Environment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 157–58.
62. Ibid., 172–74.
63. Carol Willis, Form Follows Finance (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1995), 136.
64. Ibid., 137.
65. Mumford, “The Lesson of the Master,” The New Yorker, September 13 (1958): 141.
66. Lewis Mumford, “A Disoriented Symbol,” in From the Ground Up: Observations on Contemporary Architecture, Housing, Highway Building, and Civic Design (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1956), 49–50.
67. Quoted in Carol Herselle Krinsky, Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988), 18.
68. Mumford, “House of Glass,” in From the Ground Up, 161.
69. Manfredo Tafuri and Francesco Dal Co, Architettura contemporanea (Milan: Mondadori, 1976), 381.
70. Quoted in Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 139.
71. See Phyllis Lambert, Building Seagram (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2013), 170–71.
72. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961), 168.
73. Arthur Drexler, “Transformations in Modern Architecture,” lecture delivered at the Museum of Modern Art, April 10, 1979, on the occasion of exhibition #1250, Transformations in Modern Architecture, on view February 21–April 24, 1979. Sound Recordings of Museum-Related Events, 79:29, Museum of Modern Art Archives, quoted in Felicity D. Scott, “An Army of Shadows or a Meadow: The Seagram Building and the ‘Art of Modern Architecture,’ ” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 3 (September 2011), 331.
5: ORGANIZATION MEN AND WOMEN
1. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: HarperCollins, 2008 [1947]), 128.
2. Louise A. Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism: A History of Suburban Corporate Landscapes (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011), 23.
3. Philip Herrera, “That Manhattan Exodus,” Fortune, June 1967, 144, quoted in ibid., 24.
4. “Should Management Move to the Country?,” Fortune, December 1952, 143, quoted in Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 24.
5. “Should Management Move to the Country?,” 168, quoted in Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 26.
6. Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 62.
7. Jon Gertner, The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the American Age of Innovation (New York: Penguin, 2012), 77.
8. Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 63.
9. “At Bell Labs, Industrial Research Looks like Bright College Years,” BusinessWeek, February 6, 1954, 74–75, quoted in Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 62.
10. Francis Bello, “The World’s Greatest Industrial Laboratory,” Fortune, November 1958, 148, quoted in Mozingo, Pastoral Capitalism, 63.
11. Phillip G. Hofstra, “Florence Knoll, Design, and the Modern American Office Workplace” (PhD diss., University of Kansas, 2008), 65.
12. See Bobbye Tigerman, “ ‘I Am Not a Decorator’: Florence Knoll, the Knoll Planning Unit, and the Making of the Modern Office,” Journal of Design History 20, no. 1 (2007): 65.
13. “A Dramatic New Office Building,” Fortune, September 1957, 230.
14. Alexandra Lange, “Tower Typewriter and Trademark: Architects, Designers, and the Corporate Utopia” (PhD diss., New York University, 2005), 46.
15. “Dramatic New Office Building,” 169.
16. Joe Alex Morris, “It’s Nice to Work in the Country,” Saturday Evening Post, July 5, 1958, 70, quoted in Lange, “Tower Typewriter and Trademark,” 44.
17. Quoted in Lange, “Tower Typewriter and Trademark,” 45.
18. “Insurance Sets a Pattern,” Architectural Forum, September 1957, 127, quoted in Lange, “Tower Typewriter and Trademark,” 21.
19. Richard Yates, Revolutionary Road (1961; New York: Vintage, 2000), 59.
20. Richard Edwards, Contested Terrain: The Transformation of the Workplace in the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1979), 74.
21. Ibid., 77.
22. See Robert Brenner, The Economics of Global Turbulence: The Advanced Capitalist Economies from Long Boom to Long Downturn, 1945–2005 (New York: Verso, 2008), 58–59.
23. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 138.
24. See Everett M. Kassalow, “White Collar Trade Unions in the United States,” in White Collar Trade Unions: Contemporary Developments in Industrialized Societies, ed. Adolf Sturmthal (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1966), 308.
25. Ibid., 85.
26. Reinhold Martin, The Organizational Complex: Architecture, Media, and Corporate Space (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), 166.
27. Quoted in ibid., 159.
28. Merrill Schleier, Skyscraper Cinema: Architecture and Gender in American Film (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 256.
29. Ibid., 233.
30. Quoted in ibid., 240.
31. David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character, with Nathan Glazer and Reuel Denney (1961; New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), 136.
32. Joseph Heller, Something Happened (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 14.
33. Harrington, Life in the Crystal Palace, 148.
34. William H. Whyte Jr., The Organization Man (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1956), 82.
35. Ibid., 71.
36. Ibid., 72–73.
37. Ibid., 74.
38. Ibid., 64.
39. William H. Whyte Jr., Is Anybody Listening? How and Why U.S. Business Fumbles When It Talks with Human Beings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1952), 57.
40. Ibid., 65, 72.
41. Ibid., 4.
42. Quoted in Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st-Century Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 43.
43. Quoted in Whyte, Is Anybody Listening?, 15.
44. See Whyte, Organization Man, 171–201.
45. Ibid., 173.
46. Sloan Wilson, The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1955), 15–17.
47. Whyte, Organization Man, 251.
48. Ibid., 132.
49. Wilson, Man in the Gray Flannel Suit, 304.
50. Alan Harrington, Life in the Crystal Palace (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959), 32–33.
51. Ibid., 112.
52. Riesman, Lonely Crowd, 163.
53. Schleier, Skyscraper Cinema, 226.
54. Whyte, Is Anybody Listening?, 180.
55. Ibid., 146.
56. Ibid.
57. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation, 105.
58. Quoted in Whyte, Is Anybody Listening?, 151.
59. Quoted in Ibid., 162.
60. Helen Gurley Brown, Sex and the Office (New York: B. Geis & Associates, 1964), 285.
61. Ibid., 183.
62. Jennifer Scanlon, Bad Girls Go Everywhere: The Life of Helen Gurley Brown (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1.
63. Ibid., 15.
64. Brown, Sex and the Office, 286.
65. Scanlon, Bad Girls Go Everywhere, 24.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid., 28.
68. Brown, Sex and the Office, 3.
69. Ibid., 9.
70. Ibid., 12.
71. Ibid., 59.
6: OPEN PLANS
1. Robert Propst, The Office: A Facility Based on Change (Elmhurst, Ill.: Business Press, 1968), 25.
2. Stanley Abercrombie, George Nelson: The Design of Modern Design (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), 210.
3. Salesmarts magazine, Herman Miller Archives.
4. Tom Pratt, “A View of Robert Propst,” March 8, 1985, Herman Miller Archives.
5. John R. Berry and Herman Miller: The Purpose of Design (New York: Rizzoli, 2009),
117.
6. Edward T. Hall, The Silent Language (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959), 169.
7. Edward T. Hall, The Hidden Dimension (1966; New York: Doubleday, 1982), 4.
8. Ibid., 54.
9. Thomas Frank, The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 21–22.
10. Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960), 12.
11. Ibid.
12. According to Paul Leinberger and Bruce Tucker, The New Individualists: The Generation After “The Organization Man” (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 189.
13. Frank, Conquest of Cool, 22.
14. See Mauro F. Guillén, Models of Management: Work, Authority, and Organization in Comparative Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 58–65.
15. Ibid., 67.
16. Anonymous, “Why White Collar Workers Can’t Be Organized,” Harper’s, August 1957, 48.
17. Ibid.
18. Harry R. Dick, “The Office Worker: Attitudes Toward Self, Labor, and Management,” Sociological Quarterly 3, no. 1 (1962): 50.
19. Peter Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines to Our Changing Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1969), 269.
20. Ibid., 270.
21. See Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management, 61.
22. Drucker, Age of Discontinuity, 277.
23. Peter Drucker, The New Society: Anatomy of Industrial Order (New York: Harper & Row), 357.
24. Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962), 396–97.
25. Ibid., 41.
26. Francis Duffy, “The Case for Bürolandschaft,” in The Changing Workplace, ed. Patrick Hannay (London: Phaidon Press, 1992), 10.
27. “Landscaping: An Environmental System,” in Office Landscaping (Elmhurst, Ill.: Business Press, 1969), 13.
28. Francis Duffy, “Commerce: The Office,” unpublished, 1.
29. Francis Duffy, “The Princeton Dissertation,” in Hannay, Changing Workplace, 79.
30. Propst mentions it in his article “The Action Office,” Journal of the Human Factors Society 8, no. 4 (1966): 303: “This work was given considerable additional impetus by information coming from Germany concerning a system of office planning called Bürolandschaft, which literally means ‘office landscape’ and which emphasis [sic] open offices with free furniture grouping. The resulting irregular arrangements eliminate the possibility of using traditional rectangular office areas, and this outcome is claimed to increase flexibility in the consideration and use of space, result in a more intensive use of space, reduce office noise by eliminating sound-reflective partitions, and provide window views for more workers.”
31. This picture is a composite of Henry Panzarelli, “A Testimonial to Life in a Landscape,” in Office Landscaping, 55–59; and Duffy, “Case for Bürolandschaft,” 11–23.
32. Propst, quoted in Howard Sutton, Background Information, Action Office, January 25, 1965, Herman Miller Archives.
33. Ibid.
34. Abercrombie, George Nelson, 9.
35. George Nelson, “Peak Experiences and the Creative Act,” Mobilia 265/266, 12.
36. Mina Hamilton, “Herman Miller in Action,” Industrial Design, January 1965, quoted in Abercrombie, George Nelson, 213; William K. Zinsser, “But Where Will I Keep My Movie Magazines,” Saturday Evening Post, January 16, 1965, quoted in Abercrombie, George Nelson, 213.
37. Propst, The Office: A Facility Based on Change, 49.
38. Ibid., 25.
39. Ibid., 29.
40. Sylvia Porter, “Revolution Hits the Office,” New York Post, June 3, 1969.
41. Julie Schlosser, “Cubicles: The Great Mistake,” Fortune, March 2006, http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/09/magazines/fortune/cubicle_howiwork_fortune/.
42. Quoted in Abercrombie, George Nelson, 219.
43. Peter Hall, “Doug Ball Digs Out of the Cube,” Metropolis, July 2006, http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20060619/doug-ball-digs-out-of-the-cube.
44. John Pile, Open Office Planning (New York: Whitney Library of Design, 1978), 14.
45. Propst, “Notes on Proposal for Repositioning Action Office,” January 23, 1978, Herman Miller Archives.
46. Van Meel, European Office, 38.
47. Quoted in ibid., 37.
48. Quoted in ibid., 39.
49. Ibid.
50. Yvonne Abraham, “The Man Behind the Cubicle,” Metropolis, November 1998.
51. Francis Duffy, interview with author, July 14, 2012.
7: SPACE INVADERS
1. Betty Lehan Harragan, Games Mother Never Taught You: Corporate Gamesmanship for Women (New York: Warner Books, 1977), 286–87.
2. See Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation, 34.
3. Don DeLillo, Americana (New York: Penguin, 1971), 20.
4. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation, 57.
5. Ibid., 56.
6. Studs Terkel, Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 56.
7. “Advertising’s Creative Explosion,” Newsweek, August 18, 1969, quoted in Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Classes (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989), 176.
8. Quoted in John P. Fernandez, Black Managers in White Corporations (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1975), 39.
9. Quoted in ibid., 95.
10. John P. Fernandez, Racism and Sexism in Corporate Life (New York: D. C. Heath, 1981), 53.
11. Floyd Dickens Jr. and Jacqueline B. Dickens, The Black Manager: Making It in the Corporate World (New York: AMACOM, 1982), 56.
12. Ibid., 57.
13. See Ivan Berg, Education and Jobs (New York: Praeger, 1970), 93.
14. George de Mare, Corporate Lives: A Journey into the Corporate World, with Joanne Summerfield (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976), 57.
15. Quoted in Eric Darton, Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York’s World Trade Center (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 141.
16. Charles Jencks, The Language of Post-modern Architecture (New York: Rizzoli, 1978), 9.
17. Ibid., 15.
18. Philip Johnson, “Whither Away: Non-Miesian Directions,” in Philip Johnson: Writings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 227, 230.
19. Quoted in Emmanuel Petit, introduction to Philip Johnson: The Constancy of Change (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009), 2.
20. Marisa Bartolucci, “550 Madison Avenue,” Metropolis, October 1993, 28.
21. Kazys Varnelis, “Philip Johnson’s Empire: Network Power and the AT&T Building,” in Philip Johnson: The Constancy of Change, 128.
22. Mark Lamster, “Highboy Hullabaloo,” Design Observer, September 11, 2010, http://observatory.designobserver.com/entry.html?entry=20608.
23. Maurice Carroll, “AT&T to Build New Headquarters Tower at Madison and 55th Street,” New York Times, March 31, 1978, quoted in ibid., 129.
24. “His Office Designs Fulfill Human Needs,” Milwaukee Sentinel, July 21, 1978, 12.
25. Michael Sorkin, Exquisite Corpse: Writing on Buildings (New York: Verso, 1991), 12.
26. Quoted in John Pastier, “ ‘First Monument of a Loosely Defined Style’: Michael Graves’ Portland Building,” in American Architecture of the 1980s (Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press, 1990), xxi.
27. Bartolucci, “550 Madison Avenue,” 33. See also Lamster, “Highboy Hullabaloo.”
28. Jeffrey H. Keefe and Rosemary Batt, “United States,” in Telecommunications: Restructuring Work and Employment Relationships Worldwide (Ithaca, N.Y.: International Labor Relations Press, 1997), 54.
29. Quoted in Jill Andresky Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop: The Deterioration of Work and Its Rewards in Corporate America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), 129.
30. Tom Peters, “Tom Peters’ True Confessions,” Fast Company, December 2001, http://www.fastcompany.com/44077/tom-peterss-true-confessions.
31. William S. Ouchi, Theory Z: How American Business Can Meet the Japanese Challenge (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1981).
32. Ibid., 17.
33. Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman Jr., In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies (New York: Harper & Row, 1982).
34. Ibid., 15.
35. Quoted in Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop, 117.
36. Amanda Bennett, The Death of the Organization Man (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 98.
37. Andrew S. Grove, Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That Challenge Every Company and Career (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 1996), quoted in Fraser, White-Collar Sweatshop, 155.
38. Peters and Waterman, In Search of Excellence, 80.
39. Quoted in Bennett, Death of the Organization Man, 141.
40. “Commentary: Help! I’m a Prisoner in a Shrinking Cubicle!,” BusinessWeek, August 3, 1997.
41. “Nearly Half of Americans Indicate Their Bathroom Is Larger Than Their Office Cubicle,” Fellowes press release, July 17, 2007.
42. “Texas Reduces Prison Overcrowding with Breakaway Construction Program,” PR Newswire, June 29, 1994.
43. Catherine Strong, “Prison Labor Has Monopoly Contracts but Delivers Late,” Associated Press, August 11, 1998.
44. “Air Makes Workers Ill,” Reuters, June 6, 1991.
45. Scott Haggert, “Making the Office Fit to Work,” Financial Post (Canada), November 25, 1991.
46. John Markoff, “Where the Cubicle Is Dead,” New York Times, April 25, 1993.
47. Sheila McGovern, “Working in Comfort,” Gazette (Montreal), January 17, 1994.
48. Kirk Johnson, “In New Jersey, I.B.M. Cuts Space, Frills, and Private Desks,” New York Times, March 14, 1994.
49. Scott Adams, The Dilbert Principle: A Cubicle-Eye View of Bosses, Meetings, Management Fads & Other Workplace Afflictions (New York: HarperBusiness, 1996), 4.
50. Yvonne Abraham, “The Man Behind the Cubicle,” Metropolis, November 1998.
51. See Stewart Brand, How Buildings Learn (New York: Viking Penguin, 1994), 170.
52. Work in America: Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973), 38.