24Paris Journal, MP, 3:201.
25Paris Journal, MP, 3:201–202.
26Marshall to Talleyrand, Feb. 26, 1798, MP, 3:388–394.
27Gerry to President Adams, Jul 5, 1799, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 54.
28Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1789, 13–15, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
29Paris Journal, MP, 3:202.
30Paris Journal, MP, 3:202–203.
31Paris Journal, MP, 3:219.
32Paris Journal, MP, 3:203.
33Paris Journal, MP, 3:204.
34Paris Journal, MP, 3:205–206.
35Stinchcombe, “Talleyrand and the American Negotiations,” 584–585.
36Paris Journal, MP, 3:207.
37Stinchcombe, “WXYZ Affair,” 601, confirming that Beaumarchais reported to Talleyrand.
38Paris Journal, MP, 3:208–209.
39Paris Journal, MP, 3:211.
40Paris Journal, MP, 3:211–215.
41Paris Journal, MP, 3:213–214.
42Paris Journal, MP, 3:214.
43Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 9, 1798, 2, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
44Paris Journal, MP, 3:215.
45Paris Journal, MP, 3:215.
46Paris Journal, MP, 3:216–217.
47Paris Journal, MP, 3:217.
48Paris Journal, MP, 3:217–218.
49Paris Journal, MP, 3:218–219.
50Marshall to Charles Lee, Mar. 4, 1798, MP, 3:395–397.
51Paris Journal, MP, 3:220–221.
52Paris Journal, MP, 3:223.
53Paris Journal, MP, 3:224.
54Paris Journal, MP, 3:225.
55Paris Journal, MP, 3:225–226.
56Paris Journal, MP, 3:228.
57Paris Journal, MP, 3:229–230.
58Paris Journal, MP, 3:230–231.
59Marshall to George Washington, Mar. 8 1798, MP, 3:399–402.
60Paris Journal, MP, 3:399, n5.
61Paris Journal, MP, 3:231–232.
62Ville de Paris Annuaire de L’Observatoire Municipal de Montsouris, 80, 108; Mary Pinckney to Margaret Manigault, Mar. 12, 1798, 5, Manigault Family Papers, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina.
63Paris Journal, MP, 3:233.
64Paris Journal, MP, 3:234.
65Paris Journal, MP, 3:234–235.
66To Mrs. Gerry, Mar. 26, 1798, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 33–34.
67Marshall to Talleyrand, Apr. 3, 1798, MP, 3:431–432, 439.
68Marshall to Talleyrand, Apr. 3, 1798, MP, 3:447–448.
69Paris Journal, MP, 3:236.
70Paris Journal, MP, 3:237.
71Paris Journal, MP, 3:237–238.
72Paris Journal, MP, 3:238.
73Paris Journal, MP, 3:238–241.
74Marshall to Beaumarchais, Apr. 15, 1798, MP, 3:462–463.
75Marshall to Skipwith, Apr. 21, 1798, MP, 3:464.
76Marshall to Pinckney, Apr. 21, 1798, MP, 3:463.
77Marshall to George Washington, Sep. 15, 1797, MP, 3:141.
78Marshall to George Washington, Sep. 15, 1797, MP, 3:145–146.
CHAPTER 13. THE XYZ PAPERS
1MP, 3:255.
2Note 7, MP, 3:132.
3Marshall to Pickering, Jan. 8, 1789, MP, 3:325–326.
4David McCullough, John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001) 495–496; John Ferling, Adams v. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 352–353.
5Ferling, Adams, 353.
6Jefferson to James Madison, Mar. 21, 1798, in Boyd, ed., Papers of Jefferson 30:189–190.
7As quoted in Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 200.
8Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 200–201.
9Vaughan, XYZ Affair, 64.
10Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 54.
11DeConde, Quasi-War, 66–73; Smith, Marshall, 226.
12Jefferson to James Madison, Apr. 6, 1798, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers 30:250–251.
13Madison to Thomas Jefferson, Apr. 15, 1798, Hunt, Writings of Madison, 6:315, as quoted in Smith, Marshall, 226.
14Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 200–201.
15Gallatin to wife, Mar. 6, 1789, as quoted in Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 195.
16DeConde, Quasi-War, 74.
17DeConde, Quasi-War, 72–73.
18From Washington, Dec. 4, 1787, MP, 3:307–308.
19Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 30:525 notes.
20DeConde, Quasi-War, 74–82.
21Smith, Marshall, 234–235.
22DeConde, Quasi-War, 93.
23Beveridge, Marshall, 2:347.
24Note, MP, 3:156.
25Jefferson to Elbridge Gerry, Jan. 26, 1799, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 30:648–649.
26Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 382.
27Beveridge, Marshall, 2:346, 348–349, 358; From Jefferson, Jun. 23, 1798, MP, 3:471; MP, 3:468, n3.
28Smith, Marshall, 237.
29As quoted in Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 386–387; DeConde, Quasi-War, 100–101; Ferling, Adams, 365.
30As quoted in Geoffrey R. Stone, Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 20.
31Meacham, Jefferson, 315.
32Smith, Marshall, 239; McCullough, Adams, 506–507.
33Marshall to a Freeholder, Oct. 2, 1798, MP, 3:505.
34Gerry to Thomas Jefferson, Jan. 15, 1801, in Knight, ed., Gerry’s Letterbook, 78.
CHAPTER 14. THE JONATHAN ROBBINS AFFAIR
1Mason, My Dearest Polly, 122–123.
2Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 25–26; Smith, Marshall, 240–241.
3Smith, Marshall, 242–244.
4Smith, Marshall, 245–248; Beveridge, Marshall, 2:396–397.
5Henry to Archibald Blair, Jan. 8, 1799, in William Wirt Henry, ed., Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches (New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1891), 1:592–593.
6Smith, Marshall, 245.
7Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 399–408; Meacham, Thomas Jefferson, 318–319; Beveridge, Marshall, 2:397–400.
8Jefferson to John Taylor, Jun. 4, 1798, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 30:388–389.
9To James Marshall, Apr. 3, 1799, MP, 4:10.
10Smith, Marshall, 248–249.
11Greene, Political Life in Eighteenth-Century Virginia, 22–25; Beveridge, Marshall 2:415.
12Smith, Marshall, 250; Newmyer, Marshall, 124.
13From Thomas Marshall, Sep. 9, 1796, MP, 3:45.
14Mason, My Dearest Polly, 131.
15Beveridge, Marshall 2:434–438, 445–456; Smith, Marshall, 254.
16Mason, My Dearest Polly, 135–136; as quoted in Smith, Marshall, 255.
17Speech, Dec. 19, 1799, MP, 4:46–47.
18Editorial note, MP, 4:33.
19Beveridge, Marshall 2:440–444.
20See generally, Ruth Wedgwood, “The Revolutionary Martyrdom of Jonathan Robbins,” Yale Law Journal 100 (1990–1991).
21Jefferson to Pinckney, Oct. 29, 1799, in Ford, ed., Writings of Thomas Jefferson, 9:87.
22Beveridge, Marshall, 2:459–460.
23Wedgwood, “Revolutionary Martyrdom,” 329–333.
24Speech, Mar. 7, 1800, MP, 4:108, referring to Livingston’s speech.
25Editorial note, MP, 4:35.
26Mason, My Dearest Polly, 138.
27Speech, Mar. 7, 1800, MP, 4:84–85, 93–94.
28MP, 4:104.
29Mason, My Dearest Polly, 139.
30Ida Brudnick, “Salaries of Members of Congress,” Sep. 17, 2015, 12, Table I, Congressional Research Service
Report.
31Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 613.
32Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 27–28.
33Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 614–615.
34DeConde, Quasi-War, 222.
35Beveridge, Marshall, 2:539, n1.
36Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 28.
37Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 29.
CHAPTER 15. PRIVATEERS AND PIRATES
1Editorial note, MP, 4:158.
2Editorial note, MP, 4:158; McCullough, Adams, 541–542; Winik, Great Upheaval, 578–579; Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, 172–181.
3Editorial note, MP, 4:158.
4DeConde, Quasi-War, 178–183.
5Editorial note, MP, 4:158.
6Editorial note, MP, 4:158.
7Smith, Marshall, 269.
8Editorial note, MP, 4:159–160.
9Editorial note, MP, 4:158–160; From Commissioners of the District of Colombia, Jul. 3, 1800, MP, 4:175; Smith, Marshall, 270–271.
10Department of State Office of the Historian, Buildings of the Department of State, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/buildings/section21, accessed on August 10, 2014.
11Marshall to King, Aug. 23, 1800, MP, 4:237.
12Marshall to Adams, Jun. 24, 1800, MP, 4:169.
13Marshall to King, Aug. 23, 1800, MP, 4:237.
14From King, Jun. 6, 1800, MP, 4:161.
15Editorial note, MP, 4:158–159; To Adams, July 21, 1800, MP, 4:184.
16From Adams, Aug. 1, 1800, MP, 4:198.
17Marshall to Adams, Aug. 12, 1800, MP, 4:214–215.
18From Adams, Aug. 22, 1800, MP, 4:229.
19Marshall to King, Aug. 23, 1800, MP, 4:237.
20Marshall to King, Aug. 23, 1800, MP, 4:238.
21Smith, Marshall, 272–273.
22Denver Brunsman, The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013), 304. This includes the years from 1793–1802, which is the most reliable reference available.
23Marshall to Adams, Jun 24, 1800, MP, 4:169.
24Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:283–285.
25Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:286.
26Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:286–287.
27Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:288–291.
28Marshall to Talleyrand, Jan. 17, 1798, MP, 3:352–355.
29Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:292.
30Marshall to King, Sep 20, 1800, MP, 4:293–294.
31Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 3:294.
32Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 3:294–295.
33Marshall to Benjamin Lincoln, Oct. 30, 1800, MP, 3:335.
34Brunsman, The Evil Necessity, 177.
35Marshall to King, Sep. 20, 1800, MP, 4:295–296.
36Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged a Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 20.
37DeConde, Quasi-War, 224–225, 232.
38DeConde, Quasi-War, 226–227.
39DeConde, Quasi-War, 231–232, 235–237.
40DeConde, Quasi-War, 240–241.
41Rudé, French Revolution, 130–131.
42Marshall to Adams, Aug. 25, 1800, MP, 3:240.
43From American Envoys, Aug. 15, 1800, MP, 3:220.
44Smith, Adams, 1039; McCullough, Adams, 545; DeConde, Quasi–War, 280–282; Wood, Empire, 272–274.
45Marshall to Adams, Sep. 17, 1800, MP, 4:279.
46From American envoys, Oct. 4, 1800, MP, 4:315–319.
47DeConde, Quasi-War, 254–255.
48From de Yruzo, Jul. 7, 1800, MP, 4:178–180.
49Marshall to Adams, Jul. 26, 1800, MP, 4:190–191.
50Marshall to Adams, Sep.6, 1800, MP, 4:260–261.
51Pinckney Treaty of Friendship, Limits and Navigation between Spain and the United States, 1795, Art. 5; From de Yrujo, Jul. 8, 1800, MP, 4:180–181.
52Marshall to Adams, Aug. 12, 1800, MP, 4:213–214; Marshall to de Yrujo, Aug. 15, 1800, MP, 4:222.
53Marshall to David Humphreys, Sep. 23, 1800, MP, 4:301.
54Pinckney Treaty of Friendship, Limits and Navigation between Spain and the United States, 1795, Art. 6.
55Marshall to David Humphreys, Sep. 8, 1800, MP, 4:266–267.
56Marshall to David Humphreys, Sep. 8, 1800, 266–269.
57Marshall to David Humphreys, Sep. 8, 1800, MP, 4:270–271.
58Marshall to David Humphreys, Sep. 8, 1800, MP, 4:272.
59John H. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1988), 192.
60Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 98.
61Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1796 Between the United States and the Bey of Tripoli, Art. 11.
62Marshall to J. Q. Adams, Jul. 24, 1800, MP, 4:189.
63Marshall to Richard O’Brien, Jul. 29, 1800, MP, 4:193.
64Frances Howell Rudko, John Marshall and International Law: Statesman and Chief Justice (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991), 105; Marshall to Adams, Jul. 24, 1800, MP 4:187; Marshall to King, Aug, 16, 1800, MP, 4:225.
65Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 99–101; Dumas Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805 (Boston: Little Brown, (1970), 98.
CHAPTER 16. THE NEW ORDER OF THINGS
1As quoted in Smith, Adams, 1037.
2As quoted in Smith, Adams, 1034–1035.
3As quoted in Chernow, Hamilton, 613.
4Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 488; Chernow, Hamilton, 619–624.
5As quoted in Chernow, Hamilton, 617.
6McCullough, Adams, 548–551.
7McCullough, Adams, 551–552.
8As quoted in McCullough, Adams, 553.
9Marshall to Pinckney, Nov. 20, 1800, MP, 6:16–17.
10Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 489–493.
11McCullough, Adams, 539. 556, 558; Chernow, Hamilton, 612–618.
12As quoted, McCullough, Adams, 556.
13From Jefferson, Dec. 28, 1800, MP 6:45–46.
14Jefferson to Madison, Dec. 26, 1800, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers 32:358.
15Malone, Ordeal of Victory, 495–496.
16Marshall to Pinckney, Dec. 18, 1800, MP, 6:41.
17Marshall to Polly, Aug. 8, 1800, MP, 4:210.
18Hamilton to Sedgwick, May 4, 1800, in Syrett, ed., Papers of Alexander Hamilton, 10:371.
19To Hamilton, Jan. 1, 1801, MP, 6:46–47.
20Jefferson to Tench Coxe, Dec. 31, 1800, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 31:375.
21From Monroe, Jan. 6, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 31:403–404.
22Marshall to John Jay, Dec. 22, 1800, MP, 6:42.
23As quoted in Stahr, John Jay, 363–364.
24Marshall, Autobiographical Sketch, 30.
25Beveridge, Marshall, 539, n1.
26Beveridge, Marshall, 557.
27Judiciary Act of Feb. 13, 1801, ch. 4, 2 Stat. 89.
28Organic Act of Feb. 27, 1801, ch. 15, 2 Stat. 103.
29From Monroe, Jan. 18, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 31:481.
30From Gerry, Jan. 15, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 31:466.
31Jefferson to Burr, Feb. 1, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 32:528.
32Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, Feb. 5, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 32:556–557.
33Malone, Ordeal of Liberty, 502–505.
34Jefferson to Pinckney, Mar. 4, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 32:89.
35First Inaugural Address, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 33.
36First Inaugural Address, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 33.
37Jefferson to Pinckney, Mar. 4, 1801, MP, 6:89–90.
; CHAPTER 17. SHOWDOWN
1Beveridge, Marshall, 3:4; George Haskins and Herbert A. Johnson, History of the Supreme Court of the United States: Foundations of Power: John Marshall, 1801–1815, Vol. 2. (New York: Macmillan, 1981), vol 2: 75–77.
2White House Historical Association. “History of the White House Fence, found” at https://www.whitehousehistory.org/press-room-old/history-of-the-white-house-fence, accessed on June 19, 2017.
3Haskins and Johnson, History, 2:82.
4Haskins and Johnson, History, 2:86.
5Beveridge, Marshall, 3:7; Simon, What Kind of Nation, 152.
6As quoted in Beveridge, Marshall, 4:88.
7Beveridge, Marshall, 4:87.
8Adams, Life of Albert Gallatin, 272–273.
9As quoted in Beveridge, Marshall, 3:11.
10As quoted in Beveridge, Marshall, 3:13.
11As quoted in Charles F. Hobson, The Great Chief Justice: John Marshall and the Rule of Law (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 17.
12Talbot v. Seeman, 5 U.S. 1, 5, (1 Cranch 1) (1801).
13“Ballads of Rhode Island,” 1782, quoted in Louis Arthur Norton, Captains Contentious: The Dysfunctional Sons of the Brine (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009), 63.
14Smith, Marshall, 291.
15Talbot v. Seeman, 5 U.S. 1, 6, 15.
16Talbot v. Seeman, 5 U.S. 1, 27–42.
17Talbot v. Seeman, 5 U.S. 1, 43.
18Talbot v. Seeman, 5 U.S. 1, 44–45.
19Jefferson to Dickinson, Dec. 19, 1801, in Boyd, ed., Jefferson Papers, 36:165–166.
20As quoted in Beveridge, Marshall, 3:22.
21Marshall to James Madison, Nov. 29, 1790, MP, 2:66.
22As quoted in Haskins and Johnson, History, 2:211.
CHAPTER 18. A STRATEGIC RETREAT
1Malone, Jefferson the President: First Term, 144–145.
2David F. Forte, “Marbury’s Travail: Federalist Politics and William Marbury’s Appointment as Justice of the Peace,” Catholic University Law Review 45, no. 2 (Winter 1996): 349.
3Peter Charles Hoffer, Law and People in Colonial America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1998), 7–8, 96; Forte, “Marbury’s Travail,” 354.
4D.C. Organic Act of Feb. 27, 1801, ch. 52, 2 Stat. 103, 107 (1801).
5As quoted in Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1926), 1:204.
6Simon, What Kind of Nation, 176.
711 Annals of Congress 38 (1801), as quoted in James M. O’Fallon, “Marbury,” Stanford Law Review 44, no. 2 (1991–1992) 219, 224–225.
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