by Fergal Keane
Twenty-four: The Road of Bones
p. 388 ‘but it is useless’ NAM, Major R. B. Houston, ‘The Imphal Campaign’, cited in file no. 1994-12-118-20, Colvin papers.
p. 388 ‘many cases of diarrhoea’ Ibid.
p. 388 ‘can barely keep going’ Ibid.
p. 388 ‘Even to think of’ Ibid.
p. 389 ‘As an officer’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 389 ‘Retsu Division has run’ Cited in Shudo Akiyama, The Retsu Division Commander Goes Insane (Sheuisha, Tokyo 1973).
p. 389 ‘How dare you use’ Ibid.
p. 390 ‘Nothing [of Mutaguchi’s orders]’ NIDS, General Kotuku Sato, Opinion about Imphal Campaign, August 1944.
p. 390 ‘We have fought for’ Lieutenant General Kotuku Sato to 15th Army Headquarters, 26 May 1944.
p. 390 ‘Do as you please’ Cited in Arthur Swinson, Four Samurai (Hutchinson, 1968), p. 143.
p. 390 ‘The tactical ability’ Ibid.
p. 390 ‘It is my resolve’ Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, Special Order of the Day, cited in Arthur Swinson, Four Samurai (Hutchinson, 1968), pp. 143–4.
p. 390 ‘We got an order’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 391 ‘Near his house’ Captain Seiryo Yamashita, cited in Kazuo Tamayama and John Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers (Cassell, 2000), p. 191.
p. 391 ‘“Aircrafts is coming!”’ IWM Swinson papers, file no. NRA 28568, Yukihiko Imai, To and From Kohima (1953).
p. 391 ‘You never tell until’ Ryoichi Tobe, Edited by Brian Bond and Kyoichi Tachikawa, Tojo Hideki As A War Leader, British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945. (Frank Cass, 2004), p. 35.
p. 391 ‘was perplexed, holding’ Ibid.
p. 391 ‘Mutaguchi was in’ Kawabe Nikki, cited in Louis Allen, Burma: The Longest War (J. M. Dent, 1984), p. 265.
p. 392 ‘I guessed Kawabe’s’ Cited in Allen, Burma: The Longest War, p. 266.
p. 393 ‘link up with’ 15th Army signal to 31st Division, 9 June 1944, cited in Allen, Burma, The Longest War, p. 289.
p. 393 ‘I was flabbergasted’ Lieutenant General Kotuku Sato, handwritten memoir, for Retsu Division War Veterans Association.
p. 393 ‘Do you intend to’ Allen, Burma: The Longest War, p. 292.
p. 394 ‘recognizable as Japanese’ Cited in Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 145.
p. 394 ‘I feel confident that’ NAM, Colvin Papers, Intelligence Bulletin no. 247.
p. 394 ‘violent and angry’ NA, WO 303/6320, Essays and Interrogations of Lieutenant Colonel Iwaichi Fujiwara.
p. 394 ‘Get your fat arse’ Cited in Swinson, Four Samurai, p. 142.
p. 394 ‘Surprised by its’ NA, WO 303/6320. Essays and Interrogations of Lieutenant Colonel Iwaichi Fujiwara.
p. 395 ‘Despair became rife’ Ibid.
p. 396 ‘Then, I complained’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 396 ‘a complete breakdown’ NA, WO 303/6320. Essays and Interrogations of Lieutenant Colonel Iwaichi Fujiwara.
p. 397 ‘He heard what happened’ Soichi Shiramizu, The Starving Mountains (Ashi Shobo, 1972), pp. 123–4.
p. 397 ‘Please share this’ Ibid.
p. 397 ‘He said: “General”’ Ibid.
p. 397 ‘Sometimes I met’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 398 ‘We were so angry’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 398 ‘Sometimes I even’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 398 ‘The hospital staff’ The Listener, 21 September 1944.
p. 398 One of the most chilling Hamachi Toshio, Inparu sai-zensen, pp. 243–4, cited in Allen, Burma: The Longest War, p. 296.
p. 399 ‘Our task remains’ NA, WO 203/6388, Order of the Day, 10 May 1944.
p. 399 ‘We had been sodden’ Captain P. P. S. Brownless, Undercover in the Jungle, p. 104, cited in Jon Latimer, Burma: The Forgotten War (John Murray, 2004), p. 321.
p. 401 ‘He died soon afterwards’ Second World War Experience Centre
p. 401 ‘an attempt to stage’ NA, WO 203/6388, ‘Operations of the 23rd British Infantry Brigade Naga Hills, April – July 1944.’
p. 401 ‘Early in the morning’ RMAA, Pawsey Papers, Kumbho Angami, ‘Account of Column 76, 23 Brigade Against the Japs.’
p. 401 ‘This [area] was’ Ibid.
p. 402 ‘This Naga wanted’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 402 ‘Several noses of’ NA, WO 172/4587, ‘V Force Sitrep No. I 2911 OF 12th Aug, 1944.’
p. 402 ‘ear and pay book’ Ibid.
p. 402 ‘littered with Jap’ Ibid.
p. 402 ‘It was hell’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 402 ‘I saw the dead’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 402 ‘I found out people’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 403 ‘When I heard of it’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 403 ‘Just like taking’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 403 ‘In tears some of’ Kazou Tamayama and John Nunneley, Tales by Japanese Soldiers (Cassell, 2000), p. 201.
p. 403 ‘You’ve lorded it’ Ibid.
p. 403 ‘thousands upon thousands’ Manabu Wada, Drifting Down the Chindwin: A Story of Survival (Burma Campaign Fellowship Group).
p. 404 ‘You want a statement’ Swinson, Four Samurai, p 148.
p. 404 ‘General Sato is always’ Shudo Akiyama, The Retsu Division Commander Goes Insane (Shueisha, Tokyo, 1973).
p. 405 ‘They are leading the’ Signal from Lieutenant General Kotuku Sato to Staff Officer Mori, 15 July 1944, cited in Akiyama, The Retsu Division Commander Goes Insane.
p. 405 ‘I don’t need a health’ Ibid.
p. 405 ‘How come you cannot’ Ibid.
p. 405 ‘The attitude, facial expression’ ‘Mental Health Examination of the Retsu Division Leader in Imphal Campaign by Dr Yamashita’, Kyushu Neuropsychiatry Journal (1978).
p. 406 ‘Please … please don’t’ Cited in War Chronicle of a Home Military Unit (Military Unit Publication Society, Fukuoka, 1962).
p. 406 Some dying men Cited in Kozo Sugita, Military Officer of Rebellion (Kosaida publishing, Tokyo, 1995), pp. 171–4.
p. 406 ‘V Force patrol shot’ NA, WO 172/4587, ‘V Force Situation reports.
Twenty-five: When the War Is Over
p. 407 ‘One could not visit’ Lord Louis Mountbatten, Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Louis Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander South-East Asia, 1943–1946, ed. by Philip Ziegler (Collins, 1988), p. 116.
p. 407 ‘everything in their’ Ibid.
p. 408 ‘It was difficult to’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 408 ‘presence of war’ NA, WO 203/4637, ‘Personal Narratives of the Kohima and Imphal Battles.’
p. 408 August 1944: There has NA, WO 208/799, Governor’s Reports on the Assam Tribal Areas, August and September 1944.
p. 408 ‘While the wilder’ Ibid., citing ‘Report on the Assam Tribal Areas for the month ending June 30th 1945, by J. P. Mills, Esqr, C.I.E., I.C.S., Advisor to the Governor of Assam For Tribal Areas’.
p. 409 ‘most of our people’ Sajal Nag, Contesting Marginality: Ethnicity, Insurgency and Subnationalism in North-East India (Manohar, 2002), p. 89.
p. 409 ‘meant the rule’ Ibid., p. 91.
p. 410 ‘In the lengthening light’ Ursula Graham Bower, Naga Path (John Murray, 1952), p. 211.
p. 410 ‘pert, pretty’ ‘India: Ursula and the Naked Nagas’, Time, 1 January 1945.
p. 410 ‘An extraordinary girl’ Ibid.
p. 410 ‘How could one explain’ Ursula Graham Bower, The Hidden Land (John Murray, 1953), p. 238.
p. 411 ‘His was officially’ IWM, file no. 12438 03/23/1, diary of Lieutenant B. K. ‘Barry’ Bowman.
p. 411 ‘What with bloody Dunkirk’ IWM, Oral History Project, file no. 20461, interview with Private Ivan Daunt.
p. 411 ‘As I woke up’ Interviewed for t
his book.
p. 412 ‘That’s me finished’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 412 ‘You’ve done me’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 412 ‘Everybody was needed’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 413 ‘Dad would be’ Robert Street, A Brummie in Burma (Barny Books, 1997), p. 62.
p. 413 ‘Wellington Massar belonged’ Ibid.
p. 413 ‘His bereaved aunt’ NA, WO 172/5045, War Diary of the 1st Assam Regiment, Appendix A, ‘Citation and Speeches made on 20th August 1944 at investiture of the I.D.S.M. won posthumously by No.1778 Sepoy Wellington Massar.’
p. 415 ‘We’d had enough’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 415 ‘I will not say that’ Hansard, HC Deb (series 5) (29 September 1944) vol. 403 cc 605–707.
p. 415 ‘These are the men’ Ibid.
p. 415 ‘whose homes have’ Ibid.
p. 416 ‘above all for a’ NA, CAB 66/59/22.
p. 416 ‘though the fighting’ NA, WO 222/158, ‘Divisional Psychiatry’, Captain Paul Davis.
p. 416 ‘I had the most’ Mountbatten, Personal Diary of Admiral the Lord Louis Mountbatten, p. 116.
p. 416 ‘we saw him go’ Field Marshal Lord Slim, Defeat into Victory (Cassell, 1956), p. 385.
p. 417 ‘was never able’ Robert Lyman, Slim: Master of War (Constable and Robinson, 2004), p. 237.
p. 417 With exasperating discretion Slim, Defeat into Victory, p. 523.
p. 417 ‘The blokes just went mad’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 417 ‘Finally they realised’ Robert Street, The Siege of Kohima: The Battle for Burma (Barny Books, 2003), p. 147.
p. 417 ‘Naw. You can’t be like’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 418 ‘I said to him’ IWM, Oral History Project, file no. 25696, interview with Frank Infanti.
p. 418 ‘I made them dig’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 418 ‘Hiroshima was dead’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 419 ‘I telephoned to’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 419 ‘I told him’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 419 ‘Everybody was crying’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 420 ‘officers and men engaged’ John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (Penguin, 1999), p. 59.
p. 420 ‘vast stretches of’ Hans H. Baerwald, Postwar Japan: A Reminiscence (Japan Policy Research Institute, 2002).
p. 420 ‘My children wanted’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 421 ‘I want to take’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 421 ‘He pawned stuff’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 421 ‘I sensed it as a’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 421 ‘I will leave’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 421 ‘Afterwards he asked’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 422 ‘It was so sad’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 422 ‘I was careful of’ Memories of Kotuku Sato by his Daughter Yukiko Matsumura.
p. 422 ‘He was nothing but’ Essay by Fumiko Sato, cited in ‘Burma Campaign Memoir’, Retsu 10708 Unit Veterans Group.
p. 423 ‘I didn’t have a’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 423 ‘Some said’ NDL, Interview with Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, 1965.
p. 423 ‘General Sato passed away’ Ibid.
p. 423 ‘The massacres were’ Robin Rowland, Sugamo and The River Kwai, paper presented to ‘Encounters at Sugamo Prison, Tokyo 1945–52, The American Occupation of Japan and Memories of the Asia-Pacific War, Princeton University, 9 May 2003.
p. 424 ‘They asked his family’ Interviewed for this book.
Twenty-six: The Quiet Fathers
p. 425 ‘I started to feel’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 426 ‘It was pretty hard to’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 426 ‘I realised I was’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 426 ‘but I don’t think’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 428 ‘I got to the second’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 429 ‘if I can do the army’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 429 ‘a kind dad’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 429 ‘I hate people’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 429 ‘It never affected me’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 429 ‘I would wake up’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 430 ‘Here we were bashing’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 430 ‘I felt I couldn’t’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 430 ‘It is just fragments’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 431 ‘The War was generally’ Margery Willis, correspondence with author, March 2008.
p. 433 ‘Wherever he was’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 433 ‘his personal tenacity’ NA, WO/373/32, ‘Recommendation for the award of D.S.O. to Lieutenant Colonel Henry Jarvis Laverty.’
p. 434 ‘The command and staff’ E. B. Stanley Clark and A. T. Tillot, From Kent to Kohima (Gale and Polden, 1951), pp. 123–6.
p. 434 ‘complete idiot, should’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 434 ‘grave injustice’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman to Lieutenant Colonel A. Campbell, 2 August 1956.
p. 435 ‘What surprised me’ Ibid.
p. 435 ‘I therefore chose to’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Campbell to Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman, 13 August 1956.
p. 435 ‘would like to rub’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman to Brigadier Hugh Richards, 9 March 1956.
p. 435 ‘to the garrison’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman to Lieutenant Colonel A. Campbell, 24 August 1956.
p. 435 ‘[I] would have thought’ Ibid.
p. 435 ‘I also feel that’ Richards Papers, Letter of Brigadier M. R. Roberts, to Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman, 15 March 1956.
p. 435 ‘You will remember’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman to Field Marshal Lord Slim, 25 July 1956.
p. 436 ‘solely responsible for’ NA, WO 373/35, ‘Citation for the award of D.S.O. to Colonel Hugh Upton Richards, 22 September 1944.’
p. 436 ‘I am sorry that Laverty’ Richards Papers, Letter of Field Marshal Lord Slim to Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman, 27 August 1956.
p. 436 ‘as grave an injury’ Richards Papers, Letter of Brigadier Hugh Richards to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Campbell, October 19 1956.
p. 436 ‘I am glad to’ Richards Papers, Letter of Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Campbell to Brigadier Hugh Richards, 30 October 1956.
p. 438 ‘I tried to raise it’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 438 ‘We had been apart’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 438 ‘there wasn’t a family’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 438 ‘Up to twenty or so’ Letter to the author from C. Booth, 11 May 2009.
p. 439 ‘So far the Graves’ Letter of Charles Pawsey to Lieutenant Colonel G. Borrowman, 30 September 1944.
p. 440 ‘Independence will mean’ Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi (Pan Macmillan Ltd, 2007), pp. 269–278.
p. 440 I will ask them to’ Anne Yates and Lewis Chester, The Troublemaker – Michael Scott and his Lonely Struggle Against Injustice (Aurum Press, 2006), p. 242.
p. 440 ‘When the British left’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 440 ‘Individuals told of’ The Nagas, an unknown war, Gavin Young (Observer, London 30 April, 7 May and 14 May 1962), cited Anne Yates and Lewis Chester, The Troublemaker – Michael Scott and his Lonely Struggle Against Injustice (Aurum books, 2006), pp. 244–245.
p. 441 ‘In the interest of’ ‘Naga Queen’ article by Trina Betts.
p. 441 ‘knock some sense’ IWM, file no. NRA 28568, letter from Lady Pawsey to Arthur Swinson, 15 February 1965, Swinson.
p. 442 ‘like the Burma Retreat’ Pieter Steyn, A History of the Assam Regiment (Longman Orient, 1959), p. 245.
p. 442 I had a double-barreled’ Interviewed for this book.<
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Epilogue: After Hatred
p. 445 ‘Perhaps it is my’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 445 ‘I did a very wrong’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 446 ‘It hurts me still’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 446 ‘I was a Buddhist’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 447 ‘Did we fight a war’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 448 ‘garrotted in the street’ Interviewed for this book.
p. 449 ‘I had to baptise’ Interviewed for this book.
CHRONOLOGY
1941
8 December
(7 December in Hawaii)
Japanese forces simultaneously invade Malaya, Thailand and Hong Kong and attack United States bases at Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines.
10 December
HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse sunk in the South China Sea.
14 December
Japanese troops cross into Burma and seize the vital airfield at Victoria Point.
25 December
Hong Kong surrenders to Japanese forces.
1942
15 January
The Japanese invasion of Burma begins.
15 February
Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces.
23 February
British blow up the bridge over the Sittang river, the last natural barrier before Rangoon.
8 March
Japanese forces occupy Rangoon.
19 March
General Slim is appointed corps commander in Burma.
1 May
Mandalay falls to the Japanese.
May – June
British, Indian, Burmese and Chinese troops complete their retreat from Burma to India, along with hundreds of thousands of civilian refugees.
8 August
Congress Party launches the Quit India campaign in response to failure of talks with British on future of India. The British respond by arresting the entire senior leadership of the party, including Mahatma Gandhi.