by Julia Keay
16 Grey, Charles (Garrett, H.L.O., ed.), European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785-1845, Lahore: Government Printing, 1929, p. 37.
17 Dilli-yethil Marathyanchi Rajkarane quoted in Banerji, supra, p.39.
18 Burns, Cecil, ‘From Slave to Princess’ in The Times of India Annual, 1923.
19 Quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996, p.271.
20 Francklin, William, History of the Reign of Shah Aulum, supra.
9. Violence, Rapine and Barbarity
1 Francklin, William, The History of the Reign of Shah-Aulum, London: Cooper and Garnett, 1798, p. 173.
2 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, London, 1887, repr., Gloucester: Dodo Press, 2010
3 Francklin, William, History of the Reign of Shah-Aulum, supra.
4 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol.3, Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, p. 453.
5 Grant Duff, James, History of the Mahrattas, 3 vols, London: Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1826, Vol. 3, p. 29.
6 Bidwell, Shelford, Swords for Hire; European Mercenaries in 18th Century India, London: John Murray, 1971, p.51.
7 Bidwell, Shelford, ibid.
8 Mohammed, Fakir Khair-ud-din, Ibratnama, quoted in Banerji, Brajendranath, Begum Samru, Calcutta: N.C. Sarkar, 1925; reprint, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1989.
9 Jonathan Scott to Warren Hastings, BL MSS 29, 171, pp. 312–14, quoted in Spear, T.G. Percival, Twilight of the Mughuls: Studies in late Mughul Delhi, London: Oxford University Press, 1951, p. 28.
10 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, supra, Vol. 3, p. 450.
11 Grant Duff, James, History of the Mahrattas, supra, Vol. 1, p. 90.
12 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, supra, Vol. 4, p. 8..
13 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892, p. 111.
14 Twining, Thomas, Travels in India 100 years ago, London: Osgood MacIlvaine, 1893, p. 216.
15 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, supra, Ch. 5.
16 Mohammed, Fakir Khair-ud-din, Ibratnama, quoted in Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra.
17 Francklin, William, History of the Reign of Shah Aulum, supra.
18 Francklin, William, ibid.
19 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, supra, Ch. 5
20 Keene, H.G., ibid.
21 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, supra, Vol. 3, p. 463.
22 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindostan, supra.
23 Francklin, William, History of the Reign of Shah Aulum, supra.
24 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, supra, Vol. 3, p. 467.
25 Published in Woodfall’s Register 20, August 1789.
26 Grant Duff, James, History of the Mahrattas, supra, Vol. 3, p. 31
27 Sen, S.N., Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1974, p. 145.
10. Errors of Judgement
1 Quoted in Francklin, William, The History of the Reign of Shah-Aulum, London: Cooper and Garnett, 1798.
2 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, London: 1887, repr, Dodo Press, Gloucester: 2010
3 Quoted in Sen, Sailendra Nath, Anglo-Maratha Relations, 1785-96, Bombay: Popular Prakarshan, 1974, p. 151.
4 Quoted in Edwardes, Michael, King of the World – the Life and Times of Shah Alam, London: Secker and Warburg, 1970, p. 214.
5 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, supra.
6 Grey, C. (Garrett, H.L.O, ed.), European Adventurers of Northern India, 1785-1845, Lahore: Government Printing, 1929.
7 Quoted in Young, Desmond, Fountain of the Elephants, London: Collins, 1959, p. 97.
8 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, Vol. 4, p. 4.
9 Sarkar, Jadunath, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 76.
10 Sarkar, Jadunath, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 70.
11 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892, p. 46.
12 Malcolm, Major General Sir John, A Memoir of Central India, 2 vols, London: Parbury and Allen, 1823.
13 Grey, C. (Garrett, H.L.O, ed.), European Adventurers, etc., supra.
14 Ibid., p. 38.
15 Modave, Comte de, Voyage en Inde du Comte de Modave 1773-1776, ed., J. Deloche, Paris: Ecole Francaise d’Extreme Orient, 1971, p. 459.
16 Modave, ibid., p. 436.
17 Quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996.
18 Keay, John, The Honourable Company, A History of the English East India Company, London: HarperCollins, 1991, p. 400.
19 Twining, Thomas, Travels in India 100 years ago, London: Osgood MacIlvaine, 1893, p. 290.
20 Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy, etc., supra, p. 100.
21 Dyce Sombre, D.O., Refutations of the charge of Lunacy brought against him in the Court of Chancery, Paris, 1849.
22 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner, London: Smith, Elder, 1851, Vol. 1, p. 285.
23 Lall, John, Begam Samru: Fading Portrait in a Gilded Frame, Delhi: Roli Books, 1997, p. 75.
24 Fraser, James Baillie, Memoirs of Lt. Col. J Skinner, supra, Vol. 1, p. 288.
25 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account, etc., supra, p. 113.
26 Francklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, London: Stockdale, 1805, p. 59.
27 Francklin, William, History of the Reign of Shah Aulum, supra, p. 191.
11. A Gathering Storm
1 Grant Duff, quoted in Kincaid, Dennis, Social Life in India, 1608-1937, London: Routledge, 1938, p. 173.
2 Bidwell, Shelford, Swords for Hire; European Mercenaries in 18th Century India, London: John Murray, 1971, p. 74.
3 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, Vol.4, p. 93.
4 Sarkar, Jadunath, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 95.
5 Quoted in Young, Desmond, Fountain of the Elephants, London: Collins, 1959, p. 153.
6 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892, p. 369.
7 Sleeman, Major General Sir W.H., Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, London: Constable, 1893, Vol. 2, p. 279.
8 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, London, 1887, repr., Gloucester: Dodo Press, 2010.
9 Sen, Sailendra Nath, Anglo-Maratha Relations 1785-96, Bombay: Popular Prakarshan, 1974, p. 190.
10 Ibid., p. 191.
11 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, supra.
12 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account, etc., supra, p. 121.
13 Compton, Herbert, ibid., p. 116.
14 Compton, Herbert, ibid., p. 118.
15 Quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996, p.101, Lall, John, Begam Samru: Fading Portrait in a Gilded Frame, Delhi: Roli Books, 1997, p. 78 ff.
16 Lall, John, Begam Samru, supra, p. 78.
17 Sleeman, William, Rambles & Recollections, etc., supra, Vol. 2, p. 280.
18 Francklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, London: Stockdale, 1805, p. 33.
19 Palmer, William, Poona Residency Correspondence, quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy, supra, p. 106.
20 Sleeman, William, Rambles & Recollections, etc., supra, Vol. 2, p. 280.
21 Sleeman, William, ibid., Vol. 2, p. 281.
22 Francklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, supra, p. 34.
23 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account, etc., supra, p. 407.
24 Bannerji, Brajendranath, Begum Samru, Calcutta: N.C.
Sarkar, 1925; reprint, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1989, p. 57.
25 Political Proceedings No. 214, quoted in Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra, p. 59.
26 Political Proceedings No. 44, quoted in Banerji, ibid., p. 60.
27 Smith, Lewis Ferdinand, A Sketch of the Rise, Progress & Termination of the Regular Corps Formed and Commanded by Europeans in the Service of the Native Princes of India, Calcutta: Greenway, 1805, p. 28.
28 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account, etc., supra, p. 126.
29 Quoted in Francklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, supra, p. 47.
30 Francklin, William, ibid., p. 54.
31 Quoted in Sleeman, William, Rambles and Recollections, etc., supra, Vol. 2, p. 282.
32 Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account, etc., supra, p. 131.
33 Sleeman, Wiliam, Rambles and Recollections, etc., supra, Vol. 2, p. 283.
12. A Salutory Experience
1 Deane, Anne, A Tour through the Upper Provinces of Hindostan; comprising a period between the years 1804 and 1814, London: C&J Rivington, 1823, p. 149.
2 Keene, H.G., Fall of the Mughal Empire of Hindustan, London, 1887, repr., Gloucester: Dodo Press, 2010.
3 Keene, H.G., ‘The Rajah from Tipperary’ in The Calcutta Review, No.cxl, 1880.
4 Keene, H.G., ibid.
5 Smith, Lewis Ferdinand, A Sketch of the Rise, Progress & Termination of the Regular Corps Formed and Commanded by Europeans in the Service of the Native Princes of India, Calcutta: Greenway, 1805
6 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner, London: Smith, Elder, 1851, p. 79.
7 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, Vol. 4, p. 51.
8 Grant Duff, James, History of the Mahrattas, London: Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1826, Vol.3, p. 126.
9 Francklin, William, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, London: Stockdale, 1805, p.62.
10 Keene, H.G., ‘The Rajah from Tipperary’ in The Calcutta Review, No. cxl, 1880.
11 Keene, H.G., ibid.
12 Smith, Lewis Ferdinand, A Sketch, etc., supra.
13 William Francklin, Military Memoirs of Mr. George Thomas, supra, p. 93.
14 Quoted in H.G. Keene, ‘The Rajah from Tipperary’ in The Calcutta Review, No. cxl, 1880.
15 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt.Col. James Skinner, supra, Vol. 1, p. 231.
13. A Genius for Majesty
1 Chand, Gokul, Zeb-un-tawarikh, lines 18, 30., trs., Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996.
2 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire (4 vols), Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar, 1950, p.167.
3 Sarkar, Jadunath, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 216.
4 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner, London: Smith, Elder, 1851, Vol. 1, p. 250.
5 Sarkar, Jadunath, Fall of the Mughal Empire, supra, Vol. 4, p. 218.
6 Sarkar, Jadunath, ibid., Vol. 4, p. 283.
7 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col J. Skinner, supra, p. 253.
8 Quoted in Compton, Herbert, A Particular Account of the European Military Adventurers of Hindustan, London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892, p. 307.
9 Bidwell, Shelford, Swords for Hire; European Mercenaries in 18th Century India, London: John Murray, 1971, p. 226.
10 Martineau, Alfred, Le Général Perron, Paris: Société d’Editions Geographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales, 1931.
11 Bannerji, Brajendranath, Begum Samru, Calcutta: N.C. Sarkar, 1925; reprint, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1989, p.79.
12 Thorn, Major William, Memoir of the War in India during 1803-6, London: Thomas Egerton, 1818, p. 125.
13 Moon, Penderel, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, London: Duckworth, 1989, p. 325.
14 Moon, Penderel, ibid., p. 328.
15 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. J. Skinner, supra, Vol 1, p. 278.
16 Ibid., p. 293.
17 Author’s correspondence with Pratap Sharma, playwright, author and actor. He wrote a play about Begum Sumru.
18 Moon, Penderel, The British Conquest and Dominion of India, supra, p. 321.
19 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. J. Skinner, supra, Vol. 1, p. 286n.
20 Dalrymple, William, White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth Century India, London: HarperCollins, 2002, p. 30.
21 Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra, p. 91.
22 Polier, Antoine-Louis-Henri, A Treatise on the History, Religion and Culture of the Sikhs 1787, In the Orme MSS, British Library.
23 Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra, p. 97.
24 Banerji, Brajendranath, ibid., p. 101.
25 Banerji, Brajendranath, ibid., p. 103.
26 Banerji, Brajendranath, ibid., p. 105.
14. Best-laid Plans
1 Dalrymple, William, White Mughals: Love and Betrayal in Eighteenth Century India, London: HarperCollins, 2002, p. 50.
2 Spear, T.G. Percival, Twilight of the Mughuls: Studies in Late Mughul Delhi, London: Oxford University Press, 1951, p. 137.
3 Chand, Gokul, Zeb-un-tawarikh, lines 597–602, trs, Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996.
4 Bacon, Thomas, First Impressions and Studies from Nature in Hindostan Vol. 2, London: W.H. Allen, 1837, p. 44.
5 Fraser, James Baillie, Military Memoirs of Lt. Col. James Skinner, London: Smith, Elder, 1851, p. 285.
6 Burns, Cecil, ‘From Slave to Princess’, article in Times of India Annual, 1923.
7 Alavi, Seema, The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. 221.
8 Sleeman, Major General Sir W.H., Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official, London: Constable, 1893, Vol. 2, p. 288.
9 Chamberlain, John, Diaries of, quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996.
10 Shreeve, Nicholas, ibid., p. 164.
11 Bacon, Thomas, First Impressions, etc., supra, p. 45.
12 Deane, Anne, A Tour through the Upper Provinces of Hindostan; comprising a period between the years 1804 and 1814, London: C&J Rivington, 1823, p. 150.
13 Deane, Anne, ibid., p. 150.
14 Deane, Anne, ibid., p. 151.
15 Nugent, Lady Maria, Journal of a Residence in India 1811-15, 2 vols, London: Boone, 1839, pp. 52–54.
16 Bannerji, Brajendranath, Begum Samru, Calcutta: N.C. Sarkar, 1925; reprint, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1989, p. 114.
17 Quoted in Banerji, Brajendranath, ibid., p. 116.
18 Bacon, Thomas, First Impressions, etc., supra, p. 52.
19 Bacon, Thomas, ibid., p. 49.
20 Heber, Reginald (Bishop), A Narrative of a Journey Through the Upper Provinces of India: From Calcutta to Bombay, 1824-25, London, 1827, Vol 2, p. 297.
21 Bacon, Thomas, First Impressions, etc., supra, p. 49.
22 Shreeve, Ncholas, Dark Legacy, etc., supra, p. 145.
23 Mundy, Godfrey Charles, Pen & Pencil Sketches – The Journal of a Tour in India, London: John Murray, 1832, Vol. 1, p. 90.
24 Shreeve, Nicholas, (ed.) From Nawab to Nabob: The Diary of David Dyce Sombre, Bookwright Publishers, 2000, p. 21.
25 Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra, p. 122.
26 Archives of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Meerut, quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy, etc., supra, p. 168.
27 Mundy, Godfrey Charles. Pen & Pencil Sketches, etc., supra.
28 Meerut Observer, quoted in Bacon, Thomas, First Impressions, etc., supra, p. 56.
Eiplogue
1 Bannerji, Brajendranath, Begum Samru, Calcutta: N.C. Sarkar, 1925; reprint, Delhi: Mittal P
ublications, 1989, p. 132.
2 Notes & Queries, 8th Series, Vol. 7, quoted in Shreeve, Nicholas, Dark Legacy: The Fortunes of Begam Samru, New Delhi: Rupa, 1996, p. 177.
3 Shreeve, Nicholas, ibid., p. 180.
4 Shreeve, Nicholas, (ed.) From Nawab to Nabob: The Diary of David Dyce Sombre, Bookwright Publishers, 2000.
5 Shreeve, Nicholas, (ed.) ibid..
6 Keegan, Father William, Sardhana and Its Begum, 1879.
7 Banerji, Brajendranath, Begam Samru, supra, p. 197.
8 Calcutta Review, quoted in Banerji, Brajendranath, ibid., p. 202.
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