6. Croghan’s itinerary: Howard H. Peckham, ed., George Croghan’s Journal of His Trip to Detroit in 1767 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1939), 31–47. Effects of diplomacy: McConnell, A Country Between, 241–2, 264–5.
7. For quantities of rum in the Ohio Country and elsewhere in the west, and for the role of Baynton, Wharton and Morgan in the trade, see Peter C. Mancall, Deadly Medicine: Indians and Alcohol in Early America (Ithaca, N.Y., 1995), 52–7, 181–2; and Dunn, Frontier Profit, 178–9. (Mancall estimates the per capita consumption of alcohol among western Indians under the British regime at between approximately .5 and 1.1 gallons annually, or between 2.1 and 4.5 gallons annually for “active drinkers,” mainly young men; a notably higher rate of consumption than when the French were the principal traders in the region [211 n. 108]. Dunn makes the much higher per capita estimate of 12 gallons per annum “per warrior” [table 10.1, 178].) For Croghan’s and Gage’s anticipation of a new Indian war, see Wainwright, Croghan, 248.
8. Shy, Toward Lexington, 290: “the army, as an instrument of imperial control in time of peace, had a dull edge.”
EPILOGUE: MOUNT VERNON, JUNE 24, 1767
1. Harvest and weather: Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig, eds., The Diaries of George Washington, vol. 2, 1766–1770 (Charlottesville, Va., 1976), 21, 23 (entries of 19–24 June and 14 July 1767). Wheat farming and plantation enterprises: Douglas Southall Freeman, George Washington: A Biography, vol. 3, Planter and Patriot (New York, 1951), 179–80. Weaving: W. W. Abbot et al., eds., The Papers of George Washington, Colonial Series, vol. 7, January 1761– June 1767 (Charlottesville, Va., 1990), 508 n. 1. Speculative enterprises: ibid., 219–25, 268–75 et passim.
2. Washington to Capt. John Posey, 24 June 1767, in Papers of Washington, vol. 8, June 1767–December 1771 (Charlottesville, Va., 1993), 1–4.
3. Washington to Capt. William Crawford, 17 Sept. 1767, ibid., 28. Washington’s mention of Indians’ consent to white occupation beyond the Proclamation Line referred to the Six Nations’ agreement, at the end of Pontiac’s War, to cede lands west of the Alleghenies and south of the Ohio, as far as the Tennessee River. The Shawnees, Delawares, Mingos, Munsees, Miamis, and Wyandots who lived in the region, of course, were determined to resist white colonization.
4. Sartorial tastes: Washington to Charles Lawrence, 26 Apr. 1763, Papers of Washington, 7:201–2. “Nine of such influence”: minutes of the Mississippi Land Company, 9 Sept. 1763, ibid., 223 n. 2.
FRED ANDERSON
CRUCIBLE OF WAR
Fred Anderson is Associate Professor of History at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He is the author of A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years’ War (1984), as well as articles, essays, and reviews,
ALSO BY FRED ANDERSON
A People’s Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years’ War (1984)
FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, JANUARY 2001
Copyright © 2000 by Fred Anderson
Maps copyright © 2000 by David Lindroth, Inc.
Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the Knopf edition as follows:
Anderson, Fred, 1949–
Crucible of war: the Seven Years’ War and the fate of empire in
British North America, 1754–1766 / Fred Anderson;
with illustrations from the William L. Clements Library.
p. cm.
1. United States—History—French and Indian War, 1755–1763.
2. Seven Years’ War, 1756–1763. 3. Great Britain—Colonies
—History—18th century. 4. United States—History—French and
Indian War, 1755–1763—Influence. I. Title
E199.A59 2000
973.2’6—dc21 99-18512
CIP
www.randomhouse.com
eISBN: 978-0-307-42539-3
v3.0
Crucible of War Page 105