The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to Be as They Are.

Home > Other > The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to Be as They Are. > Page 30
The Evolution of Useful Things: How Everyday Artifacts-From Forks and Pins to Paper Clips and Zippers-Came to Be as They Are. Page 30

by Henry Petroski


  10 “Ideally in a patent search”: Edelson, pp. 97–98.

  11 computerize the files: Design News, November 5, 1990, pp. 96–97.

  12 Robert Kearns: Durham, North Carolina, Morning Herald, November 18, 1990, p. A8.

  13 WHEN GOOD IS BETTER THAN BEST

  1 McDonald’s: New York Times, November 1 and 2, 1990; Modern Plastics, October 1987, p. 15; September 1990, p. 53; December 1990, pp. 42–45, 49.

  2 “polystyrene production process”: New York Times, November 1, 1990, p. C17.

  3 “Burger King applauds”: New York Times, November 7, 1990, advertisement.

  4 “improvements in cooking”: New York Times, November 2, 1990, p. C5.

  5 Chinese wheelbarrow: Mayne.

  6 “an ingenious example”: Caplan, pp. 160–61; see also Industrial Design, July-August 1984, p. 8.

  14 ALWAYS ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT

  1 Russell Baker: New York Times, November 13, 1990, op-ed page. “new telephone systems”: Norman, p. vii. “count upon finding”: ibid., p. 6.

  2 Design News: May 21, 1990, editorial; October 22, 1990, pp. 130–32, 135.

  3 Goldstar Electronics: see New York Times, November 6, 1990, advertising column.

  4 “usable design”: Norman, pp. viii, ix.

  5 “This is how sellers”: Aristotle, p. 347.

  6 Jacob Rabinow: Rabinow, pp. 223–24.

  7 “Restlessness is discontent”: quoted in Jones, p. 2.

  Bibliography

  Agricola, Georgius. De Re Metallica. Translated by Herbert Clark Hoover and Lou Henry Hoover. New York: Dover Publications, 1950.

  Alexander, Christopher. Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.

  Anonymous. “Behold the Lowly Paper Clip … It’s Still a ‘Gem.’ ” Office Products, October 1975.

  Aristotle. Minor Works. Translated by W. S. Hett. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.

  Armistead, Don. “The Lore of the Abrasive Little Strawberry,” The Chronicle of the Early American Industries Association, September 1991, pp. 91–92.

  Army & Navy Co-operative Society. The Very Best English Goods: A Facsimile of the Original Catalogue of Edwardian Fashions, Furnishings, and Notions Sold … in 1907. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1969.

  Bacon, Francis. The Advancement of Learning and New Atlantis. Edited by Arthur Johnston. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974.

  Bailey, C. T. P. Knives and Forks. London: The Medici Society, 1927.

  Baird, Ron, and Comerford, Dan. The Hammer: The King of Tools. Privately printed, 1989.

  Barsley, Michael. The Left-handed Book: An Investigation into the Sinister History of Left-handedness. London: Souvenir Press, 1966.

  Basalla, George. The Evolution of Technology. Cambridge: University Press, 1988.

  ____. “Transformed Utilitarian Objects.” Winterthur Portfolio 17 (Winter 1982): 183–201.

  Beckmann, John. A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins. Translated by William Johnston. 4th ed., revised and enlarged by William Francis and J. W. Griffith. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1846.

  Benker, Gertrud. Das Wilkens-Brevier vom silbernen Besteck: Wissenswertes von A-Z. Bremen: M. H. Wilkens & Sohne GmbH, [1990].

  Bessemer, Henry. Sir Henry Bessemer, F.R.S.: An Autobiography. London: Offices of Engineering, 1905.

  Biederman, Irving. “Recognition-by-Components: A Theory of Human Image Understanding.” Psychological Review 94 (1987): 115–47.

  Bijker, Wiebe E., Hughes, Thomas P., and Pinch, Trevor, eds. The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1987.

  Billington, David P. “Aesthetics in Bridge Design—The Challenge.” In Bridge Design: Aesthetics and Developing Technologies. Edited by Adele Fleet Bacow and Kenneth E. Kruckemeyer. Boston: Massachusetts Department of Public Works and Massachusetts Council on the Arts and Humanities, 1986, pp. 3–16.

  ____. The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of Structural Engineering. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

  Boggs, Robert N. “Rogues’ Gallery of ‘Aggravating Products.’ ” Design News, October 22, 1990, pp. 130–33.

  Bradley, Mrs. Julia M. Modern Manners and Social Forms. Chicago: James B. Smiley, 1889.

  Bronowski, Jacob. The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978.

  Brown, Kenneth A. Inventors at Work: Interviews with 16 Notable American Inventors. Redmond, Wash.: Tempus Books, 1988.

  Brunei, Isambard. The Life of Isambard Kingdom Brunei, Civil Engineer. London: Longmans, Green, 1870.

  Burlingame, Roger. Inventors Behind the Inventor. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Company, 1947.

  Butterworth, Benjamin. The Growth of Industrial Art. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1888.

  Caplan, Ralph. By Design: Why There Are No Locks on the Bathroom Doors in the Hotel Louis XIV and Other Object Lessons. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982.

  The Chronicle of The Early American Industries Association, various issues.

  Church, Fred L. “The Tin Can: After 190 Years, Still Going Strong.” Modern Metals, February 1991, pp. 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32.

  Clarke, Donald, ed. The Encyclopedia of Inventions. New York: Galahad Books, 1977.

  Coppersmith, Fred., and Lynx, J. J. Patent Applied For: A Century of Fantastic Inventions. [London]: Co-ordination Ltd., 1949.

  Couch, Tom D. The Bishop’s Boys: A Life of Wilbur and Orville Wright. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.

  [Day, C. W.] Hints on Etiquette: And the Usages of Society with a Glance at Bad Habits. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1951.

  de Bono, Edward. Eureka!: An Illustrated History of Inventions from the Wheel to the Computer. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.

  Deetz, James. In Small Things Forgotten: The Archaeology of Early American Life. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1977.

  de Vries, Leonard. Victorian Inventions. New York: American Heritage Press, 1971.

  Diderot, Denis. A Diderot Pictorial Encyclopedia of Trades and Industry … Edited by Charles Coulston Gillispie. New York: Dover Publications, 1959.

  Dow, George Francis. Every Day Life in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Boston: Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 1935.

  Dreyfuss, Henry. Designing for People. New York: Paragraphic Books, 1967.

  Eco, Umberto, and Zorzoli, G. B. The Picture History of Inventions: From Plough to Polaris. Translated by Anthony Lawrence. New York: Macmillan, 1963.

  Edelson, Nathan. “An Inventor Goes to Washington.” Design News, November 5, 1990, pp. 95–99.

  Edison, Thomas Alva. The Diary and Sundry Observations. Edited by Dagobert D. Runes. New York: Philosophical Library, 1948.

  Edison Lamp Works. Pictorial History of the Edison Lamp. Harrison, N.J.: General Electric Company, [ca. 1915].

  Edwards, Owen. Elegant Solutions: Quintessential Technology for a User-friendly World. New York: Crown, 1989.

  Farrell, Christopher J. “A Theory of Technological Progress.” Unpublished manuscript.

  Federico, P. J. “The Invention and Introduction of the Zipper.” Journal of the Patent Office Society 28 (December 1946): 855–76.

  Feldman, David. Why Do Clocks Run Clockwise? and Other Imponderables: Mysteries of Everyday Life. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.

  Ferguson, Eugene S. “The Mind’s Eye: Nonverbal Thought in Technology.” Science 197 (August 26, 1977): 827–36.

  ____. Engineering and the Mind’s Eye. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992.

  Forty, Adrian. Objects of Desire. New York: Pantheon, 1986.

  Friedel, Robert. A Material World: An Exhibition at the National Museum of American History. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1988.

  Furnas, J. C. The Americans: A Social History of the United States. New York: Putnam’s, 1969.

  Garrett, Alfred B. Flash of Genius. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1963.
/>   Giblin, James Cross. From Hand to Mouth: Or, How We Invented Knives, Forks, Spoons, and Chopsticks & the Table Manners to Go With Them. New York: Crowell, 1987.

  Giedion, Siegfried. Mechanization Takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History. New York: W. W. Norton, 1969.

  Glegg, Gordon L. The Development of Design. Cambridge: University Press, 1981.

  Goldberger, Paul. On the Rise: Architecture and Design in a Postmodern Age. New York: Penguin Books, 1985.

  Goodman, W. L. The History of Woodworking Tools. New York: David McKay, 1964.

  Graves, Donald. “Bedding, Beds, and Bedsteads.” Early American Life, October 1987, pp. 56–59, 72.

  [Gray, James.] Talon, Inc.: A Romance of Achievement. Meadville, Pa.: Talon, Inc., 1963.

  Greeley, Horace, et al. The Great Industries of the United States: Being an Historical Summary of the Origin, Growth, and Perfection of the Chief Industrial Arts of this Country. Hartford, Conn.: J. B. Burr & Hyde, 1873.

  Grover, Kathryn, ed. Dining in America: 1850–1900. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987.

  Gurcke, Karl. Bricks and Brickmaking: A Handbook for Historical Archaeology. Moscow, Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1987.

  Hagan, Tere. Silverplated Flatware: An Identification and Value Guide. Rev. 4th ed. Paducah, Ky.: Collector Books, 1990.

  Hall, Florence Howe. Social Customs. Boston: Estes and Lauriat, 1887.

  Harris, Alan. “Model Childhood,” New Civil Engineer, June 13, 1991, p. 23.

  Harter, R. J. “Patent It Yourself,” Design News, November 18, 1991, pp. 93–97.

  Heimburger, Donald J., ed. A. C. Gilbert’s Heritage. River Forest, Ill.: Heimburger House, 1983.

  Heskett, John. Industrial Design. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.

  Himsworth, J. B. The Story of Cutlery: From Flint to Stainless Steel. London: Ernest Benn, 1953.

  Hindle, Brooke. Technology in America: Needs and Opportunities for Study. With a directory of artifact collections, by Lucius F. Ellsworth. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966.

  Hindle, Brooke, and Lubar, Steven. Engines of Change: The American Industrial Revolution, 1790–1860. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986.

  Holzman, David. “Masterful Tinkering of Genius.” Insight, June 25, 1990, pp. 8–17.

  Homer. The Odyssey: The Story of Odysseus. Translated by W. H. D. Rouse. New York: New American Library, 1949.

  Hooker, Richard J. Food and Drink in America: A History. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1981.

  Hounshell, David A. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.

  Hughes, Thomas P. American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm, 1870–1970. New York: Viking, 1989.

  Hume, Ivor Noël. A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.

  International Paper Company. Pocket Pal: A Graphic Arts Digest for Printers and Advertising Production Managers. New York: International Paper Company, 1966.

  Jackson, Albert, and Day, David. Tools and How to Use Them: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.

  Jenkins, J. Geraint. The English Farm Wagon: Origins and Structure. Lingfield, Surrey, Eng.: Oakwood Press, 1961.

  Jewitt, Llewellynn. The Wedgwoods: Being a Life of Josiah Wedgwood; with Notices of His Works and Their Productions, Memoirs of the Wedgwood and Other Families, and a History of the Early Potteries of Staffordshire. London: Virtue Brothers, 1865.

  Jones, Nancy Cela, ed. Edison and His Invention Factory: A Photo Essay. [Washington, D.C.]: Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 1989.

  Kamm, Lawrence J. Successful Engineering: A Guide to Achieving Your Career Goals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

  Kasson, John F. Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990.

  Kleiman, Dena. “Older Than Forks, Safer Than Knives.” New York Times, January 17, 1990, p. C4.

  Klenck, Thomas. “Pliers.” Popular Mechanics, September 1989, pp. 71–74.

  Laughlin, M. Penn. Money from Ideas: A Primer on Inventions and Patents. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Press, 1950.

  Learned, Mrs. Frank. The Etiquette of New York To-day. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1906.

  Loewy, Raymond. Industrial Design. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 1979.

  ____. Never Leave Well Enough Alone. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1951.

  Love, A. E. H. A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. New York: Dover Publications, n.d. [reprint of 4th ed., 1927.]

  Lubar, Steven. “Culture and Technological Design in the 19th-century Pin Industry: John Howe and the Howe Manufacturing Company.” Technology and Culture 28 (April 1987): 253–82.

  MacLachlan, Suzanne. A Collectors’ Handbook for Grape Nuts. Privately printed, 1971.

  MacLeod, Christine. Inventing the Industrial Revolution: The English Patent System, 1660–1800. Cambridge: University Press, 1988.

  Mason, Otis T. The Origins of Invention: A Study of Industry Among Primitive Peoples. London: Walter Scott, 1907.

  Mayne, Charles. “Note on the Chinese Wheelbarrow.” Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 127 (1897): 312–14.

  McClure, J. B., ed. Edison and His Inventions … Chicago: Rhodes & McClure, 1879.

  A Member of the Aristocracy. Manners and Rules of Good Society: Or Solecisms to Be Avoided. 33rd ed. London: Frederick Warne and Co., 1911.

  ____. Manners and Tone of Good Society: Or Solecisms to Be Avoided. 4th ed. London: Frederick Warne and Co., n.d.

  Mercer, Henry C. Ancient Carpenters’ Tools: Together with Lumbermen’s, Joiners’ and Cabinet Makers’ Tools in Use in the Eighteenth Century. Doylestown, Pa.: Bucks County Historical Society, 1951.

  Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. Our Story So Far: Notes from the First 75 Years of 3M Company. St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, 1977.

  Morris, Danny A. “Emanuel Fritz Paper Clip Collection,” American Collector, July 1973, pp. 12–13.

  Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises, or the Doctrine of Handy-Works. Morris-town, N.J.: Astragal Press, 1989 [reprint of 1703 ed.].

  Mumford, Lewis. Technics and Civilization. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1963.

  Noesting, Inc. Catalogue. 1989.

  Norman, Donald A. The Design of Everyday Things. New York: Doubleday, 1989.

  Panati, Charles. Panati’s Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.

  Papanek, Victor. Design for Human Scale. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983.

  ____. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change. New York: Pantheon, 1971.

  Park, Robert. Inventor’s Handbook. White Hall, Va.: Betterway Publications, 1986.

  Petroski, Henry. The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990.

  _____. To Engineer Is Human: The Role of Failure in Successful Design. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985.

  Pinchot, Gifford, III. Intrapreneuring: Why You Don’t Have to Leave the Corporation to Become an Entrepreneur. New York: Harper & Row, 1985.

  Pitt-Rivers, A. Lane-Fox. The Evolution of Culture and Other Essays. Edited by J. L. Myers. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1906.

  Post, Emily. Etiquette: “The Blue Book of Social Usage.” New and enlarged ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1927. [Also other editions, as noted.]

  Pressman, David. Patent It Yourself Berkeley, Calif.: Nolo Press, 1985. [Also 3rd ed., 1991]

  Pye, David. The Nature and Aesthetics of Design. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1978. [Reprinted, London: The Herbert Press, 1988.]

  _______. The Nature and Art of Workmanship. Cambridge: University Press, 1968.

  Rabinow, Jacob. Inventing for Fun and Profit. San Francisco: San Francisco Press, 1990.

  Rainwate
r, Dorothy T. and H Ivan. American Silverplate. West Chester, Pa.: Schiffer Publishing, 1988.

  Read, Herbert. Art and Industry: The Principles of Industrial Design. London: Faber and Faber, 1934.

  Richman, Miriam. “Antique Woodworking Tools.” Early American Life, August 1990, pp. 26–28, 58.

  Rossman, Joseph. The Psychology of the Inventor: A Study of the Patentee. New and revised ed. Washington, D.C.: Inventors Publishing Company, 1931.

  Rybczynski, Witold. Home: A Short History of an Idea. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.

  Schaefer, Herwin. Nineteenth Century Modern: The Functional Tradition in Victorian Design. New York: Praeger, 1970.

  Schroeder, Fred E. H. “More ‘Small Things Forgotten’: Domestic Electrical Plugs and Receptacles, 1881–1931.” Technology and Culture 27 (July 1986): 525–43.

  Sears, Roebuck and Company. Catalogue. Various editions.

  Segelcke, Nanna. Made in Norway. Oslo: Dreyer, 1990.

  Simon, Herbert A. The Sciences of the Artificial. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1981.

  Singleton, H. Raymond. A Chronology of Cutlery. Sheffield, Eng.: City Museums, 1970.

  Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880.

  Squires, Arthur L. The Tender Ship: Governmental Management of Technological Change. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1986.

  Steadman, Philip. The Evolution of Designs: Biological Analogy in Architecture and the Applied Arts. Cambridge: University Press, 1979.

  Straub, Hans. A History of Civil Engineering: An Outline from Ancient to Modern Times. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964.

  Strung, Norman. An Encyclopedia of Knives. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1976.

  Sturt, George. The Wheelwright’s Shop. Cambridge: University Press, 1934.

  ———. William Smith, Potter and Farmer: 1790–1858. Firle, Sussex, Eng.:

  Caliban Books, 1978. [Facsimile of original ed., 1919, published under the pseudonym George Bourne.]

  Tannahill, Reay. Food in History. New ed. New York: Crown, 1989.

  Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth. On Growth and Form. Edited by John Tyler Bonner. Cambridge: University Press, 1961.

 

‹ Prev