CHAPTER 4. SLAVES AND HYPOCRITES
1Smith, Marshall, 145.
2Jefferson to James Madison, June 29, 1792, in Ford, ed., Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 7:129–130.
3Newmyer, Marshall, 35.
4Frances Howell Rudko, “Pause at the Rubicon, John Marshall and Emancipation: Reparations in the Early Period?” John Marshall Law Review 35, no. 1 (2002): 79. The average household in 1784 had five slaves according to census figures. James Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel’s Virginia, 1730–1810 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 164.
5Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords, 161.
6Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton, 1975), 376–387.
7Edmund S. Morgan, Virginians at Home: Family Life in the Eighteenth Century (Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1952), 68–70; Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords, 185–187; Marie Tyler-McGraw and Gregg D. Kimball, In Bondage and Freedom Antebellum Black Life in Richmond (Chapel Hill: Valentine Museum and University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 14, 24–27, 35–39, 49–50, 63–64; Ward and Greer, Richmond During the Revolution, 121–122.
8Marshall to Timothy Pickering, March 20, 1826, in MP, 10:277.
9James H. Broussard, The Southern Federalists, 1800–1816 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1976), 313–319.
10The Antelope, 23 U.S. 66, 124 (1825).
11Jefferson sold or transferred by gift 161 slaves between 1784 and 1794, separating parents and children. Joseph J. Ellis, American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 144–145. When slaves misbehaved, Jefferson ordered his overseers to flog or sell them. Ibid., 149. See also Fawn M. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson: An Intimate History (New York: Bantam Books, 2011), 377–378. Twenty-three of Jefferson’s slaves ran away. Alan Taylor, The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772–1832 (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 28. Jefferson justified slavery based on his belief that blacks were inherently inferior to whites. Bernstein, Jefferson, 61–62; Mapp, Jefferson, 167–173.
12Newmyer, Marshall, 414–418; Ellis, American Sphinx, 149; Mapp, Jefferson, 170–171.
13Sidbury, Ploughshares into Swords, 68–69, 95–99, 118–121.
14Broussard, Southern Federalists, 319.
15Rudko, “Pause at the Rubicon,” 84–88; Smith, Marshall, 489–490.
16Ward and Greer, Richmond During the Revolution, 124–125.
17Rudko, “Pause at the Rubicon,” 80–81.
18Mason, My Dearest Polly, 139, 235.
19Smith, Marshall, 162.
20Smith, Marshall, 163.
21Smith, Marshall, 162.
22Pleasants v. Pleasants, MP, 5:541–549.
23Newmyer, Marshall, 91–92.
24Newmyer, Marshall, 92; Founders Online, “Editorial Note: The Debt to Farell & Jones and the Slave Ship The Prince of Wales,” found at http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/0-15-02-0620-0001, accessed on Nov. 25, 2015.
25Argument in the Court of Appeals, MP, 5:148–158.
26Wayles’s Executors v. Randolph et al. (1795–1799), MP, 5:117–120, 159–160; Newmyer, Marshall, 91.
27Jefferson to Jean Nicolas Démeunier, Jan. 24, 1786, in Additional Questions and Answers in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 5:12.
28Meacham, Jefferson, 23–25.
29Bernstein, Jefferson, 110.
CHAPTER 5. INNOCENCE LOST
1Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 13.
2Gordon S. Wood, Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 175; Jay Winik, The Great Upheaval: America and the Birth of the Modern World, 1788–1800 (New York: Harper, 2007), 448.
3Jefferson to Abigail Adams, August 9, 1786, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 10:203.
4Jefferson to George Washington, Dec. 4, 1788, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 14:330.
5Christopher Hibbert, The French Revolution (London: Penguin Books, 1982), 82.
6Jefferson to John Jay, July 19, 1789, in John Gabriel Hunt, ed., The Essential Thomas Jefferson (Avenel, NJ: Portland House, 1994), 119.
7Wood, Empire, 179–180; Harlow Giles Unger, Lafayette (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), 226–227; Malone, Jefferson and the Rights of Man, 216–225, 229–233; Conor Cruise O’Brien, The Long Affair: Thomas Jefferson and the French Revolution, 1785–1800 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 52–63.
8Jefferson to Thomas Paine, Sep. 13, 1789, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 15:424.
9Hibbert, French Revolution, 96; George Rudé, The French Revolution: Its Causes, Its History, and Its Legacy After 200 Years (New York: Grove Press, 1988), 30.
10As quoted in Hibbert, French Revolution, 93.
11Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989), 501–509.
12As quoted in Hibbert, French Revolution, 116.
13Hibbert, French Revolution, 145–176.
14Winik, Great Upheaval, 134.
15Chernow, Washington, 658–659.
16Dumas Malone, Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962), 56–57.
17Winik, Great Upheaval, 459.
18Joel Richard Paul, Unlikely Allies: How a Merchant, a Playwright, and a Spy Saved the American Revolution (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009), 218–220, 333–334.
19Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1962), 261.
20Winik, Great Upheaval, 460–461.
21Wood, Empire, 182; Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 337–341; Chernow, Washington, 690–691; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 69–70.
22Washington to Thomas Jefferson, April 12, 1793, in John H. Rhodehamel, ed., George Washington: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1997), 837, as quoted in Chernow, Washington, 690.
23Though political factions associated with federalists and anti–federalists emerged during the debates to ratify the Constitution, there were no formalized political parties. In the first two congressional elections, candidates did not run for office on party tickets. Organized political parties did not emerge until sometime around 1794. This author capitalizes references to the Republican and Federalist parties from that date.
24As quoted in Wood, Empire, 177, citing letter from Hamilton, May 8, 1793, in Harold C. Syrett, ed., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972), 16:475–476.
25Wood, Empire, 177–178.
26As quoted in Winik, Great Upheaval, 463.
27O’Brien, Long Affair, 136.
28Jefferson to William Short, Jan. 3, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 25:14.
29Jefferson to Lafayette, April 2, 1790, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 16:293.
30Jefferson to John Adams, Sep. 4, 1823, in Merrill D. Peterson, ed., Jefferson: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1984), 1478.
31Wood, Empire, 181.
32As quoted in Winik, Great Upheaval, 463.
33Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 62.
34As quoted in Wood, Empire, 181, citing Jefferson to William Carmichael, Dec. 15, 1787, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 12:424.
35Jefferson to James Madison, Aug. 28, 1789, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 15:364; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 62–66.
36Jefferson to William Branch Giles, April 27, 1795, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 28:337.
37Wood, Empire, 183; Winik, Great Upheaval, 470.
38As quoted in Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 61, citing National Gazette, April 20, 1793.
39Smith, Marshall, 153.
40Hobson, “Recovery of British Debts,”
185; Newmyer, Marshall, 96–97.
41Jones v. Walker, Federal Circuit Court, Charlottesville, Virginia (1791).
42Jones v. Walker, MP, 5:264–268.
43Replications and demurrer, from Jones v. Walker, July 26, 1791, MP, 5:276–278.
44Amended pleas, Nov. 23, 1791, MP, 5:280–287; Rejoinder, Nov. 23, 1791, MP, 5:289–291; Smith, Marshall, 155.
45Newmyer, Marshall, 98–100.
46Maeva Marcus, ed., The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), 2:209–212.
47Marcus, ed., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 6:210–215, 261–311; Julius Goebel, Jr., History of the Supreme Court of the United States: Antecedents and Beginnings to 1801 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 750.
48Smith, Marshall, 164–165.
49Editorial note, MP, 2:145–146.
50To Mary Marshall, Feb. 3, 1796, MP, 3:3–4.
51John Adams to Abigail Adams, Feb. 8, 1796, in Charles Francis Adams, ed., Letters of John Adams to His Wife, (Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1841), 2:195.
52Marcus, ed., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 7:203.
53Marcus, ed., Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 6:2.
54Argument, Ware v. Hylton, Feb. 9, 1796, MP, 3:7–11; Philip B. Kurland and Gerhard Casper, eds., Landmark Briefs and Arguments of the Supreme Court of the United States (Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1975), 1:209–220.
55Argument, Feb. 9, 1796, MP, 3:11–14.
56Argument, Feb. 9, 1796, MP, 3:9.
57 Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dallas 281.
58Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dallas 242–243.
59Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dallas 199.
CHAPTER 6. CITIZEN GENET
1Meade Minnigerode, Jefferson, Friend of France, 1793: The Career of Edmond Charles Genet (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1928), 34; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 330.
2Minnigerode, Friend of France, 128–129.
3As quoted in Harry Ammon, The Genet Mission (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 26–27.
4George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 70; Ammon, Genet Mission, 27–29.
5Wood, Empire, 103.
6As quoted in Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 332.
7Ammon, Genet Mission, 11–13, 23.
8Wood, Empire, 185.
9Alden, American Revolution, 412–416.
10Ammon, Genet Mission, 30; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 334–335.
11Wood, Empire, 185–186; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 335; Ammon, Genet Mission, 44–45.
12Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 335–336; Ammon, Genet Mission, 46–47.
13Commonwealth v. Randolph, MP, 2:161–162.
14Commonwealth v. Randolph, MP, 2:163–167; Smith, Marshall, 150–151.
15Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 69–71; Chernow, Washington, 690–691.
16Ammon, Genet Mission, 47–49; Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 69–70; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 337–340; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 74–79.
17Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 337–341; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 70–71.
18James F. Simon, What Kind of Nation: Thomas Jefferson, John Marshall and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States (New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2002), 33, citing Hamilton to Carrington, in Syrett, ed., Papers of Hamilton, 11:439.
19Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 70, citing Jefferson to Monroe, May 5, 1793, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 6:238–239.
20Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 88, citing Jefferson to Madison, Jun. 9, 1793, in Ford, ed., Writings of Jefferson, 6:290–292.
21Neutrality Proclamation, Apr. 22, 1793, in W. W. Abbot, Dorothy Twohig, Philander D. Chase, et al., eds., The Papers of George Washington. The Presidential Series. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987–), 12:472.
22Militia Duty, MP, 2:181–182.
23Chernow, Washington, 691–692.
24Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton (New York: The Penguin Press, 2004), 438–439; Winik, Great Upheaval, 468; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 92–93.
25As quoted in Chernow, Hamilton, 439.
26Ketcham, James Madison, 342–343; Ammon, Genet Mission, 55–57.
27John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1992), 337.
28As quoted in Chernow, Hamilton, 439.
29From Morris, Jan. 6, 1793, in Abbot et al., eds., The Papers of George Washington, 11:593.
30Jefferson to Madison, May 19, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:62.
31Ammon, Citizen Genet, 59; Chernow, Washington, 693.
32Chernow, Hamilton, 438; Ammon, Genet Mission, 51–52.
33Ammon, Genet Mission, 60.
34Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 58–59.
35Ammon, Genet Mission, 63–65.
36Jefferson to James Madison, May 19, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:62.
37Ammon, Genet Mission, 63.
38Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 96.
39Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 342; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 99.
40Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 63.
41Elkins and McKitrick, 349–350; Malone, Ordeal of Libertyl, 106–108; Ammon, Genet Mission, 82–84.
42Jefferson to Monroe, Jun. 4, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:190.
43Ammon, Genet Mission, 66–68; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 100.
44Jefferson to James Monroe, Jun. 28, 1973, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:593.
45Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 350; Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 100–101.
46From Genet, July 9, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:456–459; Ammon, Genet Mission, 86–87.
47Jefferson to James Madison, Jul. 7, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:444.
48Jefferson to James Madison, Aug. 3, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:606.
49Marshall to Augustine Davis, Sep. 11, 1793, MP, 2:202–206.
50From George Washington, Jul. 22, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:550; Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Genet, Jul. 23, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:553–555.
51Notes on Cabinet Meeting, Aug. 2, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:601–602.
52Notes on Cabinet Meeting, Aug. 2, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:601–604.
53Jefferson to George Washington, Jul. 31, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 26:593.
54Flexner, Washington, 293–294.
55Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 285.
56Chernow, Washington, 693.
57Pacificus No. 1, Jun. 29, 1793, in Morton Frisch, ed., The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates of 1793–1794 (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007), 9. In eighteenth-century America, pseudonyms like “Pacificus” or “Publius” were commonly used as a way that writers could remain anonymous. It was not just a matter of personal modesty. It also allowed prominent figures like Hamilton and Madison to use stronger language contesting their opponents’ arguments and character without fear of having to fight a lawsuit or a duel. In fact, the elite knew or suspected who was writing what, but by using a pseudonym no one had to acknowledge attribution. Roman names were typically used to suggest a link to classical thought.
58Pacificus No. 1, Jun. 29, 1793, in Frisch, ed., Pacificus-Helvidius Debates, 13.
59Jefferson to James Madison, Jul. 7, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 25:444.
60Helvidius I, Aug. 24, 1793, in Frisch, ed., Pacificus-Helvidius Debates, 59–62.
61Americanus II, Feb. 7, 1794, in Frisch, ed., Pacificus-Helvidius Debates, 115.
62Chernow, Hamilton, 505–506.
> CHAPTER 7. ENTANGLING ALLIANCES
1John K. Alexander, “The Philadelphia Numbers Game: An Analysis of Philadelphia’s Eighteenth-Century Population.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 98, no. 3 (July 1974): 314, 324.
2Chernow, Hamilton, 448–449.
3Harry Ammon, “The Genet Mission and the Development of American Political Parties.” The Journal of American History 52, no. 4 (March 1966): 728–730; Harry Ammon, “Agricola Versus Aristides: James Monroe, John Marshall, and the Genet Affair in Virginia.” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 74, no. 3 (July 1966): 314; Ammon, Genet Mission, 114–115, 132–133.
4Walter Stahr, John Jay: Founding Father (New York: Hambledon and London, 2005), 306–307.
5From Monroe, Sep. 3, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 27:26–27.
6Ammon, Genet Mission, 135–140; Smith, Marshall, 173; Newmyer, Marshall, 107.
7Resolutions, Aug. 17, 1793, MP, 2:196–197.
8Address, reprinted from Virginia Gazette, Sep. 11, 1793, MP, 2:198–199.
9From James Madison, Sep. 2, 1793, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson, 27:15-16.
10Beveridge, Marshall, 98–99, 102–103; Marshall to Archibald Stuart, Mar. 27, 1794, MP, 2:261–262.
11Philip Marsh, “James Monroe as ‘Agricola’ in the Genet Controversy, 1793” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 62, no. 4 (October 1954): 472–476.
12Ammon, “Agricola Versus Aristides,”, 316.
13Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 14.
14Ammon, James Monroe, 106.
15Marshall to Augustine Davis, Sep. 8, 1793, MP, 2:202–206.
16Ammon, “Agricola Versus Aristides,” 317.
17Ammon, “Agricola Versus Aristides,” 318.
18Marshall to Augustine Davis, Nov. 20, 1793, MP, 2:238–247.
CHAPTER 8. JAY’S TREATY
1Marshall to Archibald Stuart, Mar. 27, 1794, MP, 2:262.
2Marshall to Henry Lee, Jul. 28, 1794, MP, 2:276–278; Smith, Marshall, 176–177.
3Acting Attorney General, MP, 2:290.
4Deed, Feb. 1, 1794, MP, 2:254–257.
5Fairfax Lands, MP, 2:140–149.
6Marshall to Archibald Stuart, Jan. 22, 1794, MP, 2:253.
7From George Washington, Aug. 26, 1795, MP, 2:319–320.
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