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Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

Page 106

by Roy Porter


  on Interregnum 24

  on language 61, 237

  Letters on Toleration 106–7

  life 28

  on liberty 64–5, 186

  Isaac Newton on 66

  on philosophy xx, 6

  on politeness 22

  on private property 16, 185, 186–7

  as Radical 28–30, 60, 66, 188

  on reason 60–61

  Reasonableness of Christianity… 50, 62, 101–2, 333

  his religion 30, 66, 128

  on religious toleration 106–7

  Shaftesbury and 26, 29, 53–4, 160, 188

  on slavery xx-xxi

  Some Thoughts concerning Education 70, 77, 263, 340, 342

  on the soul 171

  style xvi

  on the supernatural 225, 369

  John Tillotson and 102

  John Toland and 16, 117

  Abraham Tucker on 45

  ‘Two Tracts on Government 29

  Two Treatises of Government 29, 30, 162, 185–6, 188, 190

  Isaac Watts on 342

  on women 332–3

  on workhouses 378

  on working classes 369–70, 375, 380

  L

  London 318

  as communications centre 41

  as cultural centre 34–40, 92

  development of 35

  as entertainment centre 266–70

  as literary centre 82–3

  newspapers/journals printed in 77, 78

  pleasure gardens 19, 35, 269, 270

  as printing centre 73, 86

  as trading centre 40

  Westminster Abbey 93

  Whitehall Banqueting House 34

  London Constitutional Society 452

  London Corresponding Society 372, 449, 451–2

  London Evening Post 73, 77, 191

  London Gazette 77

  London Guide 34

  London Hospital 207

  London Journal 190

  lotteries 209

  Loudon, John Claudius 312–13

  Louis XIV, King of France 26, 28, 30, 49

  de Loutherberg, James Philip:

  his ‘Eidophusikon’ (exhibition) 270

  The Wonders of Derbyshire (stage sets) 316

  love see marriage; sexual behaviour

  Lowth, Robert, Bishop of London 226

  Lucas, Charles 293

  Lunar Society, Birmingham 44, 46, 154, 329, 343, 359, 401, 413, 427, 428

  founding of 435, 436

  Macaulay, Catherine 333, 337, 343, 402

  History of England 327

  Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron 358

  Machiavelli, Niccolò: Discourses 188

  Mackenzie, Henry 288

  The Man of Feeling 283–4, 291

  Julia de Roubigné 332

  Mackintosh, Sir James 76

  MacLaurin, Colin 134

  MacLean, Kenneth 69

  Macpherson, James:

  Fragments of Ancient Poetry…

  366

  Madden, Samuel:

  Memoirs of the Twentieth Century 425

  Madison, James 196–7

  madness see insanity

  Madoc cult 240

  Magdalen hospitals 207, 373

  magic 223, 224, 383 see also superstition

  magic lantern shows 39, 270

  the mail 40–41

  Makin, Bathsua:

  Essay… Education of Gentlewomen 333

  Malthus, Daniel 470

  Malthus, Revd Thomas Robert 99, 380, 483

  as anti-reform 470–72

  criticism of 472–3

  Essay on the Principle of Population 207, 311, 380–81, 470

  on progress 425

  Manchester 41, 427–8

  Mandeville, Bernard 74, 168, 178, 203, 237, 243

  Fable of the Bees… 172–3, 174, 175

  The Grumbling Hive… 172

  on human nature 171–6, 260, 261, 263

  Modest Defence of the Public Stews… 272, 373

  ‘Search into the Nature of Society’ 174

  on trade 384

  The Virgin Unmask'd 172, 175

  on women 325

  on working classes 368

  Manley, Mary, De la Rivière 278, 326

  Mann, Sir Horace 354

  Mannheim, Karl 479

  Mansfield, Sir James, Lord Mansfield 359

  Marine coffee house 142

  Marmontel, Jean François 10

  marriage 274, 320–21, 324, 325, 329, 333–4

  divorce 274

  Marsak, Leonard:

  The Enlightenment 4, 9

  Martin, Benjamin 144, 367

  materialism 243, 253, 264, 390, 399, 411, 419, 437–8 see also commercial societies

  mathematics:

  God's existence, mathematics as proof of 194

  Isaac Newton's work on 132, 134 see also natural sciences; physical sciences

  Mathias, Thomas James 293, 449

  Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de 135

  measurement see quantification

  medical sciences 139

  advances in 152, 153–5, 161, 209

  animists 139, 140

  childbirth 209

  doctors 373–4

  drugs and medicines 283, 300

  folk medicine 365

  King's Evil 152

  uses of 144–9

  vitalism 139 see also disease; hospitals

  Medical Society of London 146

  medicines see drugs and medicines

  Melmoth, Courtney:

  Humanity 363

  Mendoza, Daniel 269

  Mersenne, Marin 139

  Methodism 33, 98, 128, 225, 298 see also religion

  middle class 267, 269, 351

  culture for 277

  morality as middle class 400–401

  as political reformers 398, 400

  Middlesex Hospital 207

  Middleton, Conyers 123–4

  Free Enquiry… 124

  Letter from Rome 124

  Miège, Guy 144

  military power 1, 2, 24, 143, 146, 189

  in commercial societies 249, 250–51

  standing armies 28, 190

  Mill, James III, 358, 422

  Essay on Government 336

  Mill, John Stuart 90, 346, 479, 482, 483

  Millar, John 252, 253–4, 255, 356, 400, 425

  Miller, James:

  The Man of Taste 369

  Milner, Esther 330

  Milton, John 75, 130, 159, 163, 280, 297, 444

  Paradise Lost 85, 444, 445

  Samson Agonistes 20

  the mind 440

  mind/body dualism 141, 407

  mind/matter debate 457–8 see also human nature; nervous system/ neurology

  Minerva Press and Library 86, 87

  miracles 114, 123–4, 226–7

  The Mirror 94

  Mirror Club (Edinburgh) 245, 288

  Misson, Henri 205

  modernization xx, 12–23, 24–47, 476–84

  of agriculture 301, 306–11

  of attitudes 208, 228–9;

  see also human nature

  commercial societies see commercial societies

  cult of the new 158–60, 480–81

  cultural see cultural developments

  dynamics of change 230–57

  economic see economic development

  of education 339–48, 351–63

  as emancipation from the past 48–71

  evolution, understanding of 439–45

  as history xix, 230–42

  innovation as 14–15, 44, 51, 144–5, 266, 424–39

  land reform 459–60, 461–2, 465, 473

  language reform 214, 418, 459–60, 461–2, 465

  of literature 277–94

  Nature, improvement of 304–11

  of politics 184–204, 247–51, 397–423

  progress, theory of 264; see also commercial societies

  Radicalism 436–75

&n
bsp; slavery, criticism of 358–61

  of society 48–71, 205–29; see also commercial societies

  of trade 383–96

  women's rights xxi, 16, 294, 325–38

  working classes, improvements for 364–82

  Molesworth, Robert, 1st Viscount

  Molesworth 111, 190

  Molyneux, William 67

  the monarchy 18, 188

  constitutional 6, 32

  Divine Right of Kings 13, 18, 25, 27, 185, 228

  importance of 1, 5

  nature of 200

  Parliament and 25–6, 28, 185

  the Restoration 24–6

  royal prerogative 185

  the succession 27, 28 see also political structure

  Monboddo, Lord see Burnett, James, Lord Monboddo

  money 187–8, 390, 461

  coinage 29 see also political science

  monogenesis theory 356

  Monmouth Rebellion (1685) 26, 29

  Montagu, Charles, 1st Earl of Halifax (2nd G.) 29, 84, 260

  Advice to a Daughter 522

  Montagu, Elizabeth 15, 327, 332, 337

  Montagu John, 4th Earl of Sandwich 38

  Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 322–3, 336–7

  on the Ottoman Empire 357, 365

  Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat 6, 97, 252

  De l'esprit des lois 249

  Monthly Magazine 81

  Moore, John 2

  Moore, Sir Jonas 311

  moral codes 174

  moral economy 386, 387 see also economic development; political economy

  morality/morals 164, 168, 169–71, 180, 255–7, 261–3

  accountability 167, 219

  Joseph Addison on 194–7, 198, 203

  duty/duties 1–2, 15, 161–2, 167, 168, 261, 263, 278, 456, 457–8

  in economic activities 396

  education as route to 342

  David Hume on 178–9, 200–201, 203

  Bernard de Mandeville on 171–6

  as middle class 400–401

  in sentimental novels 285

  Adam Smith on 202–3 see also human nature; philosophy/ philosophers

  More, Hannah 322, 327, 337, 346, 467–9

  her Cheap Repository Tracts 468

  on children 339–40

  An Estimate of the Religion of the Fashionable 467

  History of Mr Fantom… 469

  The Riot… 468–9

  Strictures on… Female Education 322

  Thoughts on… Manners… 467

  Village Politics 468

  Horace Walpole and 467

  More, Henry 56

  Morgan, Edward (Iolo Morganyg) 240–41

  Morgan, Sydney, Lady (née Owenson) 327

  Moritz, Pastor Carl Philip 14–15, 19, 44

  Morton, Lord see Douglas, James, 14th Earl of Horton

  Moyes, Henry 143

  Moyle, Walter 111, 190

  Muchembled, Robert 382

  Mun, Sir Thomas 385

  England's Treasure… 385

  Murdoch, William 44

  Murphy, Arthur 93

  Murray, John 81

  museums 39, 146, 148, 270, 434

  music 241, 269–70, 434

  folk songs 365–6

  sheet music 270 see also theatres and concert halls

  Muslims see Islam

  Musschenbroek, Pieter van 134

  myth see paganism; superstition

  national identity 42–4, 49, 92–3, 148, 239–46, 396

  Irish 239, 240, 241

  patriotic histories 231–2

  Scottish 239, 242–6

  Welsh 239, 240–41

  the natural order 17, 21, 32–3, 51, 52, 140–41, 149, 302

  Francis Bacon on 56–7

  Thomas Hobbes on 58–9, 60, 119, 164

  human nature and 161–2, 183

  religion and 104, 114

  natural philosophy 132–8, 255–7, 304–5

  natural sciences 51–2, 98

  advances in 6–7, 8, 12–13, 32, 49, 51, 52, 130–55, 256, 427

  agriculture and 307–8

  astronomy 149–50

  education in 344

  experimentation/observation 65, 67, 134, 142–4, 149

  God's existence, science as proof of 104

  philosophers of 132–8; see also individual philosophers

  public promotion of 142–5

  religion and 130–31

  scientific publications 144–5

  Adam Smith on 149–50

  systems of 130, 131

  taxonomy 142

  uses of 144–9, 152–5 see also individual scientists; innovation; mathematics; philosophy/ philosophers; physical sciences; technological advances

  natural theology 104, 105, 112, 119–20, 125–6, 136–8, 140–41, 260–61

  Nature 295–319

  agriculture 147, 148, 267, 297, 301, 306–11, 317

  animals, attitudes to 348–51

  Christian view of 297–9

  as civilizing 310–11

  the Creation 296, 298, 299, 300, 355–6, 453

  definition 295

  deification of 295–6, 319

  domestication of 310–11

  as environment 296, 300, 319, 401

  environmental crises 300–301, 315–17

  evolution 162, 355–6, 439–43, 444–5

  gardens 311–13

  improvement of 304–11

  industrialization and 315–17

  as inspiration 280

  man's relations with 296, 297–8, 302–6, 310–11

  Mother Earth concept 305

  mountains 313–14

  physical geography 302

  as a resource 299–300

  rural life 147, 148, 259, 267, 269, 298, 310

  as sacred 313–14

  the universe 297–8

  nature poetry 303–4

  necessitarianism 167

  nervous system/neurology 182, 183, 281–3

  female 328–9

  Netherlands see Holland

  Neville, Henry 111

  the new, cult of 158–60, 480–81 see also modernization

  New Biographical Dictionary 327

  New Lanark Mills, Clydeside 432, 433–4

  Newbery, John 348, 351–2

  Newcastle 40, 41, 86, 427, 459

  Newcastle, Margaret see Cavendish, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle

  Newcastle Courant 143

  Newcastle Philosophical Society 459

  Newcomen, Thomas 51

  Newington Green Academy 383

  newspapers/journals 36, 77–82, 219

  book review journals 81

  growth in 77–8, 81, 327

  importance of 79–80, 194–7

  reader input 81

  in Scotland 245

  sports journalism 269

  uses/purpose 79–80, 194–7

  for women 80, 284 see also individual titles; printing/books

  Newton, Sir Isaac 6, 8, 12, 17, 60, 132–8, 276, 318

  alchemy, interest in 133

  character 137–8

  Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms… 133

  his followers 134–5, 142

  influence/importance 32, 134, 135–8, 139, 181–2

  Gottfried Leibniz and 132, 134

  life 132, 134

  on John Locke 66

  as mathematician 132, 134, 135

  at the Mint 29, 93, 134

  Observations on the Prophecies 133

  optical work 132–3, 135

  Opticks 45, 133, 135, 140, 161, 182

  as President of the Royal Society 134

  Joseph Priestley on 279

 

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