6 Universal Spectator, 17 December 1737
7 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live, p55
8 A Dissertation on Mr Hogarth’s Six Prints Lately Publish’d, p12
9 The Occasional Monitor, 1731, p6
10 Trotter, An Essay Medical, Philosophical, and Chemical on Drunkenness, p65ff
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Repeal
1 All quotes for debate are from PH, 1743, p1199ff
2 London Evening Post, 24 February 1743
3 Hanbury Williams, S — s and J — l, a New Ballad, 1743
4 Champion, 1 March 1743
5 GL, MS6207/1, Court, 10 April 1744
6 LMA, MR/LV/6/65
7 London Evening Post, 31 March 1743
8 London Evening Post, 12 & 17 February 1743
9 Smollett, History of England, 1757
10 PRO, CUST 48/13, 31 January 1744
11 GL, MS6207/1, General Quarterly Court, 4 January 1746
12 Considerations, humbly offered to the honourable the House of Commons, in behalf of the distillers of London, Westminster, and parts adjacent, 1746
13 PRO, CUST 48/13, 31 January 1744
14 Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, p233
15 Davison, Hitchcock, Kiern and Shoemaker, Stilling the Grumbling Hive, p83
16 Whitehall Evening Post, 17 January 1749
17 Letters of Horace Walpole, Horace Walpole to Horace Mann, November 1749, January 1750, March 1752
18 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live
19 Smollett, History of England
20 Letters of Horace Walpole, Horace Walpole to Horace Mann, 2 April 1750
21 Sherlock, A Letter from the Lord Bishop of London to the clergy and people of London and Westminster on occasion of the late earthquakes, 1750
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: Gin Lane
1 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live
2 Smith, State of the Gaols in London, Westminster, and the Borough of Southwark, 1776, p49
3 Lackington, Memoirs of the First Forty-Five Years of the Life of James Lackington, p59
4 Rule, Albion’s People, p110
5 Fielding, An Inquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, p96
6 Phillips, Mid-Georgian London, p279
7 Battestin, Henry Fielding, p148; Babington, A House in Bow Street, p96
8 Battestin, Henry Fielding, p435
9 Babington, A House in Bow Street, p72
10 Boswell, London Journal, 6 July 1763
11 Whitehall Evening Post, 8 January 1751
12 Babington, A House in Bow Street, p73
13 Fielding, Voyage to Lisbon, introduction
14 Maddox, The Expediency of Preventative Wisdom, 1751, p14
15 Diaries of Thomas Wilson, 17 April 1750
16 London Magazine, 8 February 1751
17 Hogarth, Autobiographical Notes
18 Lindsay, Hogarth, His Art and His World, p94
19 Hogarth, Autobiographical Notes
20 Morris, Observations on the Past Growth and Present State of the City of London, 1751
21 Tucker, An Impartial Enquiry into the Benefits and Damages … from the present very great use of low-priced Spirituous Liquors, 1751
22 Gentleman’s Magazine, 30 April 1751
23 London Magazine, March 1751, pp125–6
24 Whitehall Evening Post, 4 April & 21 February 1751
25 London Magazine, March 1751, pp125–6
26 Read’s Weekly Journal, 2 February 1751
27 Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century, p481
28 Gentleman’s Magazine, April 1751, p165
29 CLRO Misc. MSS.82/17
30 Sedgwick, The House of Commons, p362
31 Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George II, p66
32 Maddox, The Expediency of Preventative Wisdom, 1751
33 Fitzsimmonds, Free and Candid Disquisitions, on the nature and execution of the laws of England, with a postscript relating to spirituous liquors, 1751, postscript
34 The Rambler, March 1751
35 Daily Post, 3 April 1736
36 London Evening Post, 29 June 1751
37 The Rambler, 20 April 1751
38 Bystander, The Consequences of Laying an Additional Duty on Spirituous Liquors, candidly considered, 1751, p5
39 Gloucester Journal, quoted in London Evening Post, 23 December 1738
40 GL, MS6207/1, 24 May 1748 & 29 May 1751
41 Bystander, The Consequences of Laying an Additional Duty on Spirituous Liquors, candidly considered, p18
42 Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George II, p106
43 Westminster Journal, quoted in Gentleman’s Magazine, July 1751, p321
44 Whitehall Evening Post, 2 March 1751
45 LMA, Middlesex Order Book MJ/OC/5fol.235; Gentleman’s Magazine, 31 October & 26 July 1751
46 Fielding, Covent Garden Journal, 10 March 1752
47 Burrington, An Answer to Dr William Brackenridge’s Letter concerning the number of inhabitants within the London Bills of Mortality, 1757, p35
48 Hanway, A Candid Historical Account of the Hospital for exposed and deserted young children, p11
49 Hanway, A Candid Historical Account of the Hospital for exposed and deserted young children, p11
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: The Middle Classes
1 Holmes and Szechi, The Age of Oligarchy, pp119 & 121
2 Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, p48
3 Rule, Albion’s People, p155
4 Smollett, Humphrey Clinker
5 Grosley, A Tour to London, i, p73
6 Josiah Tucker quoted in McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb, Birth of a Consumer Society
7 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live
8 de Saussure, A Foreign View of England, letter xii, p295
9 McKendrick, Brewer and Plumb, Birth of a Consumer Society, p203
10 Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, 1719, p12
11 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live
12 Fielding, Tom Jones, p636
13 Fielding, Tom Jones, p265
14 A Dissertation on Mr Hogarth’s Six Prints Lately Publish’d, 1751, p25
15 The Vices of the Cities of London and Westminster Traced from their Original, 1751, p7
16 Ch(H) P70/2/14
17 A Brief Description of London, pxxiii
18 Baretti, A Journey from London to Genoa, i, p43
19 Landers, Death and the Metropolis, p65
20 Rudé, Hanoverian London, p135
21 Porter, The Enlightenment, p44
22 Gray, Considerations on Several Proposals Lately Made for the Better Maintenance of the Poor, 1751
23 Brown, An Estimate of the Manners and Principles of the Times, 1757, p15
24 McClure, Coram’s Children, p19
25 Andrew, Philanthropy and Police, p19
26 Gentleman’s Magazine, 1754, quoted in Porter, ‘English Society in the Eighteenth Century Revisited’, p270
27 George, London Life in the Eighteenth Century, 1925, rev. 1965, p49
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: The Devil’s Pact
1 Sir Charles Smith, quoted in Ormrod, English Grain Exports, p125
2 Short animadversions on the difference now set up between gin and rum, and our mother country and colonies, 1760, p4
3 The Monitor, 12 January 1760
4 True State of the British Malt-distillery, being a Defence of Mr M-wb-y’s Queries, 1760, p24
5 Considerations Occasion’d by an Act of this Present Parliament, To prevent the excessive use of spirituous liquors, 1760, p20
6 London Chronicle, 9 April 1760, p339
7 Read’s Weekly Journal, 15 March & 5 April; London Chronicle, April 1760
8 True State of the British Malt-distillery, being a Defence of Mr M-wb-y’s Queries, 1760, p2
9 Gentleman’s Magazine, January 1
760
10 Considerations Occasion’d by an Act of this Present Parliament, 1760, p2
11 Daily Post, 1 April 1736
12 John Fielding, An Account of the Origins and Effects of a Police, 1758, pxii
13 Jackson, An Essay on Bread, 1758
14 Low-life, or One Half of the World Knows not how the Other Half Live, p93
15 Pennant, A Tour of London, p33
16 The Monitor, 1 March 1760
17 UDV, TG-737, William Currie’s Stock Book
18 The Corn Distillery Stated to the Consideration of the Landed Interest, 1783
19 Thomas Cooke, Distiller’s Notes, BL Add MSS 39,683
20 UDV, TG-738, William Currie’s Export Letter Book, letter to Pike and Spicer, 20 September 1760
21 Campbell, The London Tradesman, p33
22 UDV, TG-737, William Currie’s Stock Book
23 Red Hot, An Appeal to the Public concerning the Distilling Trade; with a rational scheme to extirpate it from the nation, 1757
24 UDV, TG-738, William Currie’s Export Letter Book, letter to Thomas Foxcroft, 1 November 1760, and letter to John Welch, 12 August 1760
25 Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, p17
26 Egan, Life in London
27 Place, Improvement of the Working People. Drunkenness–Education, 1829, p14ff
28 Webb and Webb, The History of Liquor Licensing in England, p116
29 Dickens, Sketches by Boz, 1836, ‘Gin-Shops’, pp182–7
EPILOGUE
1 Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p31
2 F Scott Fitzgerald, The Crack-Up, 1945, p15
3 Lippmann, Men of Destiny, 1927, pp28–31, quoted in Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p23
4 Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p70
5 Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p185
6 Behr, Prohibition, the thirteen years that changed America, p173
7 Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p278
8 Sinclair, Prohibition: The Era of Excess, p206
9 Coffey, The Long Thirst, p316
10 N Clark, Deliver Us from Evil, p165
11 Gordon, The Return of the Dangerous Classes, p144
12 Clutterbuck, Drugs, Crime and Corruption, pp123 & 156
13 PH, House of Lords debate, 24 March 1743, p1257
14 Quoted in the Guardian, 14 June 2001
* Dr Johnson himself had a complex relationship with the bottle. ‘Sir,’ he admitted, ‘I have no objection to a man’s drinking wine, if he can do it in moderation. I found myself apt to go to excess in it, and therefore … thought it better not to return to it.’ Elsewhere he confessed that he himself had drunk ‘to get rid of myself, send myself away.’
* First Lord of the Treasury, 1721–1742.
** Brother-in-law of the above. Secretary of State 1721–1730.
* Now known as Frith Street. Leicester Fields is now called Leicester Square.
* He carried one end of a sedan chair.
* Seven Dials.
** A loaf.
* Rum.
* i.e. in London.
* Some modern analysts have tried to find an explanation in the influenza epidemics of 1728–9 and 1741–2, although even they struggle to explain the long population stagnation at a time of cheap food.
* Misson had been equally perceptive about English football: ‘This is kicked about from one to t’other … by him that can get at it, and that is all the art of it.’
* Meaning civil regulation.
* He also pioneered the umbrella and fell out bitterly with Dr Johnson over the merits of tea-drinking.
* Unfortunately, Cooke was one of his own best customers. In September 1743 he recorded in his diary, ‘Whereas for about 6 years past I have been grievously tormented by drinking strong liquors, therefore for the future I intend by God’s assistance to drink nothing but to lead a temperate life.’ Five broken deadlines followed.
* By the time of his death, Wayne B Wheeler was one of the most influential power-brokers in Washington. ‘Wayne B Wheeler had taken snuff,’ commented Senator Bruce of Maryland, ‘and the Senate, as usual, sneezed. Wayne B. Wheeler had cracked his whip, and the Senate, as usual, crouched.’
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