Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

by Roy Porter

  Eric H. Robinson, ‘The Derby Philosophical Society’, Annals of Science, ix (1953), 359–67

  Mary Robinson, Thoughts on the Condition of Women, and on the Injustice of Mental Subordination (London: Longman and Rees, 1799)

  N. Robinson, A New System of the Spleen (London: A. Bettesworth, 1729)

  John Robison, Proofs of a Conspiracy against All the Governments and Religions of Europe, Carried on in Secret Meetings of Free Masons, Illuminati, and Reading Societies (Edinburgh: William Creech, T. Cadell Jr, W. Davies, 1798)

  Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998)

  Betsy Rodgers, Cloak of Charity: Studies in Eighteenth-century Philanthropy (London: Methuen, 1949)

  G. A. J. Rogers, ‘The Empiricism of Locke and Newton’, in S. C. Brown (ed.), Philosophers of the Enlightenment (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1979), 1–30

  ———, ‘Descartes and the English’, in J. D. North and J. J. Roche (eds.), The Light and Nature: Essays in the History and Philosophy of Science Presented to A. C. Crombie (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985), 281–302

  ———, ‘Boyle, Locke and Reason’, in John W. Yolton (ed.), Philosophy, Religion and Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1990), 339–50

  ———, ‘Locke, Newton and the Cambridge Platonists on Innate Ideas’, in John W. Yolton (ed.), Philosophy, Religion and Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1990), 351–65

  ———, ‘Locke's Essay and Newton's Principia’, in John W. Yolton (ed.), Philosophy, Religion and Science in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1990), 366–84

  ———, ‘Locke, Anthropology and Models of the Mind’, History of the Human Sciences, vi (1993), 73–87

  Katharine M. Rogers, Before Their Time: Six Women Writers of the Eighteenth Century (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1979)

  ———, Feminism in Eighteenth-century England (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1982)

  Nicholas Rogers, ‘Confronting the Crime Wave: The Debate over Social Reform and Regulation, 1749–1753’, in Lee Davison, Tim Hitchcock, Tim Keirn and Robert B. Shoemaker (eds.), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689–1750 (Stroud: Alan Sutton, 1992), 77–98

  ———, Crowds, Culture and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)

  Pat Rogers, Grub Street: Studies in a Subculture (London: Methuen, 1972)

  ———, The Augustan Vision (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974)

  ——— (ed.), The Context of English Literature: The Eighteenth Century (London: Methuen, 1978)

  ———, Hacks and Dunces: Pope, Swift and Grub Street (London: Methuen, 1980)

  ———, Eighteenth Century Encounters (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1985)

  Eirch Roll, A History of Economic Thought (London: Faber, 1938)

  Samuel Romily, Memoirs of the Life of Sir Samuel Romilly: With a Selection from His Correspondence Edited by His Sons, 3 vols. (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1971 [1840])

  R. Rompkey, Soame Jenyns (Boston, Mass.: Twayne Publishers, 1984)

  Alessandro Roncaglia, Petty: The Origins of Political Economy (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1985)

  Barbara E. Rooke (ed.), The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coteridge: The Friend I (Princeton, NJ (Bollingen Series LXXV): Princeton University Press, 1969)

  Derek Roper, Reviewing Before the Edinburgh: 1788–1802 (London: Methuen, 1978)

  Mark Rose, Authors and Owners: the Invention of Copyright (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993)

  M. E. Rose, The English Poor Law 1760–1830 (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971)

  D. Rosenberg, ‘ “A New Sort of Logick and Critick”: Etymological Interpretation in Home Tooke's The Diversions of Purley’, in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds.), Language, Self and Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 300–329

  Ian Simpson Ross, Lord Kames and the Scotland of His Day (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972)

  ———, ‘The Physiocrats and Adam Smith’, British Journal for Eighteenth-century Studies, vii (1984), 177–90

  P. Rossi, The Dark Abyss of Time: The History of the Earth and the History of Nations from Hooke to Vico (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984)

  Eugene Rotwein, David Hume: Writings on Economics (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1970)

  G. S. Rousseau, ‘Psychology’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds.), The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 143–210

  ———, ‘The Pursuit of Homosexuality in the Eighteenth Century: “Utterly Confused Category” and/or Rich Repository?’, in R. P. Maccubbin (ed.), ‘Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality during the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 132–68

  ———, ‘Towards a Semiotics of the Nerve: The Social History of Language in a New Key’, in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds.), Language, Self and Society: A Social History of Language (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 213–75

  ———, ‘Nerves, Spirits and Fibres: Towards an Anthropology of Sensibility’, in Enlightenment Crossings: Pre- and Post-Modern Discourses (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), 122–41

  Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, J. M. Cohen (trans.) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954 [1781–8])

  John Rowning, A Compendious System of Natural Philosophy (London: Harding, 1735–42)

  George Rudé, Wilkes and Liberty: A Social Study of 1763–1774 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1962)

  Maximillian Rudwin, The Devil in Legend and Literature (La Salle, IIl.: The Open Court Publishing Company, 1959)

  John Rule, Albion's People: English Society, 1714–1815 (London: Longman, 1992)

  ———, The Vital Century: England's Developing Economy 1714–1815 (London: Longman, 1992)

  Benjamin Rumford, ‘Of the Management of Light in Illumination’ (1812), in Sanborn C. Brown (ed.), Collected Works of Count Rumford, vol. iv: Light and Armament (Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press, 1970), 97–8

  Nicolaas A. Rupke (ed.), Vivisection in Historical Context (London: Croom Helm, 1987)

  Gordon Rupp, Religion in England 1688–1791 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)

  Benjamin Rush, An Account of the Bilious Remitting Yellow Fever (Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1794)

  Andrea Rusnock, The Correspondence of James Jurin (1684–1750), Physician and Secretary of the Royal Society (Amsterdam: Rodopi Press, 1996)

  ———,: ‘Biopolitics: Political Arithmetic in the Enlightenment’, in William Clark, Jan Golinski and Simon Schaffer (eds.), The Sciences in Enlightened Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 49–68

  John Towill Rutt (ed.), The Theological and Miscellaneous Works of Joseph Priestley, 25 vols. in 26 (London: Smallfield, 1817–32)

  Edward Said, Orientalism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978)

  Roger Sales, English Literature in History, 1780–1830: Pastoral and Politics (London: Hutchinson, 1983)

  James Sambrook (ed.), William Cowper, The Task and Selected Other Poems (London: Longman, 1994)

  R. V. Sampson, Progress in the Age of Reason: The Seventeenth Century to the Present Day (London: Heinemann, 1956)

  L. Sanders (ed.), Selections from the Anti-Jacobin (London: Methuen, 1904)

  John Sargeaunt (ed.), The Poems of John Dryden (London: Oxford University Press, 1959)

  J. W. Saunders, The Profession of English Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964)

  C. de Saussure, A Foreign View of England in 1725–29 (London: John Murray, 1902; London: Caliban Books, 1995)

  Lynn Salkin Sbiroli, ‘Generation and Regeneration: Reflections on the Biological and Ideological Role of Women in France (1786–96)’, in Marie Mulvey Roberts and Roy Porter (
eds.), Literature and Medicine During the Eighteenth Century (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 266–85

  Simon Schaffer, ‘Natural Philosophy’, in G. S. Rousseau and R. Porter (eds.), The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth-century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 55–91

  ———, ‘Natural Philosophy and Public Spectacle in the Eighteenth Century’, History of Science, xxi (1983), 1–43

  ———, ‘Newton's Comets and the Transformation of Astrology’, in Patrick Curry (ed.), Astrology, Science and Society (Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1987), 219–43

  ———, ‘Defoe's Natural Philosophy and the Worlds of Credit’, in J. H. R. Christie and S. Shuttleworth (eds.), Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700–1989 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), 13–44

  ———, ‘Newtonianism’, in R. C. Olby, G. N. Cantor, J. R. R. Christie, and M.J. S. Hodge (eds.), Companion to the History of Modern Science (London: Routledge, 1990), 610–26

  ———, ‘States of Mind; Enlightenment and Natural Philosophy’, in G. S. Rousseau (ed.), The Languages of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990), 233–90

  ———, ‘Genius in Romantic Natural Philosophy’, in A. Cunningham and N. Jardine (eds.), Romanticism and the Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 82–98

  ———, ‘The Consuming Flame: Electrical Showmen and Tory Mystics in the World of Goods’, in John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), 489–526

  ———, ‘A Social History of Plausibility: County, City and Calculation in Augustan Britain’, in Adrian Wilson (ed.), Rethinking Social History: English Society 1570-1920 and Its Interpretation (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1993), 128–57

  ———, ‘Visions of Empire: Afterword’, in David Philip Miller and Peter Hanns Reill (eds.), Visions of Empire: Voyages, Botany, and Representations of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 335–52

  Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (London: Fontana, 1988)

  ———, Landscape and Memory (London: HarperCollins, 1995)

  Londa Schiebinger, The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989)

  Bernard M. Schilling, Conservative England and the Case against Voltaire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1950)

  Wolfgang Schivelbusch, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialisation of Light in the Nineteenth Century, Angela Davies (trans.) (Oxford, New York and Hamburg: Berg, 1988)

  Thomas Schlereth, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought: Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume and Voltaire (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977)

  Joachim Schlör, Nights in the Big City (London: Reaktion, 1998)

  Leigh Schmidt, Hearing Things: Religion, Illusion and the American Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000)

  G.J. Schochet, Patriarchalism in Political Thought: The Authoritarian Family and Political Speculation and Attitudes Especially in Seventeenth-century England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1975)

  Robert E. Schofield, The Lunar Society of Birmingham: A Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth-century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963)

  ———, Mechanism and Materialism: British Natural Philosophy in an Age of Reason (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970)

  ———, The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1733 to 1773(Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997)

  Peter Schouls, Reasoned Freedom: John Locke and Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992)

  J. A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (London: Allen and Unwin, 1954)

  John A. Schuster, ‘The Scientific Revolution’, in R. C. Olby, G. N. Cantor, J. R. R. Christie, and M. J.S. Hodge (eds.), Companion to the History of Modern Science (London: Routledge, 1990), 217–43

  Hillel Schwartz, Knaves, Fools, Madmen, and ‘That Subtile Effluvium’: A Study of the Opposition to the French Prophets in England, 1706–1710 (Gainesville, Ha: University Presses of Florida, 1978)

  ———, The French Prophets: The History of a Millenarian Group in Eighteenth-century England (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1980)

  Richard B. Schwartz, Samuel Johnson and the Problem of Evil (Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975)

  Lois G. Schwoerer, The Revolution of 1688–1689. Changing Perspectives (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)

  Sarah Scott, A Description of Millenium Hall and the Country Adjacent: Together with the Characters of the Inhabitants and Such Historical Anecdotes and Reflections as May Excite in the Reader Proper Sentiments of Humanity and Lead the Mind to the Love of Virtue; by ‘A Gentleman on His Travels’ (London: Newbery, 1762; repr., Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1996)

  W. R. Scott, Adam Smith as Student and Professor (Glasgow: Jackson, 1937)

  Sir Walter Scott (ed.), The Poetical Works of Anna Seward (Edinburgh: J. Ballantyne, 1810)

  I. Scoutland (ed.), Huguenots in Britain and Their French Background, 1550–1800 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1987)

  Andrew Scull, The Most Solitary of Afflictions: Madness and Society in Britain, 1700–1900 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993)

  Peter Searby, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. iii: 1750–1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997)

  Sarah Searight, The British in the Middle East (London and The Hague: East–West Publications, 1979)

  James A. Secord, ‘Newton in the Nursery: Tom Telescope and the Philosophy of Tops and Balls, 1761–1838’, History of Science, xxiii (1985), 127–51

  Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Jane Austen and the Masturbating Girl’, in Paula Bennett and Vernon A. Rosario II (eds.), Solitary Pleasures. The Historical, Literary, and Artistic Discourses of Autoeroticism (New York and London: Routledge, 1995), 133–54

  John Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977)

  Alan P. F. Sell, John Locke and the Eighteenth-century Divines (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1997)

  Janet Semple, ‘Foucault and Bentham: A Defence of Panopticism’, Utilitas, iv (1992), 105–20

  ———, Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)

  Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977)

  Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, The Moralists (London: Wyat, 1709)

  ———, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (London: Wyat, 1711)

  ——, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 4th edn, 3 vols. (London: J. Darby, 1727)

  ———, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 2 vols., Philip Ayres (ed.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999 [1711])

  Carole Shammas, The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990)

  Steven Shapin, ‘The Social Uses of Science’, in G. S. Rousseau and Roy Porter (eds.), The Ferment of Knowledge: Studies in the Historiography of Eighteenth-century Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), 93–142

  ———, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-century England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994)

  ———, The Scientific Revolution (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1996)

  Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985)

  Barbara J. Shapiro, Probability and Certainty in Seventeenth-century England: A Study of the Relationships between Natural S
cience, Religion, History, Law and Literature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983)

  James Sharpe, Instruments of Darkness: Witchcraft in England, 1550–1750 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1996)

  Jim Sharpe, ‘History From Below’, in Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 24–41

  Kevin Sharpe, Criticism and Compliment: The Politics of Literature in the England of Charles I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987)