The Brazilian: N. R. Armstrong and J. D. Wilson, “Did the ‘Brazilian’ Kill the Pubic Louse?” Sexually Transmitted Infections 82 (2006): 265–266; C. Enting, “The Brazilian Affair,” Dominion Post, December 13, 2007.
Some Europeans actually: C. Blakemore and S. Jennett, eds., The Oxford Companion to the Body, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2002): 778.
Incidentally, it’s not only: For pubic hair transplants in Korea, see Y. R. Lee, S. J. Lee, J. C. Kim, and H. Ogawa, “Hair Restoration Surgery in Patients with Pubic Atrichosis or Hypotrichosis: Review of Technique and Clinical Consideration of 507 Cases,” Dermatol Surg 32, no. 11 (2006): 1327–1335; see also C. K. Hong and H. G. Choi, “Hair Restoration Surgery in Patients with Hypotrichosis of the Pubis: The Reason and Ideas for Design,” Dermatol Surg 25, no. 6 (1999): 475–479.
A 2006 paper: L. M. Shinmyo, F. X. Nahas, and L. M. Ferreira, “Guidelines for Pubic Hair Restoration,” Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 30, no. 1 (2006): 104–107.
And like many rules: “Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome,” Medline Plus, http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001180.htm.
Beyond the vaginal opening: For a technical resource on female anatomy, see C. R. B. Beckmann and F. W. Ling, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th ed. (Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2006).
Similarly, endurance athletes: C. L. Otis, “Exercise-Associated Amenorrhea,” Clinical Sports Medicine 11 (1992): 351–362; M. Shangold, R. W. Rebar, A. C. Wentz, and I. Schiff, “Evaluation and Management of Menstrual Dysfunction in Athletes,” JAMA 263 (1990): 1665–1669.
Cultural treatment of menstruation: See, for example, J. Kien, The Battle Between the Moon and Sun: The Separation of Women’s Bodies from the Cosmic Dance (N.P.: Universal Publishers, 2003); T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988); S. Price, Co-Wives and Calabashes (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993); K. De Troyer, J. A. Herbert, J. A. Johnson, and A. Korte, Wholly Woman, Holy Blood: A Feminist Critique of Purity and Impurity (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003); M. Berkowitz, “Reshaping the Laws of Family Purity for the Modern World,” Committee on Jewish Law and Standards, Rabbinical Assembly, December 6, 2006; D. Smith, “Of Cycles and Scriptures: Chafing Against Rituals,” New York Times, July 19, 2001; P. Hage and F. Harary, “Pollution Beliefs in Highland New Guinea,” Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 16 no. 3 (September 1981): 367–375; K. O’Grady and P. Wansbrough, Sweet Secrets: Stories of Menstruation (Toronto: Sumach Press, 1997). P. Thomas, “Behind the Label: Tampons,” Ecologist, November 27, 2007; P. M. Tierno and P. M. Tierno Jr., “The Secret Life of Germs: What They Are, Why We Need Them, and How We Can Protect Ourselves Against Them (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
According to Nancy Friedman: N. Friedman, Everything You Must Know About Tampons (New York: Berkley Books, 1981).
The first commercial product: S. D. Strauss, The Big Idea: How Business Innovators Get Great Ideas to Market (Chicago: Dearborn, 2001); A. Freeman and B. Golden, Why Didn’t I Think of That: Bizarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Couldn’t Live Without (New York: Wiley, 1997).
In their book: T. Heinrich and B. Batchelor, Kotex, Kleenex, Huggies: Kimberly-Clark and the Consumer Revolution in American Business (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004).
Most women are familiar: F. G. Cunningham and J. W. Williams, Williams Obstetrics, 22nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005).
By the way, even: J. B. Becker, Behavioral Endocrinology, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002).
Then there’s the whole: W. Cutler, “Lunar and Menstrual Phase Locking. Study of the Lunar Cycle’s Influence on Menstrual Cycles,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 137 (1980): 834.
There is some theorizing: D. F. Kripke, “Light Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle,” in L. Wetterberg, ed., Light and Biological Rhythms in Man (Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press, 1993).
As the astronomer: G. O. Abell and B. Singer, Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural (New York: Scribner, 1983).
We know that: A wonderful book on the subject is B. Whipple, A. Kahn Ladas, and J. D. Perry, The G Spot and Other Discoveries About Human Sexuality (New York: Macmillan, 2004); see also the important book by E. A. Lloyd, The Case of the Female Orgasm: Bias in the Science of Evolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); L. Chambers, “The Story of O: Looking to Master the Art of Love? Try Starting with the Science,” Focus, May 30, 2007.
More recently: B. R. Komisaruk, C. Beyer-Flores, B. Whipple, The Science of Orgasm (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
Researchers in Switzerland: S. Ortigue, S. T. Grafton, and F. Bianchi-Demicheli, “Correlation Between Insula Activation and Self-Reported Quality of Orgasm in Women, Neuro Image 37 (2007): 551–560; M. Wenner, “Sex Is Better for Women in Love: Reward Areas in the Brain Are Tied to Orgasm Quality,” Scientific American, January 2008.
Oxytocin, called the “love hormone”: M. J. Stephey, “Can Oxytocin Ease Shyness,” Time, July 21, 2008. “What exactly happens when you have an orgasm.” J. Margolis, O: The Intimate History of the Orgasm (New York: Grove Press, 2004).
But oxytocin doesn’t just: B. K. Rothman, In Labor: Women and Power in the Birthplace (New York: Norton, 1981); “Level of Oxytocin in Pregnant Women Predicts Mother-Child Bond,” Science Daily, October 16, 2007; L. F. Palmer, “Bonding Matters: The Chemistry of Attachment,” Attachment Parenting International 5, no. 2 (2002): 2; Wenner, “Sex Is Better for Women in Love.”
Dr. Kathleen C. Light: K. C. Light et al., “More Frequent Partner Hugs and Higher Oxytocin Levels Are Linked to Lower Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Premenopausal Women,” Biol Psychol 69, no. 1 (2005): 5–21.
Although it’s still experimental: Hollander, E., Bartz, J., Chaplin, W., Phillips, A., Sumner, J., Soorya, L., et al. (2007) “Oxytocin increases retention of social cognition in autism.” Biol Psychiatry, 61(4), 498–503.
It’s also thought: M. R. Thompson, G. E. Hunt, and I. S. McGregor, “Neural Correlates of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)-Induced Social Interaction in Rats,” Soc Neurosci (2008): 1–13.
Chapter 2: Boys to Men
On top of that: J. Lever, D. Frederick, L. A. Peplau, “Does Size Matter? Men’s and Women’s Views on Penis Size Across the Lifespan,” Psychology of Men and Masculinity 7, no. 3 (July 2006): 129–143; W. A. Fisher, N. R. Branscombe, C. R. Lemery, “The Bigger the Better? Arousal and Attributional Responses to Erotic Stimuli That Depict Different Size Penises,” Journal of Sex Research 19, no. 4 (November 1983): 377–396.
A survey conducted in India: D. Grammaticus, “Condoms ‘Too Big’ for Indian Men,” B.B.C. News Service, December 8, 2006.
So it looks: H. Wessells, T. F. Lue, and J. W. McAninch, “Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation,” J Urol 156, no. 3 (1996): 995–997.
Height seems to vary: Z. Awwad, M. Abu-Hijleh, S. Basri, N. Shegam, M. Murshidi, and K. Ajlouni, “Penile Measurements in Normal Adult Jordanians and in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction,” Int J Impot Res 17, no. 2 (2005): 191–195; D. Mehraban, M. Salehi, and F. Zayeri, “Penile Size and Somatometric Parameters Among Iranian Normal Adult Men,” Int J Impot Res 19, no. 3 (2007): 303–309; R. Ponchietti, N. Mondaini, M. Bonafe, F. Di Loro, S. Biscioni, and L. Masieri, “Penile Length and Circumference: A Study on 3,300 Young Italian Males,” Eur Urol 39, no. 2 (2001): 183–186; K. Promodu, K. V. Shanmughadas, S. Bhat, and K. R. Nair, “Penile Length and Circumference: An Indian Study,” Int J Impot Res 19, no. 6 (2007): 558–563.
They say that you can: J. Shah and N. Christopher, “Can Shoe Size Predict Penile Length?” BJU International 90 (2002): 586–587.
The normal male penis: For a thorough guide that answers most questions about men’s private parts, see Y. Taguchi and M. Weisbord, Private Parts: A Doctor’s Guide to the Male Anatomy (New York: Doubleday, 1989). For
a biography of the penis, see: D. M. Friedman, A Mind of Its Own: A Cultural History of the Penis (New York: Free Press, 2001).
Dr. Mark Winston: M. L. Winston, The Biology of the Honey Bee (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987).
And what happens to: Ibid.
Essentially, the foreskin: For a paper about the foreskin from a functional perspective, see: C. J. Cold and J. R. Taylor, “The Prepuce,” BJU Int 83, suppl 1 (1999): 34–44.
Which is why some researchers: There are few issues more emotionally charged than the circumcision of young boys. For a history of the practice, see: L. B. Glick, Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005); and W. D. Dunsmuir and E. M. Gordon, “The History of Circumcision,” BJU Int 83, suppl 1 (1999): 1–12. T. Hammond, “A Preliminary Poll of Men Circumcised in Infancy or Childhood,” BJU Int, 83, suppl 1 (1999): 85–92. The following paper offers some background information on the foreskin (prepuce in primates): C. J. Cold and K. A. McGrath, “Anatomy and Histology of the Penile and Clitoral Prepuce in Primates,” in G. C. Denniston, F. M. Hodges, and M. F. Milos, eds., Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice (New York: Springer, 1999), pp. xvi, 547.
“Circumcision has a long history: J. M. Hutson, “Circumcision: A Surgeon’s Perspective,” J Med Ethics 30, no. 3 (2004): 238–240;
Circumcision can have serious complications: Keloids can be a very serious, yet somewhat rare, complication after circumcision. See: R. Gurunluoglu, M. Bayramicli, T. Dogan, and A. Numanoglu, “Keloid After Circumcision,” Plast Reconstr Surg 103, no. 5 (1999): 1539–1540.
In a 1999 study: K. O’Hara and J. O’Hara, “The Effect of Male Circumcision on the Sexual Enjoyment of the Female Partner,” BJU Int 83, suppl 1 (1999): 79–84.
There are three basic types: E. Banks, O. Meirik, T. Farley, O. Akande, H. Bathija, and M. Ali, “Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome: WHO Collaborative Prospective Study in Six African Countries,” Lancet 367, no. 9525 (2006): 1835–1841; M. Afifi, “Female Genital Mutilation in Egypt,” Lancet 369, no. 9576 (2007): 1858.
Or does it?: G. Kigozi et al., “The Effect of Male Circumcision on Sexual Satisfaction and Function, Results from a Randomized Trial of Male Circumcision for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention, Rakai, Uganda,” BJU Int 101, no. 1 (2008): 65–70.
Of course, the jury’s: V. Marx and G. Lawton, “Circumcision: To Cut or Not to Cut?” New Scientist, July 16, 2008.
And all the research: For more on restoration of foreskins, see: D. Schultheiss, M. C. Truss, C. G. Stief, and U. Jonas, “Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration,” Plast Reconstr Surg 101, no. 7 (1998): 1990–1998; and S. B. Brandes and J. W. McAninch, “Surgical Methods of Restoring the Prepuce: A Critical Review,” BJU Int 83, suppl 1 (1999): 109–113.
For some years: A. J. Fink, “A Possible Explanation for Heterosexual Male Infection with AIDS,” N Engl J Med 315, no. 18 (1986): 1167.
A seven-year study: S. J. Reynolds et al. “Male Circumcision and Risk of HIV-1 and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections in India,” Lancet 363, no. 9414 (2004): 1039–1040.
Then came a pair: “Adult Male Circumcision Significantly Reduces Risk of Acquiring HIV: Trials in Kenya and Uganda Stopped Early,” National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2006/AMC12_06press.htm.
And there has been: M. Garenne, “Long-Term Population Effect of Male Circumcision in Generalised HIV Epidemics in Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Journal of AIDS Research 7, no. 1 (2008): 1–8. J. D. Dickerman, “Circumcision in the Time of HIV: When Is There Enough Evidence to Revise the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Policy on Circumcision?” Pediatrics, 119, no. 5 (2007): 1006–1007.
HIV isn’t the only virus: B. Y. Hernandez et al., “Circumcision and Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: A Site-Specific Comparison,” J Infect Dis 197, no. 6 (2008): 787–794. R. H. Gray, M. J. Wawer, C. B. Polis, G. Kigozi, and D. Serwadda, “Male Circumcision and Prevention of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections,” Curr Infect Dis Rep 10, no. 2 (2008): 121–127.
In an accompanying editorial: P. V. Chin-Hong, “Cutting Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men,” J Infect Dis 197, no. 6 (2008): 781–783.
For now, I agree with: American Academy of Pediatrics’ policy statement on circumcision is available at http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/pediatrics;103/3/686.
That theory is given: S. Shefi, P. E. Tarapore, T. J. Walsh, M. Croughan, and P. J. Turek, “Wet Heat Exposure: A Potentially Reversible Cause of Low Semen Quality in Infertile Men,” Int Braz J Urol 33, no. 1 (2007): 50–57.
A recent study by researchers: “Hot Tubs May Cut Male Fertility,” BBC News Service, March 5, 2007.
And a new study: A. Jung, P. Strauss, H. J. Lindner, and H. C. Schuppe, “Influence of Heating Car Seats on Scrotal Temperature,” Fertil Steril 90, no. 2 (2008): 335–339.
During development, testicles: For more on the descent of the testicles, see W. R. Anderson, J. A. Hicks, and S. A. Holmes, “The Testis: What Did He Witness?” BJU Int 89, no. 9 (2002): 910–911; and L. Werdelin and A. Nilsonne, “The Evolution of the Scrotum and Testicular Descent in Mammals: A Phylogenetic View,” J Theor Biol 196, no. 1 (1999): 61–72.
Yet having large testicles: S. Pitnick, K. E. Jones, and G. S. Wilkinson, “Mating System and Brain Size in Bats,” Proc Biol Sci 273, no. 1587 (2006): 719–724; see also G. Vince, “Big Brain Means Small Testes, Finds Bat Study,” New Scientist, December 7, 2005.
In 2008, scientists: J. M. Nascimento et al., “The Use of Optical Tweezers to Study Sperm Competition and Motility in Primates,” J R Soc Interface 5, no. 20 (2008): 297–302.
According to Jaclyn Nascimento: “Primate Sperm Competition: Speed Matters,” Science Today at the University of California, October 1, 2007, http://www.ucop.edu/sciencetoday/article/16514.
Having sticky semen: S. Dorus, P. D. Evans, G. J. Wyckoff, S. S. Choi, and B. T. Lahn, “Rate of Molecular Evolution of the Seminal Protein Gene SEMG2 Correlates with Levels of Female Promiscuity,” Nat Genet 36, no. 12 (2004): 1326–1329; S. J. Carnahan and M. I. Jensen-Seaman, “Hominoid Seminal Protein Evolution and Ancestral Mating Behavior,” Am J Primatol 70, no. 10 (2008): 939–948.
“It’s similar to the pressures: “Sperm’s Solution to Promiscuity,” BBC World News, November 8, 2004.
Scientists have observed: U. Candolin and J. D. Reynolds, “Adjustments of Ejaculation Rates in Response to Risk of Sperm Competition in a Fish, the Bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus),” Proc Biol Sci 269, no. 1500 (2002): 1549–1553.
The followers of the Greek thinker: M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1988).
Dr. Harry Fisch: N. Angier, “Sleek, Fast and Focused: The Cells That Make Dad Dad,” New York Times, June 12, 2007.
A 2005 Australian study: S. J. Kilgallon and L. W. Simmons, “Image Content Influences Men’s Semen Quality,” Biol Lett 1, no. 3 (2005): 253–255.
Evolutionary biologist: Leigh Simmons, quoted in J. Skatssoon, “Porn Makes Sperm Better Swimmers,” ABC Science, June 8, 2005.
But don’t take my word for it: You can watch it at “The Semen Taste Test: Can food change the flavour of a man’s seminal fluid?” Science and Nature: The Truth About Food, http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/humanbody/truthaboutfood/sexy/spermtaste.shtml.
Chapter 3: I’m So Excited and I Just Can’t Hide It
A new study published: G. C. Gonzaga, M. G. Haselton, J. Smurda, M. S. Davies, and J. C. Poore, “Love, Desire, and the Suppression of Thoughts of Romantic Alternatives,” Evolution and Human Behavior 29 (2008): 119–126.
In another study: Maner, J. K., Rouby, D. A., and Gonzaga, G. “Automatic Inattention to Attractive Alternatives: The Evolved Psychology of Relationship Maintenance.” Evolution & Human Behavior 29 (2008): 343–349.
Joseph Forgas, a psychologist: R. Nowak, “Love Is Really Blin
d, or at Least Blinkered,” New Scientist, July 7, 2008.
“Women know they have: Quoted in “Near Ovulation, Your Cheatin’ Heart Will Tell on You,” UC Newsroom, press release, http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/7768.
A recent study led by: M. G. Haselton, M. Mortezaie, E. G. Pillsworth, A. Bleske-Rechek, and D. A. Frederick, “Ovulatory Shifts in Human Female Ornamentation: Near Ovulation, Women Dress to Impress,” Hormones and Behavior 51, no. 1 (2007): 40–45; see also M. G. Haselton and S. W. Gangestad, “Conditional Expression of Women’s Desires and Men’s Mate Guarding Across the Ovulatory Cycle,” Hormones and Behavior 49, no. 4 (2006): 509–518.
“We found that women: Dr. Martie Haselton, quoted in “Studies: Women Genetically Programmed to Cheat,” ABC News, January 4, 2006.
A related UCLA study: E. G. Pillsworth and M. G. Haselton, “Male Sexual Attractiveness Predicts Differential Ovulatory Shifts in Female Extra-Pair Attraction and Male Mate Retention,” Evolution and Human Behavior 27, no. 4 (2006): 247–258.
“I hope the message women get: Elizabeth Pillsworth, quoted in “Studies: Women Genetically Programmed to Cheat.”
Rachel Herz is: R. Herz, The Scent of Desire: Discovering Our Enigmatic Sense of Smell (New York: William Morrow, 2007).
“I knew I would marry: Estelle Campenni, quoted in E. Svoboda, “Scents and Sensibility.” Psychology Today, January–February 2008.
“As of now: Personal interview with Charles Wysocki.
The granddaddy of research: C. Wedekind, T. Seebeck, F. Bettens, and A. J. Paepke, “MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans,” Proc Biol Sci 260, no. 1359 (1995): 245–249.
When I interviewed Herz: Personal interview with Rachel Herz.
“There’s no Brad Pitt: Rachel Herz, quoted in Svoboda, “Scents and Sensibility.”
Not only does HLA compatibility: C. E. Garver-Apgar, S. W. Gangestad, R. Thornhill, R. D. Miller, and J. J. Olp, “Major Histocompatibility Complex Alleles, Sexual Responsivity, and Unfaithfulness in Romantic Couples,” Psych Sci 17 (2006): 830–835.
How Sex Works Page 21