Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare. Edited by Stephen Greenblatt et al. 3rd edition. New York: W. W. Norton, 2016.
Shapiro, Robert. Origins: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth. New York: Summit, 1986.
Shelton, Kathleen. “Roman Aristocrats, Christian Commission: The Carrand Diptych.” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 29 (1986): 166–80.
Silver, Larry, and Susan Smith. “Carnal Knowledge: The Late Engravings of Lucas van Leyden.” Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 29, no. 1 (1978), pp. 239–98.
Silvestris, Bernardus. Cosmographia. Translated by Winthrop Wetherbee. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.
Ska, Jean-Louis. “A Plea on Behalf of the Biblical Redactors.” Studia Theologica—Nordic Journal of Theology 59.1 (2005): 4–18.
Skinner, John. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1930.
Slotkin, James Sydney. Readings in Early Anthropology. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co., 1965.
Smith, George. Assyrian Discoveries; an Account of Explorations and Discoveries on the Site of Nineveh, During 1873 and 1874. London: Chiswick Press, 1875.
———. “The Chaldean Account of the Deluge.” Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology 2 (1873).
Sober, Elliott. Evidence and Evolution: The Logic of the Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Soloveitchik, Joseph Dov. The Lonely Man of Faith. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson, 1997.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady. The Woman’s Bible: A Classic Feminist Perspective. Mineola, NY: Dover, 2002.
Steinberg, Justin. Dante and the Limits of the Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.
Steinberg, Leo. “Eve’s Idle Hand.” Art Journal 35, no. 2 (1975–1976), pp. 130–35.
Stordalen, Terje. Echoes of Eden: Genesis 2-3 and Symbolism of the Eden Garden in Biblical Hebrew Literature. Leuven: Peeters, 2000.
Stott, Rebecca. Darwin’s Ghosts: The Secret History of Evolution. New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2012.
Sulloway, Frank. Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Szathmáry, Eörs, and John Maynard Smith. The Origins of Life: From the Birth of Life to the Origin of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Tarabotti, Arcangela. Paternal Tyranny (1654). Translated by Letizia Panizza. Edited by Margaret L. King and Albert Rabil, Jr. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Tasso, Torquato. Creation of the World. Translated by Joseph Tusiani. Binghamton, NY: Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 1982.
Tattersall, Ian. Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1998.
———. Masters of the Planet: The Search for Our Human Origins. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
Taylor, Jeremy. Deus Justificatus. Two Discourses of Original Sin Contained in Two Letters to Persons of Honour, Wherein the Question Is Rightly Stated … London: Printed for Richard Royston, 1656.
Tertullian. The Ante-Nicene Christian Library. 24 vols. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Edinburgh: Kessinger, 1868–1872.
———. De Cultu Feminarum. Translated by Sydney Thelwall. In The Ante-Nicene Christian Library. 24 vols. Edited by Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Vol. 4: Fathers of the Third Century. Edinburgh: Kessinger, 1868–1872.
Thompson, Bard, ed. Liturgies of the Western Church. 1st Fortress Press ed. Philadelphia, 1980.
Thoreau, Henry D. Walden. Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1864.
Traherne, Thomas. Centuries of Meditations. London: The Editor, 1906.
———. “Innocence.” The Poetical Works. Edited by Bertram Dobell. London: The Editor, 1906.
Trible, Phyllis. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1978.
Tronzo, William. “The Hildesheim Doors: An Iconographic Source and Its Implications.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte 46:4 (1983), pp. 357–66.
Turner, James G. One Flesh: Paradisal Marriage and Sexual Relations in the Age of Milton. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
Tuttle, Russell H. Apes and Human Evolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014.
Twain, Mark. The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings on Heaven, Eden, and the Flood. Edited by Howard G. Baetzhold and Joseph B. McCullough. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
Ulrich, Eugene. “The Old Testament Text and Its Transmission.” In From the Beginnings to 600. Edited by Joachim Schaper and James Carleton Paget. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Upton, Bridget Gilfillan. “Feminist Theology as Biblical Hermeneutics.” In Cambridge Companion to Feminist Theology. Edited by Susan Frank Parsons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Van Helmont, Franciscus Mercurius. Some Premeditate and Considerate Thoughts, on the Early Chapters of the Book of Genesis. London: S. Clark …, 1701.
Van Reybrouck, David. From Primitives to Primates: A History of Ethnographic and Primatological Analogies in the Study of Prehistory. Leiden: Sidestone Press, 2012.
Van Seters, John. The Edited Bible: The Curious History of the “Editor” in Biblical Criticism. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006.
Velleman, David J. “The Genesis of Shame,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 30 (2001), pp. 27–52.
Vermès, Géza, ed. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English. New York: Penguin, 2004.
Veyne, Paul. When Our World Became Christian, 312–394. Edited by Janet Lloyd. Malden, MA: Polity, 2010.
Victorinus. “On the Creation of the World.” In Fathers of the Third and Fourth Centuries Edited by A. Cleveland Coxe. Vol. 7. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1951.
Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary. Edited by Peter Gay. New York: Basic Books, 1962.
Voss, Julia. Darwins Jim Knopf. Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 2009.
Waal, Frans de. Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Wallace, Howard N. The Eden Narrative. Edited by Frank Moore Cross. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1985.
Wallace, William. The Logic of Hegel. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892.
Waltzer, Michael. In God’s Shadow: Politics in the Hebrew Bible. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.
Warburg, Aby. The Renewal of Pagan Antiquity: Contributions to the Cultural History of the European Renaissance. Edited by Kurt Walter Forster. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1999.
Warfield, Benjamin B. “Introductory Essay on Augustin and the Pelagian Controversy.” In St. Augustin: Anti-Pelagian Writings. Edited by Philip Schaff. Vol. 5. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1955.
Webster, Charles. The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine, and Reform 1626–1660. London: Duckworth, 1975.
Wedgwood, C. V. The King’s War: 1641–1647. London: Collins, 1958.
Weiner, Joshua. From the Book of Giants. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Weitzmann, Kurt, and Herbert Kessler. The Cotton Genesis: British Library, Codex Cotton Otho B VI. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Werckmeister, Otto-Karl. “The Lintel Fragment Representing Eve from Saint-Lazare, Autun.” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 35 (1972), pp. 1–30.
West, Rebecca. St. Augustine. London: Peter Davies, 1933.
Westermann, Claus. Genesis: A Commentary. 3 vols. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1984–86.
Wetzel, James. “Predestination, Pelagianism, and Foreknowledge.” In The Cambridge Companion to Augustine. Edited by Norman Kretzman and Eleonore Stump. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
White, Andrew Dickson. A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christianity. 2 vols. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1896.
Whitehead, Alfred North. Science and the Modern World: Lowell Lectures, 1925. New York: Macmillan, 1925.
Willet, Andrew. Hexapla,
That Is, A Six-Fold Commentarie vpon the Most Diuine Epistle of the Holy Apostle S. Pavl to the Romanes … London: Printed for Leonard Greene, 1620.
Williams, Arnold. The Common Expositor: An Account of the Commentaries on Genesis, 1527–1633. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948.
Williams, Bernard. “The Makropulos Case: Reflections on the Tedium of Immortality.” In Problems of the Self. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Williams, George H. The Radical Reformation. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1962.
Williams, John, ed. Imaging the Early Medieval Bible. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.
Williams, Norman Powell. The Ideas of the Fall and of Original Sin. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1927.
Williams, Patricia A. Doing Without Adam and Eve: Sociobiology and Original Sin. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 2001.
Wills, Gary. Saint Augustine. New York: Viking, 1999.
Wilson, Edward O. The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Liveright, 2012.
Witzel, E. J. Michael. The Origins of the World’s Mythologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Wrangham, Richard W. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books, 2009.
———, and Dale Peterson. Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. Boston: Mariner Books, 1996.
The York Cycle of Mystery Plays: A Complete Version. Edited by J. S. Purvis. London: S.P.C.K., 1957.
Zevit, Ziony. What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
Zornberg, Avivah Gottlieb. The Murmuring Deep: Reflections on the Biblical Unconscious. New York: Schocken, 2009.
Zuberbühler, Klaus. “Experimental Field Studies with Non-Human Primates.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 28 (2014): 150–56.
Illustration Credits
Frontispiece: Hans Baldung Grien, The Fall of Humankind (Lapsus Humani Generis), 1511, print, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
Inserts
1. Adam and Eve, third century CE, fresco, Catacombe SS. Pietro and Marcellino, Rome, photo © Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology, Vatican.
2. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (detail), c. 359 CE, marble, Museo Storico del Tesoro della Basilica di San Pietro, Vatican (Scala/Art Resource, NY).
3. Adam in the Garden of Eden, fifth century, ivory, Florence, Museo Nazionale del Bargello.
4. Bernward Doors, c. 1015, bronze, courtesy of the Dom-Museum Hildesheim.
5. The Creation of Eve (detail from the Bernward Doors), photo by Frank Tomio, courtesy of the Dom-Museum Hildesheim.
6. The Judgment of Adam and Eve by God (detail from the Bernward Doors), photo by Frank Tomio, courtesy of the Dom-Museum Hildesheim.
7. St. Albans Psalter, HS St. God. 1, p. 18, twelfth century, property of the Basilica of St. Godehard, Hildesheim © Dombibliothek Hildesheim.
8. Gislebertus, The Temptation of Eve, c. 1130, stone, Musée Rolin, Autun, © Ville d’Autun, Musée Rolin.
9. Crucifix, c. 1200, wood, Collegiata di San Candido, photo courtesy of the Parrocchia di San Michele Arcangelo in San Candido.
10. Vat. Lat. 5697 fol. 16r (detail of God creating Eve from Adam’s rib), fifteenth century © 2017 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.
11. Mors per Evam, vita per Mariam, c. 1420, University Library of Wrocław, Manuscript M. 1006, fol. 3v.
12. Giovanni di Paolo, The Mystery of Redemption from Paradiso Canto VII, c. 1450, © The British Library Board, Yates Thompson 36, f. 141.
13. Masaccio, The Expulsion (from a photograph taken c. 1980, before its restoration), 1424–1428, fresco, Cappella Brancacci, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence (Alinari Archives, Florence).
14. Masaccio, The Expulsion, 1424–1428, fresco, Cappella Brancacci, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence (Raffaello Bencini/Alinari Archives, Florence).
15. (Left) Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Adam and the Offerings of Cain and Abel (interior of the left wing of the Ghent Altarpiece), 1432, oil on panel, Saint Bavo Cathedral, Ghent (Maeyaert/Iberfoto/Alinari Archives). (Right) Jan and Hubert van Eyck, Eve and Murder of Abel by Cain (interior of right wing of the Ghent Altarpiece), 1432, oil on panel, Saint Bavo Cathedral, Ghent (Maeyaert/Iberfoto/Alinari Archives).
16. Albrecht Dürer, Adam and Eve, 1504, engraving, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, Art Museum Council Fund, M.66.33, © Museum Associates/LACMA.
17. Albrecht Dürer, sheet of studies for the hand and arm of Adam and for rocks and bushes for the engraving of Adam and Eve, 1504, pen and brown and black ink, British Museum, London, SL, 5218.181, © The Trustees of the British Museum. All rights reserved.
18. Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait in the Nude, 1505, pen and brush, black ink with white lead on green prepared paper, Klassik Stiftung Weimar.
19. Hans Baldung Grien, Eve, the Serpent, and Death, c. 1510–1515, oil on wood, likely linden, National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, photo © National Gallery of Canada.
20. Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Delights (detail), 1504, oil on oak panel, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, P02823, © Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado.
21. Michelangelo, The Creation of Adam, 1508–1512, Sistine Chapel, Vatican, photo © Vatican Museums. All rights reserved.
22. Jan Gossart, Adam and Eve, c. 1520, pen and ink, brush and ink, and white gouache, on blue-gray prepared paper, © Devonshire Collection, Chatsworth. Reproduced by permission of Chatsworth Settlement Trustees.
23. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Adam and Eve, 1526, oil on panel, The Samuel Courtauld Trust, The Courtauld Gallery, London.
24. Titian, Adam and Eve, c. 1550, oil on canvas, Museo Nacionsl del Prado, Madrid, P00429, © Museo Nacional del Prado.
25. Caravaggio, Madonna dei Palafrenieri (detail), 1605–1606, oil on canvas, Galleria Borghese, Rome (Scala/Art Resource, NY).
26. Rembrandt van Rijn, Adam and Eve, 1638, etching, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.
27. Ercole Lelli, Anatomical waxes of Adam and Eve, eighteenth century, photo provided by the Museo di Palazzo Poggi, Sistema Museale di Ateneo—Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna.
28. Max Beckmann, Adam and Eve, 1917, oil on canvas, Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, © bpk Bildagentur/Nationalgalerie, SMB/Jörg P. Anders/Art Resource, NY.
29. ‘Lucy’ (australopithecus afarensis) and her mate, reconstruction by John Holmes under the direction of Ian Tattersall, photo by J. Beckett and C. Chesek, © American Museum of Natural History.
Index
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Page numbers beginning with 325 refer to endnotes.
Abel, 68, 145
Abraham, 24, 35, 38
Abram, 23, 326
Abravanel, Judah, 309
Acosta, Father José de, Historia natural y moral de las Indias, 235, 237
Adam:
after the Fall, 7, 138, 148, 149–50, 225–27, 228–29, 307–8
allegorical story of, 76, 79, 205
animals named by, 11, 112–13, 142, 214, 224, 243–44, 253, 265, 274, 304
Apocalypse of, 66
breath of life in, 20, 44, 57, 58, 75
companionship for, 11, 60–61, 179, 180, 184, 214–16, 222, 224, 306
creation of, 16, 66, 125, 243, 277, 327–28
and death, 68, 72, 106, 144, 227–28, 308, 335, 336, 340
disobedience of, 6, 99, 132
and Dürer’s Fall of Man, 152–54, 156–59, 161
eating forbidden fruit, 2, 63, 73, 100, 112, 113, 135, 254, 305, 309–10, 346
Eve created from rib of, 16, 60–61, 75, 113, 128, 130, 132, 136, 143, 148, 216, 253, 333
formed from dust/clay, 16, 20, 45, 56, 57, 74, 112, 134, 253, 310
free will of, 133, 185, 193, 224
and guilt, 149–50, 225
height of, 276
as hermaphrodite, 15, 62
as holotype,
11–12, 79
images in artworks, 144, 151–52, 153–55, 156–57, 159, 207; see also art
innocence of, 143, 191, 212, 223, 293
Jesus as New Adam, 6, 74, 75, 100, 128, 298
and knowledge, 66
and love, 216–21, 224–25
myths and legends about, 254–55, 262
navel of, 277
as original prophet, 6, 7
penitence of, 69
and perfection, 133, 154, 156, 157, 280
Pre-Adamites, 241–42, 244–46
as progenitor, 12, 242, 253
responsibility of, 121, 126, 133, 136, 335, 346
sins of, 99, 100, 102, 106, 133, 150, 193, 225, 254, 335
see also Adam and Eve; Adam and Eve story
Adam and Eve:
after the Fall, 68–69, 225–27, 229–30
as ascetics, 124–25, 143
and clothing, 62, 63, 79, 151, 233, 348
descendants of, 3, 105, 237, 249
disobedience of, 8, 260, 342
earthly bliss of, 217
equality of, 121, 146, 218–20, 224–25
images in artworks, 9, 128, 137–38, 139–62, 256, 296, 348; see also art
innocence of, 119, 143, 144, 153–54, 174, 236, 293, 304–5
knowledge of good and evil, 63
and marriage, 177, 179–80, 213–14, 217–18, 221–27, 229, 254
nakedness of, 62, 141–44, 146–47, 149–51, 154, 156–57, 277, 284, 293
and Paradise Lost, see Paradise Lost
and procreation, 61, 110, 115–16, 118
as real people, 9, 206, 213, 230, 238, 247, 250–51, 266, 274, 281
redemption of, 151
relationship of, 60–63
and revolutionaries, 194
and sexual pleasure, 217–19, 225, 254
shame of, 63, 114, 141–43, 146–50, 154, 225
and sin, 97, 104, 105, 108, 109–10, 114, 151, 243, 250, 260
story of, see Adam and Eve story
as symbols, 79
temptation of, 7
see also Adam; Eve
Adam and Eve story:
as allegory, 79–80, 91, 110–11, 205, 252, 284, 337
ascetic views of, 124–25, 143
Augustine’s obsessive engagement with, 96–97, 110–19, 267
The Rise and Fall of Adam and Eve Page 44