by D. K. Wilson
As I followed the long curve of the river, the sprawl of Whitehall came into view on the opposite bank. Ahead of me stood the high wall encompassing the archbishop’s town residence at Lambeth. State and church glowering at each other across the water. Rivals for power. Each believing in its own God-given authority and prepared to go to any lengths to defend it. Cromwell’s new England would be a kingdom in which the pope no longer had any place and the bishops would be stripped of most of their power. To realise his dream, monks and nuns were being turned out of their cloisters and protesters executed as traitors. To defend the old ways, the ancient truths they and their fathers had grown up in, priests were stirring peaceful countrymen to bloody rebellion. Appalling means justified by desirable ends.
The track over which Dickon picked his way now lay across a narrow swathe of meadow between the river and a thick belt of trees. I dismounted, led him down to the water’s edge and let him drink. Then, I tethered him to a severed stump to graze while I sat on a ruined wall – all that remained of an earlier generation’s vain attempt to hold back the frequent floods that overran this area.
What of the Incents? I wondered. Were they not typical of priests who believed themselves called to defend their people from error and, in pursuing this holy vocation, were prepared to pry into other people’s lives, to make accusations of heresy, to urge men and women to denounce their neighbours, to sanction imprisonment, torture and death by burning for those who did not believe the ‘right’ things?
Then there were the Seagraves. What had impelled them to seek my destruction? Revenge? Family honour? I pondered on the evils perpetrated in the name of rough justice. To my certain knowledge there were at least four fine families decimated and impoverished by feuds that had raged for generations.
I drew my travelling cloak more tightly round me and pulled the hood further over my head. A cutting wind was thrusting at me from the river. Yet I did not want to move. Not yet. Not till I had finished unravelling the coils that had bound themselves round my life during that dreadful year. I remembered my days in Antwerp. Were the members of the English House honourable people, uncorrupted by good motives? From their safe haven they were promoting revolution in their own land. The books they smuggled into England were inspiring literate men and women to defy ancient custom, to challenge the authority of the bishops, to tear down altars and shrines, to set neighbour against neighbour and even children against parents. They believed passionately in their New Learning and cared little what means must be used to drive out old falsehood. Tyndale had devoted himself tirelessly to translating the Bible into his mother tongue. What could be more honourable than that? But in so doing he had flouted the laws of church and state, defied his king and involved others in his intellectual and spiritual rebellion.
And that brought my thoughts back to Robert. Was that intelligent, noble, sensitive friend clear of the taint of using questionable means to secure desirable ends? Sadly, no. He and the other Christian Brothers were ardent in their belief that the Bible should be freely available to all who could read it and that this one book would change English society for the better. But to bring all this about they had, for some years, been operating a clandestine operation in defiance of king, bishops and the law. Their activities had placed many people in danger, including some of their friends. I thought of poor Thomas Poyntz and his family, separated – perhaps for ever – by his commitment to Tyndale and his work.
All these reflections met, inevitably, in one question: who ordered the murder of Robert Packington? It had always seemed obvious that the culprit must be found among the ranks of the clergy opposed to everything he stood for; men who hated the thought of an open Bible; men who loathed Tyndale with a passion and rejoiced at the news of his burning; men who thought that the translator’s death was the signal for a major operation against those covert Lutherans, the New Learners who were disturbing the realm. And yet… I took out Doggett’s note and stared at its simple message as though I thought that, somehow, it might have changed since I had thrust it inside my doublet. The four words were, of course, still there:
‘Lord Cromwell ordered it’.
They still screamed their utter impossibility. But the writer had no reason to make such an extraordinary identification of the wretch who had masterminded my friend’s death. He would know that I would refuse to believe it. Then, with the brilliance of sunlight bursting forth from clouds, I realised that that might very well be the point. No one would connect Cromwell’s name with the murder of a man so closely committed to his own cause. They would assume, as I had done, that Robert had been killed on the orders of traditionalist clergy who were dedicated enemies of the New Learning. However, what fresh understanding might emerge if one allowed oneself to think the unthinkable?
One answer was that it provided answers to some awkward questions my mind had shuffled aside: how had Incent made contact with a professional Italian killer? How was he aware of Robert’s movements? What exactly was it that had troubled Robert so much on his visits to the Netherlands? Cromwell had himself been a mercenary soldier in the Italian wars. He would know of men skilled enough and desperate enough to kill for pay. He could easily have brought Il Ombra over and lodged him at the Red Lamb, available to do his bidding. That would explain why Doggett had been so determined to throw me off the scent when I visited him. Cromwell was the only other person who could have known where Robert would be on that misty November morning, because Robert’s first action on his return the previous day would have been to report to his patron. Time enough, then, for Cromwell to get an urgent message to his assassin-in-waiting.
But why? What possible motive could Cromwell have had for wanting his friend and colleague out of the way? This surely was the rock on which such a theory must founder. I stared across the water at the abbey and palace complex where, even now, Cromwell was probably presiding over his Grand Council. Abbot Donne was among the delegates. What was it he had said about the mission to the Netherlands? Robert had been in a profound melancholy because he had failed. Failed to save Tyndale from the flames? No, failed to save Tyndale from his own conscience. The scholar had refused to abandon his opposition to the king’s divorce. Persuading him, then, must have been the aim of Robert’s mission. Without such a change of mind the prisoner was doomed. The king hated him. Cromwell could not save him and would not have dared to try. Moreover, as long as Tyndale lived, the minister would not have been able to champion his translation. With Tyndale out of the way, however, Henry could announce to the Catholic world that he had disposed of a stubborn heretic. And Cromwell could throw himself wholeheartedly into promoting an English Bible that was substantially Tyndale’s work. According to Donne, that was precisely what he was now doing. Either the translator or the translation could survive – not both. In view of Tyndale’s obduracy, Cromwell could only withdraw his protection. Did he indicate to the imperial authorities that they could proceed with their prosecution of Tyndale without any official protest from England? Or did he simply let events take their course? Either way, Robert would have realised that Cromwell was nailing Tyndale to the cross of New Learning politics. That knowledge would have devastated Robert beyond measure. No wonder his Antwerp friends had described him as being broken by his complicity in such betrayal. Would he have been able to keep the bitter knowledge to himself? That might be a risk Cromwell could not afford to take.
He was a man with a vision. That had become obvious to me from our meetings. He was set on creating a new England with a new learning and a new Bible. His problem was that he was like a coachman trying to handle two ill-paired horses. The king was a plodding reformer, always sensitive about being dubbed a heretic. But several of the minister’s allies were eager stallions, impatient for change. He needed the support of his royal master and of the ‘New Learners’. I recalled Poyntz telling me how he and others had been locked up on Cromwell’s orders to calm the overheated atmosphere following Barnes’ sermon at Robert’s funeral. If the mi
nister feared that Robert might reveal Tyndale’s ‘betrayal’ to his friends, then the loss of their support would have been a serious blow.
This very morning Incent had crowed about divisions in the visionary’s own camp and reminded me how Cromwell had turned against Queen Anne. I closed my eyes against the glare of the lowering sun reflected from the water. And I saw once more that lady in grey, as it seemed, willing the silent crowd to know that she was innocent. She had perished because she had aroused the anger of her royal husband. He had wanted her dead and Cromwell, if he was to survive, had been obliged to make the necessary arrangements. He had survived. He lived still to achieve the goal he had set himself. He would justify any action that became necessary in the process. Exitus acta probat.
I tore the paper across and dropped the pieces into the water. For a moment or two they floated, then, as they dwindled into the depths, a shard of dirty ice drifted over them and they disappeared. I shivered. The cold was penetrating my clothes. I rose stiffly and stretched my arms. As I turned, a strange sight confronted me. Dickon was still contentedly nibbling the meadow grass. The winter-evening sun shone full on him, so that he seemed to glow with an almost supernatural whiteness against the background of the dense, grey-black trees. I went over and patted his neck. Gathering the reins, I hoisted myself into the saddle. Then I turned his head towards London and the future.
Historical Endnote
Many readers of historical fiction like to know – and rightly so – what elements of a tale constitute the core of fact around which the story is wrapped. It is important to believe that, while the events are contrived, they could have happened. Several of the characters in The First Horseman really lived and the major events that form the background to my yarn occurred in the ways I have indicated. Indeed, part of my reason for inventing this story was to recreate the tense and tumultuous atmosphere of the years 1536–1537 in England and, particularly, in London. It seems appropriate, therefore, to provide at this point a checklist of actual Tudor people who appear in the preceding pages (apart from obvious and famous characters, such as Henry VIII, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell).
Robert Packington was a prominent mercer, London citizen and member of the House of Commons. He also belonged to that band of the ‘Christian Brothers’ who smuggled William Tyndale’s books into England. He was assassinated in the manner I have described. His murderer was never apprehended.
John Incent was a priest, a canon residentiary of St Paul’s and, later, dean of the cathedral. Some thirty-four years after the murder, John Foxe, in his 1570 edition of Actes and Monuments, repeated common gossip that Incent, a known enemy of the New Learning, had paid an Italian sixty crowns to do the deed.
Augustine Packington was Robert’s brother and also involved in Bible smuggling.
John Stokesley, Bishop of London, was an active heresy hunter.
William Tyndale was, of course, the great translator of the English New Testament and parts of the Old Testament. His version formed the basis of the first officially sanctioned vernacular Bible, published, largely thanks to Cromwell’s efforts, in 1537.
Stephen Vaughan was a close confidant of Thomas Cromwell and was for some years Chief Factor in the English House at Antwerp.
John Rogers was chaplain to the English community in Antwerp and was closely involved in the production of the English Bible.
Thomas Poyntz was a prominent London grocer who was imprisoned as a heretic in the Netherlands, escaped and spent most of his later years hiding from the authorities in England and separated from his family.
Henry Phillips was a ne’er-do-well who betrayed Tyndale to his enemies, though it is not clear who his paymasters were.
Gabriel Donne was a Cistercian monk who was associated with Phillips in the downfall of Tyndale, though his actual participation is far from clear. Instituted by Cromwell to the abbacy of Buckfast, he surrendered the house to the king within a couple of years and went on to enjoy a successful career as canon residentiary of St Paul’s and a leading London ecclesiastic.
Thomas Theobald is a shadowy character but he was certainly employed by Archbishop Cranmer as an agent in the Netherlands.
Robert Aske was the main leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace. He was executed for treason in 1537.
And, yes, twenty-two years before our story begins, the wealthy and influential merchant, Richard Hunne, was, according to the coroner’s inquest, brutally done to death in the way described in an anonymous pamphlet published within weeks of Packington’s murder.
All the other characters in the story were either invented by me, or appear in the records merely as names. Invented or not, such people certainly existed and were caught up, in one way or another, in the appallingly violent events of 1536–1537.
^*
The civil calendar reckoned the new year from 25 March.