by Helen Castor
‘false French’: a phrase used in the ‘Journal du siège d’Orléans’ to describe the Parisians who fought alongside the English at the Battle of the Herrings: Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 119.
For the delegation to the duke of Burgundy (and note that Poton de Xaintrailles had previously fought for Burgundy in Hainaut against the duke of Gloucester), see Morosini, Chronique, III, pp. 16–23; Little, Parlement of Poitiers, pp. 93–4; ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 130–1; Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, pp. 317–19.
For the duke of Burgundy’s movements in April, see Journal, pp. 233–4 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 230–1).
For the return of Xaintrailles with a Burgundian herald, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 146–7.
For stories about the Maid circulating in Orléans, see the testimony of the Bastard of Orléans in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 316–17 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 2–3; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 277–8), and, for example, that of Guillaume de Ricarville: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 329 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 14).
‘she prohibits murder …’ from De quadam puella (see above, p. 272, for discussion on authorship): Quicherat, Procès, III, p. 412, and English translations in Fraioli, Early Debate, p. 199, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 113.
For Joan sleeping in her armour, see the testimony of her page, Louis de Coutes, who says she was bruised as a result: Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 363 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 48; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 295).
For 26 April as the likely date of the departure from Blois, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, p. 66 at n. 58.
5: LIKE AN ANGEL FROM GOD
For the loss of soldiers whose contract had come to an end, see Barker, Conquest, p. 115.
For the departure of the Burgundians, see above, p. 102.
For the interception of the wine, pork and venison intended for the English, see the ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 143.
For the priests leading the Armagnac forces, and their formation, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 318–19 (Bastard), 391–2 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 3–5, 73–4; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 278–80, 312–13); ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 150–3. The details of their arrival at Orléans are once again inconsistent, for example about how much of the journey took place by river and how much by land: for discussion, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 66–9.
For the response of the English soldiers to Joan, see, for example, Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 363–4 (Coutes), 394 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 48, 76; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 295, 314).
For Henry V outside Harfleur, see above, p. 20.
For Joan’s entry into Orléans, see the ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 152-3; Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 319 (Bastard), 331 (Jean Luillier) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 5, 16; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 280, 287); DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 69–70.
Joan’s anger: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 318–20 (Bastard), 363 (Coutes) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 4–5, 48; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 279–80, 295).
For the behaviour of Joan’s soldiers, see, for example, the testimony of the Bastard of Orléans in Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 319 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 4; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 279).
‘The king … should not prevent …’: from the Poitiers Conclusions, for which, see above, pp. 97, 269.
For the events of 30 April, including Joan’s confrontation with the English, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 154–5; Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 320 (Bastard), 363–4 (Coutes) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 5, 48; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 280, 295).
For the Bastard’s departure for Blois, and Joan familiarising herself with the town, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 155–6; Jean Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 55–6; Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 319–20 (Bastard), 477–8 (d’Aulon) (Bastard trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 5; both trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 280, 341).
For the procession in Joan’s honour, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, p. 73.
For the Bastard’s return and the assault on Saint-Loup, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 157–8; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 56–7.
For Joan’s mood and her eating, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 364 (Coutes), 392 (Pasquerel) (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 48–9, 74–5; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 296, 314).
For the text of Joan’s third letter to the English, and the response of the English soldiers, see the testimony in 1456 of her confessor Jean Pasquerel: Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 393–4 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 75–6; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 84, 314).
For the events of 5–8 May, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 159–64; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 60–3; Perceval de Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 7–10; Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 320–1 (Bastard), 331–2 (Luillier), 364–6 (Coutes), 394–5 (Pasquerel), 480–4 (d’Aulon) (all except d’Aulon trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 6–7, 17, 49–50, 76–8; all trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 280–1, 287–8, 296–7, 315–16, 343–5). I have sought to convey the broad outline of events, but note that, once again, the timing and details – including Joan’s own movements and the question of whether there was disagreement over strategy between her and the other commanders – are confused and inconsistent between the different accounts: for discussion, see DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 75–87.
For Monstrelet’s report on the English decision to withdraw, see Monstrelet, Chronique, IV, p. 322.
For the celebrations in Orléans on 7 and 8 May, including the citizens embracing the soldiers as if they were their children, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 166–7.
For the letter of Pancrazio Giustiniani, the Italian merchant in Bruges, see Morosini, Chronique, III, pp. 43–54 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 87–8).
For Jean Dupuy’s addition to his Collectarium historiarum, see Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 89–91, and discussion in Fraioli, Early Debate, ch. 9.
For the Latin text of Gerson’s De mirabili victoria (or De puella Aurelianensi), see Quicherat, Procès, III, pp. 298–306, and Duparc, Nullité, II, pp. 33–9 (part trans. English in Fraioli, Early Debate, appendix IV, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 78–83). Again, there has been debate about the authorship of the treatise, and Fraioli argues that it is not by Gerson (Early Debate, ch. 8). However, it was confidently attributed to Gerson during the nullification trial of 1456, and dated to 14 May 1429 – in other words, just after the raising of the siege of Orléans (Duparc, Nullité, II, p. 33); Gerson was also named as the author by Pancrazio Giustiniani in a letter of 20 November 1429, written to accompany a copy of the treatise which he was sending to Italy (see Morosini, Chronique, III, pp. 234–5), while Gerson’s modern biographer says the attribution is certain, citing Daniel Hobbins’s work on the manuscripts (McGuire, Jean Gerson, p. 401 n. 89). Craig Taylor thinks it odd that there is no explicit reference to the victory at Orléans (Joan of Arc, p. 78), but the text does implicitly refer to a miraculous event. See also Dyan Elliott’s discussion in ‘Seeing Double’, pp. 44–7.
For the king’s letter to the town of Narbonne, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 101–4 (part trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 86–7).
For Joan and the Bastard going to meet the king, and debates about what to do next, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 167–8; Eberhard de Windecken in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 496–7; the Bastard’s testimony in Duparc, Nullité, I, p. 321 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 7; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 281).
For the king’s lack of money, see, for example, Guy de Laval’s letter in Quicherat, Procès, V, p. 109.
Guy de Laval reported his encounter with Joan to his mother in a letter written on 8 June 1429: Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 106–11 (part trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 92–3).
For events at Jargeau, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 167–73; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 12–13; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 64–5; DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 98–102.
For Meung, Beaugency and Patay, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 174–8; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 14–16; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 65–9; and, for the English perspective, see the eyewitness account of Jean Waurin in Collection of the Chronicles, trans. Hardy, pp. 179–88. See also discussion in DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader, pp. 102–3, 105–15.
For Richemont, see Gruel, Chronique d’Arthur de Richemont, pp. 70–4, and the testimony of the duke of Alençon in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 385–6 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, pp. 68–9; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 308–9).
‘by the renown of Joan the Maid …’ and ‘And by these operations …’: Waurin, Collection of the Chronicles, trans. Hardy, pp. 183, 188.
For the English retreat from towns to the north of the Loire, see, for example, ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 178.
6: A HEART GREATER THAN ANY MAN’S
For the duke of Orléans’s gift to Joan, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 112–14. Quicherat notes that the colours of the dukes of Orléans had originally been crimson and bright green, which darkened first after the murder of Duke Louis, and then to green so dark that it was almost black after the capture of his son at Azincourt.
For Gerson’s comment on Joan’s clothes, see De quadam puella in Quicherat, Procès, III, p. 412: ‘Ubi autem de equo descendit, solitum habitum [mulierbrem] reassumens, fit simplicissima, negotiorum saecularium quasi innocens agnus imperita.’ Note that mulierbrem does not appear in Quicherat’s text, but see Fraioli, Early Debate, pp. 28–9. For English versions, see Fraioli, Early Debate, p. 199, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 113, which translate habitum as ‘manners’ and ‘nature’ rather than ‘clothes’. Fraioli justifies this on the grounds that ‘the latter disagrees with all the facts we know about Joan, who maintained male dress continually from Vaucouleurs’ (Early Debate, p. 29n) – but in fact we have no definitive evidence that Joan did maintain male dress continually from Vaucouleurs, and, even if she did, Gerson, who had never seen her, might have believed otherwise. The word habitus is frequently used in texts referring to Joan’s male clothes, and it therefore seems plausible that the word here, as elsewhere, carries the double sense of clothes and comportment: see, for example, discussion in K. Sullivan, The Interrogation of Joan of Arc (Minneapolis, 1999), p. 50.
For the wine and ring described by Guy de Laval, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 107, 109 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 93). His grandmother Anne de Laval, to whom Joan sent the gold ring, had once been married to Bertrand du Guesclin, the great hero of an earlier stage of the wars against the English: Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 105–6n.
For Joan and Alençon with the king, and discussion about Richemont and the campaign to come, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 168–9, 178–9; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 69–71; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 17–18; testimony of the Bastard of Orléans in Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 323–4 (trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, IV, p. 9; English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 283); Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 221–3.
For Fastolf at Janville, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 177–8.
For the military summons issued by the king, see Little, Parlement of Poitiers, pp. 114–15; see also Joan’s letter to the people of Tournai, calling on them to come to the coronation at Reims, in Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 123–5 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 93–4).
For the king’s letter sent ahead to Troyes, for example, see the seventeenth-century précis of Jean Rogier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 287.
For Auxerre, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 180–1.
For the course of events at Troyes, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 181–4; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 72–6; the clerk of La Rochelle in Quicherat, ‘Relation inédite’, pp. 341–2; and especially Jean Rogier’s account, compiled in the early seventeenth century from the town registers of Reims, in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 284–302, including Joan’s letter (pp. 287–8), the response of the people of Troyes (pp. 288–91), their later letter to Reims (pp. 295–6), and the letter from the brother of the captain of Reims (pp. 296–7).
For Brother Richard in Paris, see Journal, pp. 233–7 (trans. Parisian Journal, pp. 230–5); for his presence and conversion to Joan’s cause at Troyes, see Quicherat, ‘Relation inédite’, p. 342; Jean Rogier’s account in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 290; cf. Joan’s testimony in 1431 in Tisset, Condamnation, I, p. 98 (trans. Tisset, Condamnation, II, pp. 94–5; English in Hobbins, Trial, pp. 80–1, and Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 169).
Joan the Braggart: the French word is coquard (Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 290), which – with its apparent derivation from coq, or cockerel – also seems to play in a derogatory sense on Joan’s masculine self-presentation. The squire who reported to the brother of the captain of Reims compared Joan to ‘Madame d’Or’ (Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 297), a female fool at the court of the duke of Burgundy: see Le Févre, Chronique, II, p. 168.
For the letter from the people of Châlons to those of Reims, and the king at Sept-Saulx, see the account of Jean Rogier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 298–9.
For the king’s arrival in Reims and the coronation, see ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 184–6; the clerk of La Rochelle in Quicherat, ‘Relation inédite’, pp. 343–4; Cagny in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 19–20; Chartier in Quicherat, Procès, IV, pp. 77–8.
For the cathedral’s labyrinth (which was destroyed in the eighteenth century), see R. Branner, ‘The Labyrinth of Reims Cathedral’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 21 (1962), p. 18.
For the trumpets sounding so loudly that the vaults might shatter, see the report of three Angevin gentlemen to the queen and her mother Yolande, in a letter written on the day of the coronation itself: Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 127–31.
For discussion of the coronation ceremony, see R. Jackson, Vive le Roi! A History of the French Coronation (Chapel Hill, 1984), pp. 34–6.
‘Noble king, God’s will is done’: ‘Journal du siège’ in Quicherat, Procès, IV, p. 186.
For the presence of Joan’s family at Reims, see Duparc, Nullité, I, pp. 255 (Jean Morel, her godfather, who saw her at Châlons, and it seems plausible that he went on to Reims), 296 (Durand Laxart, her cousin by marriage, sometimes referred to in the testimony of 1456 as her uncle) (both trans. French in Duparc, Nullité, III, pp. 243, 284; Laxart in English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, p. 274); R. Pernoud, Joan of Arc: By Herself and Her Witnesses (London, 1964), pp. 125–6; Taylor, Virgin Warrior, p. 93.
For La Trémoille’s contact with the Burgundian court in late June and early July, see Beaucourt, Charles VII, II, pp. 401–2.
For Joan’s letter to the duke of Burgundy, see Quicherat, Procès, V, pp. 126–7 (trans. English in Taylor, Joan of Arc, pp. 95–6). Her first letter to the duke is lost, but we know of its existence from the reference in this one.