The Perfect Machine
Page 63
Palomar grant and, 75, 79-88
Carpentier, Georges, 60
Carty, J. J., 78, 79, 85, 86, 87, 111, 168
Cepheid variable stars, 14-15, 22n-23n, 50, 60, 62, 63, 67, 69, 105, 258, 281, 302, 353, 395, 403-404, 406
Chadwick, James, 215
Chaplin, Charlie, 49
charge-coupled devices (CCDs), 408, 410, 414, 417
Chase, Stuart, 159
Chretien, Henri, 50, 123, 129n, 414
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 212
Clark, Alvan, 26, 30, 31, 103
Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, 247
Coe, Conway, 347
Cole, Nate, 247
Collier’s, 380
Compton, Karl, 347
Conant, James, 347, 357
Condon, Edward, 72
Congress, U.S., 159
Consolidated Steel, 292-295
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 18
Cornell University, 418
Corning Evening Leader, 198, 203, 207
Corning Fire Department, 235
Corning Glass Works, 77, 165-207, 209, 220-226, 232-241, 244-254, 280-281, 340-341
additional telescope projects of, 191-192, 223, 233-234
custard cup technique attempted at, 175
description of, 137-138, 232
disk costs at, 139-140, 168, 340
early Pyrex experiments at, 138-140, 158
earthquake at, 241
failed two-hundred-inch disk produced at, 199-207, 209, 220-223, 389
flood at, 234-237
GE quartz disk efforts and, 168, 173-174, 175
media, publicity and, 168-169, 181, 196-205, 208, 223-225, 236, 239-240, 244-247, 249, 250
new Pyrex formulation developed at, 189
new mold anchor design at, 221-222
New York meeting with, 167-169
120-inch disk produced by, 190-195, 345
Pyrex blocks produced by, 274
Pyrex solubility problem discovered at, 183-184, 188-189
quartz disks produced by, 415
sagging technique at, 174, 340
Schmidt disks produced at, 340-341
shipping and, 222, 233
successful two-hundred-inch disk produced at, 223-226, 232-241, 244-254
test and auxiliary disks produced at, 169-195
third two-hundred-inch disk proposed at, 278, 281, 282, 298
two-hundred-inch disk shipped by, 247-254
wages at, 225
Coue, Emile, 89
Coughlin, Charles C., 219, 245
Couts, Cave C., 211
Crab Nebula, 354
Crossley, Edward, 34
Crossley reflector, 19-20, 34, 383 see also Lick Observatory
Crown, George, 176
cummings, e. e., 148
Curtis, Heber, 35, 61, 122, 158, 225, 383
background and personality of, 5-6, 18-19
Corning disk order of, 191, 223, 233, 237, 280
NAS debate and, 2-9, 18-23, 61
Curtiss, Hanford, 202, 204
dark matter, 308
Day, Arthur L., 46, 80, 165, 168, 178, 189, 198, 202, 209, 217-218, 244, 276
American Ceramic Society speech of, 196-197
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western, 247, 251
Depression, Great, 130-131, 142, 158-160, 161, 179, 183, 197-198, 219, 245-246, 334, 343-344
de Sitter, Willem, 150, 303
Dina, Assan Farid, 96
Dirac, Paul, 148, 362
dome, see observatory building, Palomar
Doppler shift, see red shift
Dowd, Jerry, 58, 260, 294, 331
Draco, 304
DuBridge, Lee A., 391-392, 393
DuMond, Jesse, 152n
Dunham, Theodore, 147, 166, 194
David Dunlap Observatory, 191
Dunn, Gano, 77, 78, 79, 80, 84, 87, 89, 111, 120, 124
Du Pont, 141, 357
Du Pont telescope, 135n
earthquakes, 241, 269
Eddington, Sir Arthur S., 4, 16, 150
Edison, Thomas, 98, 102, J15, 169, 172
Eiffel, Gustave, 41
Einstein, Albert, 59, 65—66, 69, 148-150, 151, 153, 166, 209, 217, 240, 291, 304, 314, 359, 380
celebrity of, 7-8, 148
Germany left by, 160—161
NAS debate and, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12
Einstein, Mrs. Albert, 149
Ellerman, Ferdinand, 107-108, 180, 253
Ellis, A. L., 100, 115-119, 122, 126, 127, 128, 132-136, 140-147, 154-158, 161-164, 166-167, 171, 173
doubts about mirror harbored by, 134-135
Ellis, Guerdon, 21 t
Enterprise Engine Company, 316
Epstein, Paul, 124, 178, 214
Eveleth, C. E., 167
Fecker & Co., 60
Ferguson, Homer, 226-227, 262
Fermi, Enrico, 72
Feynman, Richard, 372n
Fie1 & Cie., 28
Fleming, A. H., 131
Flemming, Williammina P., 14
Flexner, Abraham, 71
Flexner, Simon, 85
Flying Horse Telescope Oil, 319, 402
Ford, Hannibal, 229, 310-311, 320
Ford, Henry, 10, 343
Fore River Shipbuilding Company, 53, 125
Fonune, 159, 179, 284
Fosdick, Raymond, 88, 276, 337, 339, 341, 388, 393
Foshay, Wilbur, 139
Foucault, J. B. L., 324
foundations, operation of, 79-80, 81-82
Foussat (sheep farmer), 210
Fredericks, Frank, 288, 317, 318
Friedmann, Aleksandr, 66
Froebel, Guenther, 264, 287
Gage, O. A., 167, 191, 201
galaxies:
clusters of, 308, 360
island universes debate and, 4, 20-23, 61, 62-63, 383
use of term, 302
see also nebulae
Galileo Galilei, 18, 28
Gehring, Dr., 49
General Education Board (GEB), 71-80, 158, 276
see also International Education Board
General Electric, 77, 98-100, 111, 115-120, 126-130, 132-136, 140-147, 154-158, 161-164, 165-167, 171, 229, 263, 388
bills and cost estimates from, 119, 127-128, 132, 140, 143, 147, 157, 163, 168
Corning Pyrex disk manufacturing and, 168, 173-174, 175
dropped as disk maker, 157-158, 161-164, 165-167
fuel consumption at, 126-127, 140-141
publicity department of, 142, 147, 162, 166-167, 168-169
General Petroleum Corp., 318
Geology Department, Caltech, site selection and, 209, 21 1
Gianetti, Miss (secretary), 58-59, 121, 186, 230, 275
Glass Industry, The, 147
globular clusters, 15-18, 22n-23n, 50, 302, 360
“Gospel of Wealth, The” (Carnegie), 81
Goudsmit, Samuel, 72
Graf Zeppelin, 102
Green, Lloyd, 379
Greenstein, Jesse, 362, 391-392, 399
Grey, Earl, 46
Griffith Observatory, 389
Groves, Leslie, 357
Gunn, Jim, 418
Guttenberg, Beno, 209
Hale, Evelina Conklin, 26, 27, 29-30, 38, 43, 47, 393
Hale, George, vii, 24, 58, 69, 89, 97, 135, 148, 153, 160, 161, 213, 217, 226-227, 228, 231, 263, 282, 291, 295, 299, 305, 310, 324, 338, 344-345, 358, 383, 415
assessment of, 313-314
background and family of, 25-27
Caltech-Mount Wilson relations and, 150, 151, 217, 218, 219
Corning Pyrex disk manufacturing and, 166, 168, 171, 177, 178, 185, 189, 194, 195, 198, 209, 241, 244
death of, 312-313
disk shipment and, 233, 247, 248, 250, 253
financing of early projects of, 26, 30, 31, 35-37, 38, 41-47, 90
foreign trips of, 46, 47-48, 58, 111-112, 120-121, 194
GE disk experiments and, 98, 100, 115, 118, 140, 141, 142, 146, 154, 1
57, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167
Harper’s article of, 73, 79, 83, 139
headaches and visions of, 25, 26, 32, 43, 45-46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58, 78, 90, 110-111, 121, 135, 180, 186, 194, 218, 225, 230, 244, 247, 275-276, 286
I-Iooker telescope project and, 41-57
Lick telescope visited by, 29-30
McDowell’s style and, 296
Mason’s trust of, 153-154
media and, 100-103, 142, 168, 169, 179, 181, 208
Mount Wilson sixty-inch project and, 37-39, 41
NAS debate and, 3-4, 5, 11, 23
Palomar buildings and, 151, 155, 255, 315
Palomar grant and, 64, 70-88, 91, 92, 132, 134, 154, 281, 336, 388
Palomar mirror design group and, 179-180
Palomar mounting design and, 124, 135, 186, 212, 214
Palomar site selection and, 106-111, 180, 209, 210, 401
Ritchey’s dispute with, 48
Schmidt widefield telescope and, 259, 260
semiretirement of, 58-59
telescope named for, 313-314, 393
Westinghouse work and, 286
Woodbury’s book and, 331
worsening condition of, 275-276
Yerkes Observatory and, 31-36, 39-40, 41
Hale, Mrs. William, 25, 30
Hale, William, 25, 26, 30, 35, 90
Hale telescope, see Palomar telescope
Hall, George, 373-374, 380, 392
Hamburg Observatory, 258
Hammond, John W., 142, 147
Harding, Warren Go, 10, 85
Harper, William, 30
Harper’s Magazine, 73, 79, 83, 139
Harrington, Robert, 397
Harris (ladler), 225
Harris, Fred, 410, 414
Harrison, Nathan, 210n
Hartness, James, 94
Harvard College Observatory, 26, 105, 155, 359
disk order for, 191, 223, 280
Shapley appointed director of, 5, 59-60
Harvard College Observatory Circular, 14
Heisenberg, Werner, 72, 148
Henderson (Warner & Swasey official), 225
Hendrix, Don, 341, 367-368, 385, 386, 392, 394-398, 404
Herbert, James, 218
Hertzsprung, Ejnar, 14, 15
Hickman (ladler), 225
Hill, Byron, 255-257, 260, 292, 294, 295, 296, 307, 364, 382n
after completion, 405, 413, 414
and final trials and adjustments, 389, 391, 395
mirror coating and, 385
mirror installation and, 386
mirror move and, 373, 376, 377, 378, 379
mounting assembly and, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 342, 370
residence construction supervised by, 315-316
telescope balanced by, 371-372
Weber’s truck hoisted by, 372
in World War 11, 352
Zwicky’s conflict with, 260
Hodgkinson, Francis, 264-265
Hoge, W. P., 53
Hogness, To, 72
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 46
Hood, Harrison, 183, 189
Hooker, John Do, 41-42, 43, 46-47, 48, 77, 79, 90
Hooker, Mrs. John D., 43
Hooker telescope (one-hundred-inch telescope), 41-57, 62-63, 90, 123, 383, 418
corrective lens for, 68
first light at, 52-56
glass disk for, 42-43, 44, 46, 171
mirror grinding for, 47-48, 49, 53
mounting of, 53-56, 90, 157, 166, 185
temperature problems of, 55-57, 96, 144, 157-158
Hoover, Herbert, 102, 255, 336-337
Hostetter, J. Co, 167, 168, 173, 203, 206, 229, 245
Corning left by, 275
undue credit claimed by, 194, 221, 240-241, 272
Houghton, Amory, 165, 181, 198, 200, 205, 209, 223, 224, 241, 273, 274-275, 278, 281, 282, 298, 340
Houghton family, 137, 139
Howland, Charles P., 109
Hubble, Edwin, vii, 75, 240, 253, 281, 302-303, 304, 305, 359, 380-381, 397, 403, 404
background of, 60-61
considered for joint observatories directorship, 359-360, 361
and final trials and adjustments, 387, 391, 394-395
first official image exposed by, 395, 407
heart attack of, 406
at Monastery dinners, 64n
at Mount Wilson Observatory, 61-63, 64n, 65, 67-69, 96, 101, 110, 144, 148-149, 150, 158, 217, 219, 335
Palomar observing time of, 362, 406
Palomar project and, 92, 108, 125, 185, 213, 258, 334, 359, 380
suggested as astronomical director, 329
in World War II, 35 t
Hubble Space Telescope, 129n, 352, 416
Humason, Milton, 67-69, 96, 107, 108, 144, 149, 158, 185, 213, 258, 281, 302, 303, 306, 309, 322, 334, 413
Humphreys, W. S., 109
Hussey, J. W., 37, 209, 401
Ingalls, Albert, 93, 94, 225
Institute of Advanced Studies, 161
insurance, 248, 373, 412n
International Astronomical Union, 404
International Education Board (IEB), 71-88, 89, 91, 92, 105, 110, 114, 132, 158, 208, 259, 276
Irwin, E. M., 316
Iser, G. W., 155
island universes debate, 4, 20-23, 61, 62-63, 383
James, Alice, 4611
James, Henry, 45, 46n
James, William, 45, 46n
Jeans, Jarnes, 4, 166
Jensen (sculptor), 314
Jewett, Frank, 347
Johnson, Jack, 60
Johnson, Mel, 269-270, 363, 368, 375, 395-396, 397, 398
Johnston, Margaret, 123
Johnston, Thomas J., 103
Jones, Samuel R., t 24
Jones and Lampson Machine Company, 94
Journal of Astrophysics, 59
Kapteyn, J. C., 16
Karat, EI, vii
Karoloff, Hans, 392n
Keck Observatory, 129n, 415
Keeler, James E., 20, 34
Kenwood Observatory, 30, 35
Kepler, Johannes, 13
Keppel, Frederick, 87, 336
Kimple, Johnny, 294
Kincaid, Father, 202
Kitt Peak telescope, 414
Krick, Irving, 373
Kroon, Rein, 263-268, 287, 289, 290, 291, 297, 312, 328, 347
Ladley, William, 290-291
Laplace, Marquis Pierre Simon de, 66
Las Campanas observatory, 135n, 417-418
Laughton, Charles, 393
Lauritsen, Charles, 152n
Lawrence, Ernest, t 13, 274, 296, 366, 385
Lawrence, T. E. (of Arabia), 197
Lawrence, William L., 225
Leavitt, Henrietta Swan, 14, 15, 16, 17, 105
Lernaatre, George, 69
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 41
Lewis, Sinclair, 8, 101
Lick, James, 27
Lick Observatory, 2, 4, 34, 152, 158, 191, 309, 383, 389, 414
Crossley reflector of, 19-20, 34, 383
Hale’s visit to, 29-30
120-inch disk and grinding machine sold to, 414
origin of, 27-29
Life, 380
Lillie, Howard, 172
Lindbergh, Charles, t97, 220, 333, 343
Littleton, George, 175, 204
Llewellyn Iron Works, 125
Lloyds of London, 248
London Daily Telegraph, 103
Lorentz, H. A., 46
Los Angeles, Calif.:
economy of, 2-3
growth of, 106, 401
railroads and, 1-2
Los Angeles TImes, 101, 102, 252
Lowell, Percival, 4, 43-44, 66
Lowell Observatory, 21, 66
Lundmark, Knut, 67
McBride, Dr., 45, 48
McCauley (Price), Anne, 176, 393-394
McCauley, George, 165-184, 188-195, 199-207, 209, 220-226, 232-241, 244-246, 248, 272, 276, 297, 328, 340-341, 414, 415
California trips of, 241, 243, 244, 273-274, 275, 393-394
Corning flood and, 234-237
at dedication, 393-394
disk shipment and, 250, 253
early Pyrex experiment of, 138-140
failed two-hundred-inch disk and, 199-207, 209, 220-223
Hostetter resented by, 221, 240-241, 272-273
at New York meeting, 167-168
120-inch disk produced by, 190-195
scars on second two-hundred-inch disk discovered by, 238-239, 240-241, 272
solubility problem hidden by, 188-189
successful two-hundred-inch disk and, 223-226, 232-241, 244-246, 248
two-hundred-inch disk fractures and, 277-283, 298
vacation of, 274-275
Woodbury’s book and, 329, 330
McCauley, George, Jr., 176, 202
McCauley, James, 176, 202, 234
McCauley, Mrs. George, 202
McClellan, Bill, 372n
Macdonald, Dwight, 179
McDonald Observatory, 91, 223, 309, 412n
McDowell, Clyde S. “Sandy,” 244, 248, 257, 261, 264, 275, 276, 288, 295, 298, 315, 336
background of, 227
builder sought by, 262, 286
drive and control system and, 310-311, 320, 328-329
hiring of, 227-228
mounting construction and, 262, 263, 286, 287, 288, 315
mounting design and, 262, 264, 285, 312
participants’ dislike of style of, 295-297, 328-332, 357
project style transformed by, 227-230, 265, 291-292
removed from project, 331-332
scale model favored by, 285
welded construction favored by, 262
Westinghouse work and, 287, 288, 315
McDowell, Mrs. Clyde S., 255
McKim, Charles, 87
McManus (GE executive), 147
McMath, Robert, 173n, 309-310, 313
McMath-Hulbert Observatory, 173n
McPherson, Aimee Semple, 114
Maltby, George, 203, 240
Manhattan Project, 357, 358-359, 366, 386
M. Mantois, 31
Mare Island shipyard, 262-263, 264
Markel, Lester, 64
Mars, 4, 43-44, 66, 380, 381
Marshall, Bill, 377
Marshall, Harley, 257, 352, 377
Marshall, Mary, 257, 377
Martel, Romeo, 124, 178, 214, 215, 261, 293, 295
Marvin, Charles, 109
Mason, Max, 85, 111, 179-180, 217-218, 229, 275, 291, 306, 310, 336, 366, 368, 369, 381, 387, 393
appointed Observatory Council
vice chairman, 276, 296
background of, 153
budget problems and, 350, 364, 379, 385, 387, 388
and Carnegie endowment of Palomar, 336, 338-339, 340
Corning Pyrex disk manufacturing
and, 177, 179, 198, 202, 225, 244
disk fractures and, 278, 281, 298
GE disks and, 153, 158, 161, 162, 163, 167
Hale’s trust of, 153-154
McDowell fired by, 331-332