* * *
Table 1. The Lee List
(alphabetical order, not case numbers)
1. Alexander, Dorothy
2. Arndt, Ernest
3. Barnett, Robert
4. Berman, Harold
5. Blaisdell, Donald
6. Borton, Hugh
7. Brunauer, Esther
8. Burlingame, Robert
9. Cameron, Gertrude
10. Carlisle, Lois
11. Carter, William
12. Demerjian, Alice
13. DeMoretz, Shirley
14. Dubois, Cora
15. Elinson, Marcelle
16. Eminowitz, Halina
17. Ferry, Frances
18. Fierst, Herbert
19. Fine, Sherwood
20. Fishback, Sam
21. Fishburn, John
22. Fornos, Joseph
23. Fournier, Norman
24. Gordon, Estelle
25. Graze, Gerald
26. Graze, Stanley
27. Gross, Aaron
28. Hankin, Robert
29. Harrison, Marcia
30. Horwin, Leonard
31. Hughes, H. S.
32. Hunt, Victor
33. Illyefalvi-Vitez, G.
34. Jackson, Malcolm
35. Jankowski, Joseph
36. Josephson, Joseph
37. Kamarck, Andrew
38. Kaufman, Arthur
39. Lansberg, Hans
40. Lazarus, Theodore
41. Lemon, Edythe
42. Lewis, Preston
43. Lifantieff-Lee, P.
44. Lindsey, John R.
45. Lloyd, David
46. Lorwin, Val
47. Lovell, Leander
48. Lunning, Just
49. McDavid, Raven
50. Magnite, Sylvia
51. Magruder, John
52. Mallon, Dwight
53. Mann, Gottfried
54. Margolies, Daniel
55. Margolin, Arnold
56. Martin, Shirley
57. Martingale, Rose
58. Meigs, Peveril
59. Miller, Robert
60. Montague, Ella
61. Moore, Leith
62. Neal, Fred
63. Ness, Norman
64. Neumann, Franz
65. Osnatch, Olga
66. Parker, Glen
67. Parsons, Ruby
68. Perkins, Isham
69. Pesto, Paula
70. Peter, Hollis
71. Polyzoides, T. A.
72. Posner, Margery
73. Post, Richard
74. Raine, Philip
75. Randolph, David
76. Rennie, Leonard
77. Robinson, Jay
78. Rommel, Rowena
79. Rose, Ernest
80. Rosenthal, Albert
81. Ross, Lewis
82. Ross, Robert
83. Rothwell, George
84. Royce, Edith
85. Rudlin, Walter
86. Salmon, Thomas
87. Schimmel, Sylvia
88. Shell, Melvin
89. Shevlin, Lorraine
90. Siegal, Herman
91. Smith, Frederick
92. Smith, Samuel
93. Smothers, Frank
94. Stoianoff, Stoian
95. Stone, William
96. Taylor, Jeanne
97. Thomson, Charles
98. Thursz, Jonathan
99. Toory, Frank
100. Tuchscher, Frances
101. Tuckerman, Gustavus
102. Vincent, John C.
103. Volin, Max
104. Washburne, Carleton
105. Wilcox, Stanley
106. Wilfert, Howard
107. Wood, James
108. Yuhas, Helen
* * *
However, we do now have the names, and with them can answer some of the questions glossed over in the standard treatments. (The complete lists of Lee-McCarthy cases are given in Tables 1 and 2, followed by some relevant breakdowns in succeeding tables.) On the substance of the matter, we of course need something more than names and numbers, which in themselves say nothing about the merits of the cases. As with the speech at Wheeling, this purely numerical focus is a bit of a sideshow. But since these matters were stressed so much by Tydings and the State Department, and still are by McCarthy critics, they can hardly be avoided.
* * *
Table 2. Names Submitted to Tydings in Writing by McCarthy
(alphabetical order, not case numbers)
1. Arndt, Ernest
2. Askwith, E. J.
3. Barnett, P.
4. Barnett, R.
5. Berman, Harold
6. Blaisdell, Donald
7. Brunauer, Esther
8. Cameron, Gertrude
9. Carlisle, Lois
10. Carter, William
11. Chipchin, Nelson
12. Clucas, Lowell
13. Davies, John Paton
14. Delgado, Mucio
15. Demerjian, Alice
16. Dubois, Cora
17. Erdos, Arpad
18. Ferry, Frances
19. Fierst, Herbert
20. Fishback, Sam
21. Fishburn, John
22. Ford (Fornos), Joseph
23. Gordon, Stella
24. Grad, Andrew
25. Grandahl, T. Conrad
26. Graze, Gerald
27. Graze, Stanley
28. Gross, Aaron
29. Harris, Reed
30. Harrison, Martha
31. Henkin, Louis
32. Horwin, Leonard
33. Hulten, Charles
34. Hunt, Victor
35. Illyefalvi-Vitez, G.
36. Ingram, George
37. Jankowski, John
38. Jessup, Philip
39. Josephson, Joseph
40. Kamarck, Andrew
41. Katusich, Ivan
42. Kaufman, Arthur
43. Lansberg, Hans
44. Lemon, Edythe
45. Less, Esther
46. Lewis, Preston
47. Lifantieff-Lee, P.
48. Lindsey, Richard
49. Lloyd, David
50. Lorwin, Val
51. Ludden, Raymond
52. Magnite, Sylvia
53. Mann, Gottfried
54. Margolies, Daniel
55. Meeker, Leonard
56. Meigs, Peveril
57. Miller, Robert
58. Montague, Ella
59. Neal, Fred
60. Nelson, Clarence
61. Ness, Norman
62. Neumann, Franz
63. Newbegin, Robert
64. Osnatch, Olga
65. Parsons, Ruby
66. Perkins, Isham
67. Peter, Hollis
68. Polyzoides, T. A.
69. Posner, Margery
70. Posniak, Edward
71. Post, Richard
72. Raine, Philip
73. Ramon, Josephine
74. Randolph, Jay
75. Rapaport, A.
76. Remington, William
77. Robinson, Jay
78. Rommel, Rowena
79. Ross, Lewis
80. Ross, Robert
81. Rothwell, George
82. Rowe, James
83. Sanders, William
84. Schimmel, Sylvia
85. Shell, Melvin
86. Siegal, Herman
87. Smith, Frederick
88. Smith, Samuel
89. Stoianoff, Stoian
90. Stone, William
91. Tate, Jack
92. Taylor, Jeanne
93. Thomson, Charles
94. Tuchscher, Frances
95. Tuckerman, Gustavus
96. Vincent, John C.
97. Volin, Max
98. Washburne, Carleton
99. Wilcox, Stanley
100. Wood, James
101. Yuhas, Helen
<
br /> 102. Zablodowsky, David
Additional Names Brought Forward by McCarthy/Morris During Tydings Hearings
103. Adler, Solomon
104. Barnes, Joseph
105. Bisson, T. A.
106. Brunauer, S.
107. Chew Hong
108. Chi Chao Ting
109. Chi Kung Chuan
110. Clubb, O. Edmund
111. Duran, Gustavo
112. Geiger, Theodore
113. Hanson, Haldore
114. Keeney, Mary Jane
115. Kenyon, Dorothy
116. Lattimore, Owen
117. Lovell, Leander
118. Roth, Andrew
119. Schuman, Frederick
120. Service, John S.
121. Shapley, Harlow
122. Thayer, Charles W.
123. Weintraub, David
124. Wheeler, George
Table 3. Non-Lee-List Names Brought Forward by McCarthy/Morris During Course of Hearings
(alphabetical order, not case numbers)
1. Adler
2. Askwith
3. Barnes
4. Barnett, P.*139
5. Bisson
6. Brunauer, S.†140
7. Chew Hong
8. Chi Chao ting
9. Chi Kung Chuan
10. Chipchin
11. Clubb
12. Clucas
13. Davies
14. Delgado
15. Duran
16. Erdos
17. Geiger
18. Grad
19. Grandahl
20. Hanson
21. Harris
22. Henkin
23. Hulten
24. Ingram
25. Jessup
26. Katusich
27. Keeney
28. Kenyon
29. Lattimore
30. Less
31. Ludden
32. Meeker
33. Nelson
34. Newbegin
35. Posniak
36. Ramon
37. Rapaport
38. Remington
39. Rowe
40. Sanders
41. Schuman
42. Service
43. Shapley
44. Tate
45. Thayer
46. Weintraub
47. Wheeler
48. Zablodowsky
* * *
One thing that can be readily seen by looking at these several rosters is that when McCarthy went before the Tydings panel—though still leaning on the Lee list—he obviously did have other cases, and in substantial numbers. Of the names he and/or Morris in his behalf brought up through the close of the hearings, no fewer than forty-seven—not quite two-fifths of the total—were not alumni of the Lee list (see Table 3). As is self-evident from these cases, McCarthy thus had additional sources of information beyond the list and his effort to backtrack on its entries.
Another point that can be tested by checking out the lists is the question of obsolescence—the contention that McCarthy’s charges were yesterday’s news, out of date in 1950. In the State Department–Tydings version, there had been security trouble at State, but this had long since been taken care of. Thanks to State’s alertness, supposedly, the bad guys had all been rousted well before the advent of McCarthy. As for any listees that remained, these had all been “cleared” somehow by someone (the 80th Congress, the FBI) and thus were not a problem. Several variations on these themes appear in State Department memos and the report that Tydings gave the Senate and are repeated often in the standard histories.
* * *
Table 4. McCarthy/Morris Cases Still in State Department, 1950
(alphabetical order, not case numbers)
1. Askwith*141
2. Barnett, P.
3. Barnett, R.
4. Berman
5. Blaisdell
6. Brunauer, E.
7. Cameron
8. Carlisle
9. Chipchin*150
10. Clubb*152
11. Clucas*154
12. Davies*157
13. Delgado*158
14. Dubois
15. Erdos*160
16. Fierst
17. Fishback
18. Fishburn
19. Gordon
20. Grandahl*166
21. Gross
22. Hanson*167
23. Harris*168
24. Harrison
25. Henkin*142
26. Hulten*144
27. Hunt
28. Ingram*145
29. Jessup*146
30. Katusich*147
31. Kaufman
32. Less*151
33. Lifantieff-Lee
34. Lorwin
35. Lovell
36. Ludden*159
37. Margolies
38. Meeker*161
39. Montague
40. Nelson*164
41. Newbegin*165
42. Neumann
43. Osnatch
44. Peter
45. Polyzoides
46. Posniak*169
47. Raine
48. Rapaport*143
49. Rommel
50. Ross, L.
51. Ross, R.
52. Rothwell
53. Rowe*148
54. Sanders*149
55. Schimmel
56. Service*153
57. Shapley*155 †156
58. Siegel
59. Smith, F.
60. Stone
61. Tate*162
62. Thayer*163
63. Thomson
64. Tuchsher
65. Tuckerman
66. Vincent
67. Wilcox
68. Wood
* * *
But, as the reader may have noted, at no point in this rebuttal is the salient question posed and answered, namely: When McCarthy presented his cases to the Senate and the Tydings panel and in other contemporaneous statements, how many of these people were still on the job at State? Since the State Department had all the information at its fingertips, it could have answered this question very plainly. It would have been a simple matter for State itself to take the McCarthy-Morris names, compare them to its employee rosters, and tell the world how many of these people were on its payroll. But State conspicuously didn’t do this.
Instead, Peurifoy and Co. compiled for Tydings yet another double-blind, anonymous table, comparing McCarthy’s nameless eighty with the corresponding nameless suspects from the Lee list. This was printed in tiny type, without any specific heading, well back in the appendix to the hearings.9 In this table and related statements it appears that, as of 1950, exactly half of McCarthy’s eighty cases were still at work in the department. This wasn’t actually the full muster, but even if it had been was less than totally reassuring. As noted by a few observers mildly sympathetic to McCarthy, forty cases still on the payroll were not exactly nothing. (Elsewhere, State would give the total as forty-one—itself an inaccurate, lowball figure.)
* * *
Table 5. McCarthy/Morris Suspects in Official Posts Other Than State Department, 1950
1. Adler
Treasury
2. Brunauer, S.
Navy
3. Duran
U.N.
4. Ferry
CIA
5. Geiger
ECA
6. Graze, S.
U.N.
7. Kamarck
Treasury
8. Keeney
U.N.
9. Lloyd
White House
10. Meigs
Army
11. Remington
Commerce
12. Weintraub
U.N.
13. Zablodowsky
U.N.
* * *
Sources: FBI analysis, March 1950; U.N. hearings of Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, 1952–1953; Tydings papers.
McCarthy/Morris Cases on Official Payrolls, 1950
State Department
67
Other
13
Total
80
* * *
However, this wasn’t the major point about the State Department table. As seen, McCarthy/Morris had come up with at least forty-four other names, above and beyond the opening Senate bid of eighty. What happened to these additional cases? The State Department and Senator Tydings, in their statistical comments, dealt with them in summary fashion—by ignoring them entirely. Computations as to McCarthy’s number of suspects, the residue of these at State, and overlaps with the Lee list were based solely on the initial eighty (and in some instances not all of these). The other cases for statistical purposes were treated as if they never existed—which a fortiori meant not bothering to tell anyone whether the whole contingent, some, or none, were in the State Department workforce.
On the premise that it was McCarthy’s job to push matters forward, Tydings would be off the hook for not following up on McCarthy suspects noted only in passing or in other settings—Adler, Bisson, Chi Chao-ting, Joe Barnes—and who weren’t explicitly brought up as cases in the hearings.*170 However, most of the additional names cited by McCarthy-Morris, perhaps three dozen, were called to the attention of the panel, only to be ignored by it in rendering its final judgment.
Of this further group of cases, the largest single block was the list of twenty-two net new names provided on March 14. These names weren’t an incidental matter but were discussed two different times in the course of the hearings. When McCarthy gave this supplemental list to Tydings, he said these were people who had been of investigative interest to the FBI and that their security files would warrant looking into. Significantly, in view of what later happened, Tydings replied that he and his staff would get right on it, saying: “We will look them up…We are glad to have them. We will look into them, examine the files, and make a report.”10
But Tydings did none of the above—developed no substantive data on the cases and made no report about them. In the upshot, indeed, the subcommittee’s majority members refused even to ask the State Department officially about these cases. The rationale for this was the put-up-or-shut-up rejoinder: that, since McCarthy himself hadn’t presented evidence on these people, the panel would not even deign to view them. That disposed of, the twenty-two names became de facto nonexistent and vanished from the historical record.
While dropping this group of cases down the memory hole was the single most effective measure shrinking the McCarthy caseload, other steps were taken also. We have already seen what happened with Theodore Geiger, dismissed out of hand by Tydings and thus not included in the statistics that would later be tossed around so freely. Also banished from the numerical computations were John Service, Haldore Hanson, Mary Jane Keeney, Gustavo Duran, Charles W. Thayer, O. Edmund Clubb, and all other McCarthy suspects outside the confines of the eighty. (All the people thus named were fully covered by S.R. 231, all were made known to Tydings, and all were non-Lee cases.)†171
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