Rockingham, Marquis of 327–8
Romantic Movement 227
rooks 106
Rowe, Henry 10, 12
royal family xviii, 110, 173, 264, 337; see also George III
Royal Navy 309, 369; agent 77; away on service xxiv, 29, 59, 88, 112, 249; career 69, 175; casualties 5; espionage 287; hats 129; in JA’s work xviii; medicine 297; recruitment 199–200, 305; superstitions 166; see also Nelson, Wilkinson
Rudder, Samuel 145
rushlights 100–1, 365
Rushworth, Mr (Mansfield Park) 9
Russel, Eleanor 273
Russell, Lady (Persuasion) 128
Rymer, James 141
Saint Monday 207
St Raymond, Mrs de 308
St Thomas Day 156, 211
Salisbury, Wilts 34, 35, 246
Sanditon (Austen) 219
scavengers 145, 146, 272
schools see education
Scott, Walter xix, xx–xxi
Scurl, Bretingham 92, 220
sedan chairs 130, 155, 248–9, 309–10
Selborne, Hants 29, 100, 109, 158, 334–5
Selleck, Molly 150
Sense and Sensibility (Austen) 3, 5, 9, 91, 117–18, 173, 175, 237, 255–6
servants xxii, 4, 12, 15, 22, 28, 39, 46, 47, 48, 51, 57, 64, 67, 70, 73, 80, 82, 84, 87, 91–3, 97, 102, 110, 112, 113, 123, 130, 137, 138, 143, 169, 173, 176, 193, 199, 206, 207, 220, 223, 227, 236, 243, 244, 254, 258, 272, 273, 276, 281, 282, 310, 316, 323, 331, 333, 336, 363; Austen family’s 90; black 41, 199; Holland’s xxii, xxv, 10, 41, 48, 93, 107, 117, 207, 241, 372; Woodforde’s 23, 90, 91–2, 98, 112, 137, 143, 194, 200, 203, 220, 241, 286, 295, 298, 304, 332–3; see also slaves
sewing see needlework
shaving 131, 132, 294, 384
Shaw, Stebbing 186–7
sheep 45, 141, 188, 191, 195; stealing 263, 275, 288; see also wool
Sheffield, Yorks 132, 177, 286, 355, 368
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 177, 359
Sherman, Miss (mistress of Press Custance) 45, 158
shifts (clothing) 8, 118, 119, 122, 124, 138
shirts 72, 116–17, 118, 124, 138, 218, 273, 282, 313, 366
shoemakers 68, 168, 207, 281
shoes 55, 57, 116, 119, 122, 127–8, 166, 180, 214, 238, 248, 249, 280, 282, 300, 336; of cattle 109; see also boots, pattens
shooting 80, 94, 212–13; see also hunting
shrouds 335
Siddons, Mrs 222, 377
Sidgier, Henry 138
silk 45, 115, 120, 282, 304, 332, 333, 336, 389; clothing 123–4, 129, 336; stockings 116, 117; thread 72, 125; umbrellas 130, 131
Silliman, Benjamin: on Antiquarian Society 228; on ballad singers 224; on Bath chairs 310; on Bath social life 175; on black servants 199; on country mansions 81; on debtors’ prisons 278; on English language 52, 82; on inns 253–4; on ladies’ dress 119; on London stores 125–6; on pickpockets 267; on secondhand clothing 126–7; on slave trade 199; on smuggled goods 291–2; on stagecoaches 244–5, 246, 250, 255; studies 51–2, 175; on Sundays 159; travels in England 52; on windmills 103
Simmons, Thomas 276–7
Simond, Louis: on Assizes 266; on book clubs 234; on chamberpots 142; on clergymen 148, 150; on coal 182–4; on cooking 101; on graves 341; on horse treatment 303; on inns 99; on lawns 108; on London expansion 40, 83; on London housing 84, 85–6; on London in August 82–3; on manners 129; on Methodists 162; on Panorama 229; on Poor Laws 201, 203; on postage 236; on smog 96; on village housing 89; on water supply 136
slavery/slaves 58, 74, 77, 184, 198–9, 281, 375
smallpox 140, 298–9, 385
smells (and stench) 27, 28, 96, 99, 101, 138, 139–40, 143, 145, 146, 204, 208, 221, 254, 286, 292, 318
Smith, Edward 87
Smith, Elizabeth 282
Smith, Harriet (Emma) 15–16, 128
Smith, Hugh 21, 119
Smith, James 156, 332
Smith, Patrick 144
Smith, Sarah 268
smock weddings 7–9
smog 96; see also fog
smoke see chimneys
smoking (of tobacco) 225–6, 313
smuggling/smugglers 14, 111–12, 125, 199, 290–2
snow 73, 95, 96, 131, 143, 157, 212–13, 250, 257
snuff 225–6
snuffing/snuffers (candles) 100, 180
soap 100, 138, 140
Society of Antiquaries 228
Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge 66
Sondes, Lady 19
song sheets 224, 232
soot 75–6, 77, 96, 45, 368
sounds/noise 54, 74, 84, 126, 128, 164, 189, 197, 208, 213, 222, 250, 276, 304, 310; see also bells, music
Southampton, Hants 19, 35, 54, 65, 89, 280
Southey, Robert 206–7
spas 219, 300
spectacles 144, 310–11
Spencer, 2nd Earl 82, 118, 367
Spilsbury, Francis 207
Spincks, Elizabeth 327
spinning 70, 72, 89, 164, 188, 190
sports see cricket, football, leaping, races
Spratt, William 275
spring guns 240, 339
stagecoaches, 83, 239, 242, 244–6, 247, 253–4, 255
Standish, Frank 216
stays 31, 56, 118–19, 121, 122, 137
steamboats 261
steam power, xxiv, 75, 120, 181, 185–6, 188, 238, 261
Steventon, Hants xvii, 24, 32, 62, 90, 147, 186, 195, 238, 342 374
Stock, Aaron and Mary 16
Stock, Nelly see Weeton
stockings 12, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 139, 166, 192, 282, 336, 366
Stowey see Nether Stowey, Over Stowey
Strange, William 340–1
Sturges, Charles, 148, 150, 370
sugar 30, 31, 103, 109, 112, 113, 282
suicides (self-murder) 165, 277–8, 329, 334
Sunday schools 66–7, 68, 191
sunglasses 311
superstitions 11, 18, 33, 163–8, 170, 294
suppers 11, 24, 91, 110, 114, 153, 195, 221, 255, 322, 341
surgeons xxi, 24, 25, 26, 31, 123, 134, 168, 179, 182, 281, 295, 296, 299, 301, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 312–13, 314, 318, 320, 327, 328, 357, 384
swaddling 35–6
Swallow, William 213
swan 106, 107
Symons, Phoebe 10
Tabble, Daniel 2
tailors 68, 104, 118, 206, 231, 281, 367
tallow see candles
Taunton, Somerset 68, 89, 274, 275
taxes: on alcohol 111–12; complaints about 174; on gloves 129; on hair-powder 132–3; on hats 129; on imported goods 290; income tax 174; inequalities of 173–4; on lace 125; on servants 90, 91; on soap 138; stamp duty 155; on windows 39, 90; see also tithes
Taylor, James and John see Whitworth Doctors
tea 47, 101, 103, 112, 114, 180, 275, 293, 307
teeth 37, 141, 305, 306–9
Tewner, Catherine 143–4
textiles see cotton, factories, lace, linen, mills, silk, wool
Thames, River 145, 174, 187, 210, 271, 374, 375
theatres 99, 122, 221–3, 271, 377, 384
theft 272–5, 281, 282; see also burglary, pickpockets
Thorne, Dr (of Mattishall) 298, 301
Thorpe, Isabella (Northanger Abbey) 3, 34
Thorpe, John (Northanger Abbey) 3
Tideswell, Derbys 52, 71, 172
Tilney, Henry (Northanger Abbey) 54
tips/tipping 249, 254
tithes 147, 148, 150–3, 175
tobacco 87, 209, 225–6, 291, 313
toilet paper 144
toilets 95, 143–4
tokens 176–7, 178
toll roads see turnpike roads
toothbrushes 47, 141
toothpicks 140–1
toothpowder 141
Townsend, John 266
Townshend, Charles 133
toyman/toy industry 47, 358
t
oys (for children) 37, 50, 51, 54–5, 358
Trafalgar, Battle of 257, 378
transportation 5, 43, 268, 273, 275, 278, 281–3, 288, 383
travel: abroad 227; carriages 243–4; carriers 242; exploring remote areas of Britain 227; horse-drawn omnibus 248; night journeys 255–6; overnight stops 253–5; riding 238, 240–1, 250–1, 262; shipping 259; see also balloon flights, Bath chairs, canals, carts, hackney chairs, hackney coaches, packhorses, post-chaises, roads, sedan chairs, stagecoaches, waggons, walking
treason 287–8
Treleaven, Silvester 41, 129, 216, 223, 226, 241, 327, 358
Trevithick, Richard 261
Trusler, John 114
trusses 305, 309
Turner, J.M.W. xix, 227
turnpike roads xxiii, 55, 109, 177, 251–2
Turpin, Dick 269–70, 381
typhus 65, 280, 299
Tyrie, David 287–8
umbrellas 130–1, 368
underwear see drawers, shifts, shirts, stays, stockings
Unitarians 161
Upholland, Lancs, 21, 23, 44, 86, 87, 93, 123, 164–5, 277
urine 35, 105, 138, 142, 167, 195
vaccination 299; see also inoculation
Valentine’s Day 170
Vauxhall gardens 229–30, 370
vegetable: dye 86, 133; oil 101
vegetables (garden stuff) 103, 107–8, 109, 181
vinegar 44, 53, 293, 303, 313
wages: agricultural workers 92; bread prices 104; canal cutters 186; children 69, 72; craftsmen 92; factory workers 189, 190; falling 173, 188, 204; industrial workers 92; manual workers 173, 264; miners 176, 183, 184; servants 23, 61, 91–2, 223; strike over 204; tailors 206; toll collectors 251; see also incomes
waggons 184, 195, 240, 242, 247, 259; see also carts
waistcoats 2, 27, 117–18, 121, 126, 282, 291
Wakelin, William 69–70
Walker, Adam 52–3, 359
Walker, Alice 281–2
Walker, John 53
walking xxiv, 2, 7, 10, 238–40
wallpaper 86–7, 363
Walpole, Horace xx, 83, 362
Wapshare, Mary 34–5
Ware, Thomas 152, 324–5
Warner, Richard 72, 187, 189–90, 242
wars with France and America: casualties, 5, 308–9; in JA’s work xvii–xviii; Napoleonic xvii, 5, 163, 204, 308, 311; Peninsular 210, 308; press-gangs 199–200; prisoners-of-war xviii, 178–9, 280–1; teeth collected after battles 308–9; unemployment, 203; see also army, invasion threat, militias, Royal Navy
washerwomen 137, 138, 250
washing machines 138
watches (pocket)/watchmakers 86, 122, 144, 189, 264, 267
watchmen 189, 211, 265, 268, 339
water: heating 136; supply 97–8, 110–11, 134–6; see also pumps, wells
water-closets 144–5
Waterloo, Battle of (1815) 204, 309
Watson, George 46
wax/beeswax 99–100, 179, 235, 326, 364
weather: forecasting 258–9; harsh winters 95, 143, 257; mud 1, 115, 128, 187, 211, 238–9, 250; rain 239, 257; winter temperatures 94–5, 257, 259; see also floods, fog, smog, snow
weaving 72, 120, 188, 189, 191
weddings xxii, 1–13, 39, 41, 354; see also marriage
Weeton, Nelly: on abortion 44; on canal travel 260; on childbirth 21, 28; on class distinction 158–9; on clergy 151–2, 158–9; on clothes 116, 117, 123, 159, 218; on dentistry 306; description of bedroom 93; on elopement 13; on fair 208; family background 4, 64, 91; on food 106, 260; on ghosts 164–5; governess xxv, 4, 64, 88, 91, 193; on hairstyles 134; on illegitimate children 23; on illness 293, 299; on laundry 138; letters and diaries, xxv–xxvi, 235–6; on library 234–5; on Luddites 193; on manure 144; marriage 15, 16; on marriage 4, 13, 15, 16, 23; on mourning clothes 336; on pupil’s death 97, 123, 328, 336; on regatta 218; on renting houses 86, 87, 88; on seduction 46; on servants 46, 91; status xxv; on stockings 116; on suicide case 277; on theatre 222; on women’s careers 65
Weeton, Tom 4, 16, 88, 106, 116, 117, 22, 235, 293
Weit, David 144
wells 135, 136
Wesley, John 161–2, 278
Weston, Miss 12
Weston Longville, Norfolk 6, 180, 226, 306; beating the bounds 171–2; church ceremonies 7, 33, 131, 153, 332, 333; entertainments, 152–3; house fire 97–8; parsonage/rectory 1, 87, 92, 143; tithes 152–3; travel 255; weddings 2, 6–7; Weston House 24, 79, 92, 221, 239; Woodforde’s parish, xxv, 148
wet-nurses 30, 31, 51, 356
Weymouth, Dorset 51, 110, 218–19, 227
Wharton, Jack 194, 295, 298
wheat xviii, 10, 104, 195, 232, 275, 290
whipping 43, 283–4
White, Charles 23, 26–8, 31, 297
White, Gilbert 29, 100, 109, 158, 164, 250, 334–5
Whitefield, George 161
Whitehaven, Cumberland 73, 74–5
whitewash 86, 208
Whitfield, Susanna 78
Whitworth Doctors 296–7, 302, 304, 305
Wickham, George (Pride and Prejudice) xvii–xviii, 13
widows/widowers xxii, 8, 16, 18–19, 35, 43, 57, 54, 91, 97, 201, 231, 335, 361
wife-selling 17–18
Wigan, Lancs xxv, 16, 21, 26, 208, 260
wigs 131–3, 150, 266, 368
Wilberforce, William 198
Wilkinson, Sarah and William: baby daughter 29–30, 34, 37–8, 356; burglaries 272; housing 88–9, 249–50; knitting 116; laundry 137, 250; smuggling 112; letters xxvi, 60
Willan, Robert 137–8, 140
Williams, George 224, 377
Williams, Sir Thomas 35
Willoughby (Sense and Sensibility) 5, 9
wills 337–8
Wilson, James 320
Winchester, Hants xvii, 17, 62, 279–80, 287, 308, 310, 324, 342; College 62, 360
Windham, Mr and Mrs 63, 64
windmills 103; see also mills
window tax 39, 90
wine 30, 38, 108, 111, 114, 141, 152–3, 210, 230, 255, 260, 326, 331
Winkley, Bessy 4, 13, 354
witches 167–8
wood see firewood
Woodforde, Anna Maria (Nancy): bees 111; clothes/fabrics 118, 123–4, 125, 127–8, 180; decorating parsonage 87; hairstyle 132, 134; letters 304; life at parsonage 92; London riot 289; return to Somerset 363; social life 24, 221, 224; travelling 239, 255; uncle’s remedies 295
Woodforde, James: on banking 175–6, 177, 178; baptisms 24, 33–4, 35, 153, 155; in Bath 46–7; on beating the bounds 171–2; on births 24; card games 226; chimneys 79, 97; on Christmas 156, 169; church career xxv, 148, 151; churching 33, 153; on church seating 158; on clerical duties 153, 155; on clothing/fabrics 118, 121, 123–4, 125, 127, 254, 331, 373; on cock-fighting 211; collecting coins 178; on crime 285–6; on deaths/funerals 131, 304–5, 322, 325, 326, 327, 331, 332–3, 335; on decorating parsonage 87; diaries xxv; dogs 303–4; education xxv, 148, 371; on entertainments 220, 221, 223, 224–6; farming 195, 202; on fires 97–8; on fishing and shooting 45, 94, 213; on food and drink 107, 109, 111–12, 113–14, 331; on Freemasons 149; frolics 152–3, 180; on furniture 89; on garden 108, 133; and George III 174, 289–90; giving to the poor/children 33, 156, 169, 170, 202, 203, 224; on gout 300; on hairstyles/wigs 131, 132, 133, 134; on influenza 299; on laundry 136, 137, 139; in London 45, 125, 254, 289–90, 299; on medical treatment 294, 295, 298, 300, 301, 303, 304; and mistresses 45, 158; music 223, 224–5; on necessary house 143; on plight of poor 95; on prostitutes 45, 46–7; on races 216, 217; on riots 289–90; on roasting jack 102; and servants 23, 90, 91–3, 98, 194, 200, 220, 241, 295, 332–3; on shopping 61, 87, 89, 124, 125, 180, 181, 226, 235; smoking 226; and smuggling 112, 290; on sports 216; on superstitions 165–6, 259; on taxes 90, 155, 174; on teeth 306; on tithes 151, 152–3, 175; title of Parson 148, 354, 370; travel 217, 239, 240, 244, 246, 252–3, 255, 257; on Valentine’s Day 170; on weather 94–5, 97, 103, 109, 131, 239, 257, 259; on
weddings 1–2, 6–7, 9; on well 135
Woodhouse, Emma (Emma) 15–16, 122, 128
Woods, Mary (Molly) 23–4
wool 72, 94, 115, 116, 118, 120, 121, 129, 137, 141, 188, 189–90, 193, 204, 335
Wordsworth, Dorothy 96, 97, 124, 126, 127, 139, 302, 307, 329
Wordsworth, William xix, 88, 96, 127, 227, 302, 330, 363, 369
workhouses 22, 43, 70, 71, 122, 177, 201, 202–3, 279, 314, 315, 317–18, 386
wrestling 214, 216, 218
writing 59, 60–1, 68, 231, 235–6; paper 30, 60, 61, 235–6; see also books, newspapers, pens
Wynne, Harriet 220–1
Yallop, Hetty 93
Yattendon Revel 208–9
York, James 12
York, Yorkshire 147, 168, 255, 266, 308
Also by Roy and Lesley Adkins
THE KEYS OF EGYPT
EMPIRES OF THE PLAIN
TRAFALGAR
THE WAR FOR ALL THE OCEANS
JACK TAR
Jane Austen's England Page 51