Matvienko, Valentina, 467–8
May Day celebrations, 308, 374
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 388
Meader, Vaughn, 444–5
meal times, 231
Meck, Baron Vladimir von, 307
medicine see health and medicine Medvedev, Dmitri, 448, 450, 473
Melba, Dame Nellie, 291–2
Mellon, Andrew, 403
Meltzer, Friedrich, 307
Menelaws, Adam, 245, 246
Mengden, Julia, 100
Mengs, Anton Raphael, 155
Mensheviks: and 1905 Revolution, 319; origins, 325–6; Lenin collaborates with, 326; Duma delegates arrested, 330; vision for communism, 359; challenge claims of Bolshevik government, 369
Menshikov, Alexander: background and character, 19, 37; relationship with Peter I, 19, 34; introduces future Catherine I to Peter I, 25; St Petersburg palace, 35–7; knowledge of German, 38; Peter I builds Oranienbaum for, 51; Peter I’s treatment of, 62; furthers own career under Catherine I, 71–2; over-reaches himself, 77
Menshikov Palace, 35–8, 36, 49, 77, 82, 340
mental health, 168
merchant’s yard see gostiny dvor
Mertens Trade House, 332–3
Messelier, de le (French diplomat), 107
Messmacher, Maximilian, 280, 303
metro system, 481–2
Meyerhold, Vsevelod, 340, 388
Mezentsov, General Nikolai, 275
Michelet, Jules, 253
Michetti, Niccolò, 33
Mickiewicz, Adam, 223
Mikhail, Grand Duke (nineteenth century), 214, 280
Mikhail, Grand Duke (Nicholas II’s brother), 357
Mikhailov, Mikhail, 261, 265
Mikhailov, Timofei, 283
Mikhailovsky Palace, 188; building of, 187–8; Paul killed at, 189; abandoned by Alexander I, 190; rebuilt, 209, 260; converted into Russian Museum, 291; restoration, 468
Miladorovich, Count, 215
Miloslavsky family, 10–12
Ministry of Finance building, 209
Ministry of Foreign Affairs building, 209
Mir Istkusstva (The World of Art; magazine), 301–3
Mira, Pietro (Pedrillo), 90
Mirsky, Leon, 275
Mitchell, Admiral, 21
Molière, 239
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 410, 412
Mons, Anna, 13–14, 24–5
Mons, William, 67
Montferrand, Auguste Ricard de, 207, 2–27, 237
Monument to the Third International, 382, 382
Morosov, Ivan, 403
Morosov, Pavlik, 402
Moscow: in eighteenth century, 60, 77–8; Napoleon’s occupation, 203–5; mid-nineteenth-century thinkers and writers, 248–50; 1862 arson attacks, 264; attacks on Jews, 288; paintings transferred there from Hermitage, 403; post-glasnost flaunting of wealth, 463–4; ‘Chechen’ bombs, 471–2; character and atmosphere, 479; metro system, 481
Moscow School of Mathematics and Navigation, 24
Moss, Eric Owen, 474
Mothe, Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la, 147–8, 157
Mottley, John, 58, 77
Mottraye, Aubry de la, 48, 50, 73, 74, 75
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 163, 475
Mravinsky, Yevgeny, 400
Mukhina, Lena, 414–15, 417, 418, 427
Münnich, General Burkhard Christoph von, 87–8, 98, 99, 100, 102, 111
Münzenberg, Willi, 395
Muradelli, Vano, 438
Muraviev, Count, 269
Muravyov, Nikita, 213, 220
Murmansk, 371, 374
music: under Anna, 92–4; under Elizabeth, 114–16; under Nicholas 1, 240–4; under Alexander II, 259, 278–80; under Alexander III, 291–8; under Nicholas II, 327–30, 338–40, 343, 347–8, 351; in Soviet era, 378, 389, 393–4, 399–401, 424–6, 438–42; love of Westernstyle music grows, 441–2, 448–9, 453–4, 465, 470; in twenty-first century, 475
Mussorgsky, Modest, 279, 280, 287, 292, 301, 327–8
Myshkin, Ippolit, 274
Nabokov, Vladimir, 308, 318, 331, 383
Nadir, Shah, 99–100
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France, 199, 202, 203–5, 206
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 260
Napoleonic Wars, 202, 203–6
Narkompros, 372, 388
Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), 276–7, 282–6, 290–1
Nartov, Andrei, 19
Narva, Battle of (1700), 23
Narvskaya, 270–1
Naryshkin, Alexei, 143
Naryshkin, Natalya, 10–12
Naryshkin, Sergei, 109, 114, 116
Naryshkin family, 10–12
Naryshkina, Maria, 201
Natalya Alekseevna (Peter I’s sister), 41
Natalya Petrovna (Peter I’s daughter), 68
National Congress Palace, 467
National Public Library (formerly Imperial Russian Public Library), 157, 209, 260, 427
nationalism, 465
Nautilius Pompilius, 465
Nechaev, Sergei, 271–2
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 229, 253, 265, 266
Nemtsov, Boris, 472
neoclassicism, 148–50, 154–6, 206–7, 227, 260, 430–1
Netherlands see Holland
Neva River, 78; course, 25; maps, 26; Bell on, 28; crossing, 42; sandbars, 42; sailing on, 87, 178; fishing, 123; in winter, 127, 128, 129, 192, 205, 332, 406; drinking from, 166–7; influence on Stravinsky, 339
Nevsky Bridge, 255
Nevsky Pickwickians, 301–4
Nevsky Prospekt, 96, 123; construction, 96–7; building schemes under Catherine 11, 131, 148, 157; in its heyday, 177, 179, 255; building schemes under Alexander I, 199; a walk along it in mid-nineteenth century, 231–4; Dostoevsky on, 267; in early twentieth century, 305, 308, 332–3, 343; renamed 25th of October Street in Soviet era, 407; hit by German shells in Second World War, 413–14, 423; rebuilding after the war, 431; in Nineties, 1, 2, 3–5; in twenty-first century, 484
Nevsky Prospekt massacre (1917), 355–6
Nevzorov, Alexander, 454–5
New Economic Policy (NEP; 1921), 385, 386
New Holland Arch, 148
New Holland Island, 474
newspapers, 82, 333, 404; see also books and publishing
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 325; accession, 214; reign, 214–56; and Decembrist uprising, 214–20; establishes Third Section, 220–1; St Petersburg building schemes, 227–8, 236–9, 255; reaction to Winter Palace fire, 236; love of chivalry and dressing-up, 244–5; attitude to women, 245–6; resistance to industrialisation, 246; rioting precipitated by cholera outbreak, 246–7; cracks down on revolutionary thinkers, 250–4; foreign policy, 254; death, 256
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia: ballerina mistress, 294; reign, 299–57; character, 299–300, 322; lifestyle, 300–1; domestic and foreign policies, 304–5; 1905 Revolution, 299, 309–23; October Manifesto, 322, 324; reasserts autocratic power, 324; relationship with Rasputin, 336–8; interest in paranormal, 342; celebrates Romanov tricentenary, 345–6; reaction to Rasputin’s death, 354; and 1917 Revolution, 354–5; abdicates and put under guard, 357; moved with family to Tobolsk, 361; death, 375
Nicholas, Grand Duke, 304
Nicholas Konstantinovich, Grand Duke, 281
Nijinsky, Romola, 294
Nijinsky, Vaslav, 299, 316, 329–30, 339
Nikitenko, Alexander, 252
Nikitin, Ivan, 50
Nikolaev, Leonid, 397
Niodini (dancer), 115
NKVD see police
Nobel, Ludwig, 271
The Northern Bee (periodical), 252
Noverre, Jean-Georges, 243
Novikov, Nikolai, 141
Novokshchenova, Tatiana, 90
Nureyev, Rudolf, 440–1
Nurok, Alfred, 302
Nuvel, Walter, 302
Nyenskans, 26, 27
Obama, Barack, 447
Obolensky, Prince Yevgeny, 213 obshchina (villag
e communes), 249, 250, 272, 273
October (film), 5–6, 208, 365, 392
October Manifesto (1905), 322, 324
Odessa, 287, 319
Of Freaks and Men (film), 333–4
Ogarev, Nicholas, 250
OGPU see police
oil, 474
Okhrana see police Okhta, 473
Okudzhave, Bulat, 442
Olga, Grand Duchess, 346
oligarchs, 464–5
opera: under Anna, 93–4; under Elizabeth, 115–16; under Catherine II, 163; under Alexander I, 210; under Nicholas I, 240, 241–2; under Alexander II, 259, 279–80; under Alexander III, 291–3, 294; under Nicholas II, 327–8, 347–8; in Soviet era, 389, 393, 399–401, 438; in twenty-first century, 475
Oranienbaum, 51, 148, 200
Orléans, Philippe, Duc d’, 292
Orlov, Alexei, 134
Orlov, Grigory, 117, 134, 138, 149, 155
orphanages, 140, 147
Ostermann, Johann Friedrich, 87–8, 100, 102, III
Paget, Lady Muriel, 407
Pahlen, Count Peter von der, 189
‘Painting in Great Britain 1700–1960’ (exhibition), 438
Palace Square: celebrations for royal weddings held in, 116, 137; joust in, 137; workers petition Catherine II in, 173; buildings around, 209, 227; assassination attempt on Alexander II in, 275; 1905 massacre in, 315, 315; and 1917 Revolution, 5–6, 366; hit by German bomb in Second World War, 426; May Day demonstration in, 457; resurfaced, 467; ice palace in, 470
Paléologue, Maurice, 352
Palladio, Andrea, 153, 155, 156
Panin, Nikita (Catherine II’s Foreign Minister), 159
Panin, Count Nikita (Paul’s assassin), 189
Paris: Peter I visits, 50; Catherine II buys artworks from, 157–8; Paul buys artworks from, 180–1; Napoleon captures, 205; Alexander I visits, 210–11; flood risks in nineteenth century, 230; 1863 Salon, 260; Commune, 280; assassination attempt on Alexander II in, 281; Diaghilev’s success in, 327–8, 329–30, 338, 359; Nureyev visits, 441
Parkinson, John, 167
Parland, Alfred, 289
Pashkevich, Vasily, 163
Pasternak, Boris, 404, 437
Patti, Adelina, 291
Paul, Emperor of Russia, 185; birth and parentage, 117, 179–80; Peter III wishes to rid self of, 133–4; Catherine II gives palaces to, 149, 153–4; variolated against smallpox, 167; reign, 179–90; relationship with Catherine II, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188; background and character, 180–2, 183; death, 188–90
Pauzié (court jeweller), 110 Pavlova, Anna, 293, 299, 330
Pavlovsk Palace, 153–4, 198
People’s Vengeance, 271
People’s Will see Narodnaya Volya
peredvizhniki see Wanderers art movement
perestroika, 453–7
Perovskaya, Sofia, 276, 283, 284, 285, 374, 400
Perrot, Jules, 243, 244
Perry, John, 19
Pestel (Decembrist), 220
Peter I, the Great, Tsar and Emperor of Russia: background and childhood, 10–13, 28; character, 10, 13, 21–2, 34, 63–4; early interest in building, 12; becomes tsar, 13–14; reign, 15–69; first wife and family, 13; tour of Europe, 9–10, 14–22; drinking habits, 16–17, 33, 38, 53, 64, 70; personal meting out of punishments, 22, 58; modernisation policies, 23–4; bigamous marriage, 25; founds and builds St Petersburg, 25–37; bigamous marriage made public, 39; forces people to move to St Petersburg, 39–40, 44; tries to force St Petersburg residents to sail, 42; attempts to regulate food supplies, 48; further European trips, 49–51; as collector, 50; builds palaces around St Petersburg, 51–4; more modernisation policies, 54–5; behaviour at assemblées, 55; involvement in son’s death, 58–60; involvement in St Petersburg’s administrative affairs, 62; proclaimed Emperor, 64–5; decrees Table of Ranks, 65; prepares for Catherine I’s succession, 65–6; relationship with Catherine I, 66; executes Catherine I’s lover, 67; death and funeral, 67–8, 70; achievements in St Petersburg assessed, 68–9; measures against corruption, 71–2; glorified in Peter and Paul Cathedral, 78–9; promotion of cult of Alexander Nevsky, 96–7; Catherine II’s statue to honour, 143–7, 145, 146, 411, 428, 481; Paul’s statue to honour, 188; Hermitage exhibition, 468; opera about, 468; as branding tool, 469
Peter II, Emperor of Russia, 71–2, 76, 77- 80
Peter III, Emperor of Russia, 116–17, 124–5, 133–4, 179–80
Peter Petrovich (Peter I’s son), 43–4
Peter and Paul Cathedral, 35, 68, 78- 9, 318, 332, 467
Peter and Paul Fortress: Peter I builds, 28–30; rebuilt in stone, 35; still unfinished, 73, 85; gun salutes from, 193; houses imperial mint, 197; restored for 2003, 467
Peterhof (Petrodvorets): Peter I builds, 52–4; chapel built, 106; under Alexander I, 200; Nicholas I entertains at, 245; in early twentieth century, 308, 348; renamed Petrodvorets in First World War, 350; in Soviet era, 405, 412; wrecked by Germans in Second World War, 54, 54, 432
Petersburg Side, 229, 309, 332
Petipa, Marius, 243–4, 296
Petrashevsky, Mikhail, 250–2
Petrograd Free Studios, 372
Petrov, Colonel Andrei, 114
Petrov, Vasily, 136
Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 394
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 403
Philharmonic Hall, 426, 439, 461–2, 483
photomontage, 389, 390
Picasso, Pablo, 403
Picq, Charles le, 209, 210
plague, 168
plays see theatre
Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 310, 311
Plekhanov, Georgy, 274, 275, 276
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 286, 320
Poincaré, Raymond, 348
police: secret police under Peter I, 30; Police Chancellery set up, 56, 57; secret police under Anna, 99; under Catherine II, 164; under Alexander 1, 197; Nicholas I establishes Third Section, 220–1; its actions against intellectuals, 251–4; police corruption, 254; rising crime under Nicholas I, 254-5; assassination attempts on heads of Third Section, 275; Third Section replaced by Department of State Police, 278; fail to prevent Alexander II’s assassination, 283; Okhrana’s activities under Alexander III, 290–1; Okhrana’s activities under Nicholas II, 310–13, 318, 322–3, 330, 337; Cheka set up, 371; Cheka activities, 373, 375, 377; Cheka becomes GPU, then OGPU, then NKVD, then KGB, 387; shops exclusive to NKVD, 396; NKVD and Stalinist purges, 397–8, 399, 400; NKVD HQ, 401; NKVD’s lifestyle during siege, 419–20; KGB enforce censorship under Khrushchev, 437; KGB and phone tapping, 446; KGB spy on foreign tourists, 449; fear of KGB decreases, 453; ex-KGB officers given important posts under Sobchak, 462; FSB and ‘Chechen’ bombs, 471–2
Police Bridge, 197
Polish Rebellion (1863), 258, 269
Politkovskaya, Anna, 472
pollution, 165, 166–7, 332, 341; see also public health and hygiene
Poltava, Battle of (1709), 33–4
Pompeii, 148
Poniatowski, Count Stanislas, 117,
Pope-Hennessy, Una Birch, Dame, 407
Popkov, Peter, 433
Popova, Lyubov, 390
porcelain, 123, 136, 152–3, 206, 237, 244–5
Porter, Robert Ker, 190, 192–3, 194, 200
Pososhkov, Ivan, 57
Potempkin, Prince Grigory: coaches, 133; Catherine II presents with Cameo Service, 136; relationship with Catherine II, 138–9; Catherine II gives palace to, 155; and Mozart, 163; and the ‘Potempkin villages’, 173
Potempkin incident (1905), 319
Praskovia Saltykova (Ivan V’s wife), 83
Pravda (newspaper), 404
Preobrajenskaya, Olga, 316
Preobrazhenskoe, 12, 22
Primorsky Prospekt, 343
Princip, Gavrilo, 349
Printz (Prussian ambassador), 13
Private Opera Company, 292 Progulka (film), 465–6
Prokopovich, Feofan, Archbishop of Novgorod, 66–7, 68, 70, 76
Prokovi
ev, Sergei, 186, 204, 328–9, 389, 424–5
Proletkult, 372, 381, 388
Proletkult Arena Theatre, 381
prostitution: under Peter I, 56; under Anna and Elizabeth, 122; under Catherine II, 169; under Paul, 184; under Alexander 1, 197; regulation begins under Nicholas I, 254–5; continues under Alexander II, 268; in late nineteenth century, 288; in early twentieth century, 335–6; in Soviet era, 395; in Nineties, 459–60; in twenty-first century, 470
Protopopov (Minister of the Interior), 356
Prussia, III
Przhetslavsky, O, A., 207
public health and hygiene: under Peter I, 57–8; under Anna, 101; City Council’s responsibilities, 130; under Catherine II, 165, 166–7; drinking water, 166–7; under Alexander II, 270; in early twentieth century, 334–5; in 1920s, 380; during siege, 417
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 349–50, 367
Pugachev, Emilian, 171–3
Pugacheva, Alla, 448
pugilism, 56
Pulkovko Airport, 460
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of (1919), 377
Purishkevich, Vladimir, 353
Pushkin, Alexander: on Lomonosov, 120; education, 201; anti-establishment works, 212; overview of life and works, 221–6; favourite café, 232; masterpieces published, 239; Glinka adapts one of his poems into an opera, 242; infatuation with ballerina, 243; music inspired by his works, 280; popularity in Soviet era, 388 WORKS: ‘The Bronze Horseman’, 147, 212, 223–6, 224; The Captain’s Daughter, 172–3; ‘Ode to Liberty’, 175
Pushkin Museum, 438
Putilov, Nikolai, 271
Putilov Iron Works, 271
Putin, Vladimir: background, 443; Russian critics, 454; as St Petersburg’s deputy mayor, 462; attitude to St Petersburg, 467–8; censorship and propaganda, 471; macho policies and possible shady dealings, 471–2.; wealth, 474, 480; and Trump, 484
Pyliaev, Mikhail, 288
Quarenghi, Giacomo, 53–4, 150, 155–6, 199, 207, 209
queuing, 345, 354, 379, 416, 446–7
racism, 470–1
Radek, Karl, 380, 398
Radishchev, Alexander, 169, 173–5, 374
Radziwill, Prince, 305–7
Rag Fair, 47–8, 47
railways, 247, 258–9, 270, 289, 305
Ransome, Arthur, 380, 382–3
RAPM see Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians
RAPP see Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
Rasputin, Grigory, 336–8, 346–7, 347, 352–4, 358, 469–70
Rasputin and the Empress (film), 358
Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo, 104, 188
Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo, 54, 103, 104–7, 113, 156
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