by Jung Chang
10 –380 Sharply condemned Liu: Mao 1977, p. 81. Praetorian Guard: Zhang Suizhi, pp. 85–6. Bo Yi-bo: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 231ff. To insinuate: the official was Zhang Xiushan, see Deng Xiaoping speech, 21 Mar. 1955, ZDJC vol. 20, p. 515; interviews with people close to Zhang, 18 Apr. 1999 & 20 Oct. 2000. 24 Dec. 1953: Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 315. Three days and nights: interview with a secretary of Liu’s, 19 Apr. 1999; Liu 1996, vol. 2, pp. 317–21. Mao — Gao: Chou speech, 25 Feb. 1954, ZDJC vol. 20, pp. 267–9; Mao revision to Chou speech, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 451–2; Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 308ff; Lin Yunhui, in Han Taihua, pp. 448ff; interviews with people close to the Gao case, 18 & 20 Apr. 1999, 20 Oct. 2000; Wingrove 2000.
11 Dalai Lama: interview, 11 Feb. 1999. Kovalev report: NiNI no. 1, 2004, pp. 132–9; Ledovsky, “preface,” ibid., pp. 128–31; Wang Dongxing 1993, p. 168. Gao told Russians: interview with Ledovsky, 21 June 1999; Tálas, p. 52 (Kapitsa); Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “Chronology,” p. 61; Loboda, pp. 214, 228; Kulik 2000, pp. 41–2; interview with interpreter Li Yue-ran, 11 Oct. 1995. British couple: Band & Band, p. 248.
12 Arkhipov interview, 27 June 1995.
13381 “Do we have”: 15 Nov. 1956, Mao 1977, p. 321. Tea boy: Li Weixin, in Li Jian, pp. 23–4. Bring pistols: ZQZS vol. 6, p. 40.
14 Gao suicides: Mao letter to Moscow, 1 Sept. 1954, Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, pp. 537–8; Chou speech, ZDJC vol. 20, p. 269; ZQZS vol. 6, p. 42; BNC, 1999, no. 11, pp. 48–9. Rao Shu-shi: in his intelligence role in USA in the mid–1930s, known as “Liang Pu,” cf. 8 May 1936 document from RGASPI in Klehr et al., p. 65; BNC, 1999, no. 11, p. 50.
15 –383 Villa in Hangzhou: our visit, and interviews with Mao’s staff, Nov. 2000; Luo Yimin. Mao in Hangzhou: recollections in CCP Zhejiang Committee, and Li Linda; Li & Yang, pp. 295–6. Thatched hut on fire: CCP Zhejiang Committee, pp. 132–3, 221–2.
16 “all citizens”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 4, p. 457. Mao Code: Li Linda, p. 9. Toured a temple: CCP Zhejiang Committee, pp. 133–4.
17 Mme Mao: CCP Zhejiang Committee, p. 134; Kapitsa interview; cf. Vlasov, p. 202; APRF, 39/1/31, pp. 61–2 (Orlov to Stalin, 10 Jan. 1949); cf. Kartunova 1992, pp. 1–2; Kudashev, p. 193; Li Zhisui, pp. 137–8 (E: Li, pp. 144, 227ff); interview with Zeng Zhi, 24 Sept. 1994.
CHAPTER 37 War on Peasants
1 200 kg: PRC Encyclopaedia vol, 4, p. 5095; cf. Fei & Chang, p. 158. Grain equivalent: Yu & Buckwell, p. 225. 190 kg: PRC Encyclopaedia vol. 4, p. 5095. “only need 140”: Wang Dongxing, 1997, p. 23. “Not a family”: Zhou Jingwen, pp. 341–3.
2 Berating officials: Wang Dongxing 1997, pp. 22–3; Mao 1987–98, vol. 5: p. 267; Mao CCRM, vol.1, p. 365.
3 –386 Eat potato leaves: Wang Dongxing, 1997, pp. 22–3. “Educate peasants”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 5, p. 267. Bo Yi-bo acknowledged: Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 271, 282. 1 Oct. 1953: Chen Yun 2000, p. 178. “at war”: Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 263–4. Chen Yun conveyed: Sun & Xiong, pp. 90–1. Guards’ reports: Mao 1987–98, vol. 5, pp. 210–11.
4 –387 Saying things like: Wang Gengjin et al., p. 108; Xin Ziling 1995, vol. 3, p. 529. Zhao Zi-yang: Xin Ziling 1995, vol. 3, p. 529. Fellow traveler: Huang Yanpei, in Mao 1987–98, vol. 5, p. 52; Mao CCRM, vol. 1, p. 176; vol. 13, p. 20. “10,000 reports”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 18. Say airily: Wang Dongxing, 1997, p. 22. “less conscience”: Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 350–1.
5 –388 “Once you join”: Wang Gengjin et al., p. 98. “We must arrest”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 13. “My farts”: ibid., p. 17. “The bourgeoisie”: Mao 1993c, pp. 377, 379–80. “We started”: Liu 1996, vol. 2, p. 350.
6 –389 “5 percent”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 5, p. 149. “Whenever this figure”: ibid., p. 472. Hu Feng: Hu Feng, pp. 257ff; Mei Zhi; Xiao Feng, pp. 98–109; Li Hui. “The first half”: Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, p. 88.
7 “liberate Taiwan”: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 405. Sea crossing: Peng 1998, p. 565; Xu Yan 1992, p. 174. Taiwan Strait crisis: Lewis & Xue 1988, pp. 22ff; Chang, G. 1990, pp. 116ff.
8 –390 Khrushchev offers: Zazerskaya, 1997, pp. 173ff; id. 2000, pp. 33ff; Pei Jianzhang, p. 39; Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 416. Help to build Bomb: Gobarev, pp. 17ff; Negin & Smirnov 2002 (Web/PHP); Shepilov 2001, pp. 373–86; Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SSSR — KNR, part. 1, pp. 144–7 (27 Apr. 1955 agreement); Arkhipov, Kapitsa interviews; Lewis & Xue 1988, pp. 39ff., 61–2; Chen Xiaodong, pp. 36–8; Peng 1998, p. 578.
9 “our destiny”: Chen Xiaodong, pp. 33–5. “Bottoms up”: ibid., p. 43. Russians agreed: China Today 1987, pp. 20–1; Gobarev, p. 21. Told his aides: Dong Bian et al., p. 50. “control the Earth”: Li Shenzhi, in YHCQ, 1999, no. 1, p. 7.
10 –392 Chou cut spending: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 264–7. “he found it”: Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 470. “flooding Chairman Mao”: ibid., p. 651. US$: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 119, 125. Yugoslavia’s No. 2: Kardelj, p. 141. Apr. 1956: Hu Qiaomu, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 269.
11 Liu, Lo Fu: Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 16, 9. Chou told State Council: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, p. 567. “shaken the entire world”: Wu Lengxi 1999, p. 6. “really has guts”: Li Yueran, p. 147.
12 First flight: Li & Peng, pp. 88–94. Mao statue: Wang Renzhong, p. 9. In Canton: Li Zhisui, pp. 126–7, 148 (E: id., pp. 132ff); interview with Zeng Zhi, 24 Sept. 1994.
13 –394 “would not do”: Gong Guzhong et al., p. 356. Mao swam: Wang Renzhong, pp. 6–9; Zhang Yaoci, pp. 75–84. 4 June Politburo: Zhou 1997, vol. 1, pp. 270–1. Liu editorial: Jin & Huang, pp. 791–2; Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 637–8.
14 –395 North Korea: Fursenko, pp. 960–1 (based on Soviet Presidium archives); Lankov 1995, pp. 149–50; id. 2002, pp. 106–7; Mukhitdinov 1995, pp. 341ff; id. 1994, pp. 200ff; Kapitsa 1996, pp. 236–7; Il Ponte vol. 37, 1981, nos. 11–12, p. 1170 (Liu to Gomulka, Nov. 1960); confirmed by Werblan (present), phone interview, 8 Sept. 2003; Szalontai 2003–4, pp. 91–2. 10 Sept. reminisced: DDWX, 1991, no. 3, pp. 5–8.
15 Conciliatory: Mao remarks on 8th Congress reports, Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 136–69. Cult: JYZW vol. 9, pp. 143, 314ff, Mao 1994, p. 255; Dai Huang, pp. 11–12. Legal system: JYZW vol. 9, pp. 92–4, 268–9. Most important concession: Shi Zhongquan et al., p. 157; JYZW vol. 9, pp. 42–3, 65; PRC Encyclopaedia vol. 4, p. 5095; Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 560. Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 296.
CHAPTER 38 Undermining Khrushchev
1 19 Oct.: Pei Jianzhang, p. 61; Wu Lengxi 1999, p. 38; Chen 2001, pp. 146–55. 20th: Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 34–9. Mao threat to Yudin: Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 39–40. “blunderer”: Li Yueran, p. 147. Chinese role in Polish crisis: Fursenko, pp. 174–9, 187–91, 967ff. (Soviet Presidium minutes); Kuo, M., p. 95; Werblan interview, 8 Sept. 2003; Chen 2001, pp. 149–50.
2 –398 Criticize Russia: Wu Lengxi 1999, p. 45. China and Hungarian crisis: Fursenko, pp. 176ff, 970ff; Kramer 1995–6, pp. 173, 181, n. 28; Rákosi, p. 130; Kuo, M., pp. 95–101; Luthi, pp. 109ff. Mao for crushing uprising: Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 51–3. 4 Nov.: ibid., p. 59. Hegedüs: interview, 15 Dec. 1994.
3 –399 Mao re Djilas: Peng 1962. Chou to Gomulka: minutes of Chou — Gomulka talks, 11 & 12 Jan. 1957, CWB no. 5, pp. 43–5; Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 323. “Polish leadership”: in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 324. “your court”: Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 102–6, 145. “headed by”: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 285. Polish visitors: Maneli, pp. 81–2.
4 Turned to Tito: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 349; Wu Xiuquan 1992, pp. 251–2 (E: Wu, p. 118); Micunovic, p. 197. Trashing Tito and Gomulka: 18 Jan. 1957, Mao 1977, pp. 333–4. Jan. 1957: Chou report of 24th, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 326–8; CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 153–4; cf. Vereshchagin, pp. 79–81, 87. Mao rant: 27 Jan. 1957, Mao 1977, p. 344 (E: Leung & Kau, p. 252).
5 Conversation with Stephen Vizinczey.
6 Spaniard: Croft, p. 168. Mao to Egyptian ambassador: 17 Sept. 1956, Mao 1994, pp. 247–9 (E: Mao 1998, pp. 191–3). Gift, trade with Egypt: Pei Jianzhang, p. 283; Shichor, pp. 41–5, 49–50. War plan: Pei Jianzhang, p. 283. “volunteers”: Croft, p. 172; Harris, p. 91; Shichor, pp. 65 n., 225; RR, 14 Nov. 1956. Heikal: interview, 18 Jan. 1997. Offers arms: Mao 1987�
��98, vol. 6, pp. 280–1; Trevelyan 1970, p. 34; Heikal 1972, pp. 65–6; Shichor, pp. 45–6.
7 “people just won’t listen”: Chen Xiaodong, pp. 109–10. Mikoyan visit July 1957: interview with Kudashev (Mikoyan’s interpreter), 28 June 1995; Xinhua, 5 July 1957 (CCP cable); Luthi, p. 120. Istochnik, no. 4, 1996, pp. 109–14 (Mao to Yudin, 29 Oct. 1957). To renegotiate: Nie 1999, pp. 612–14. Attend summit on condition: Usov 2003, p. 4. Khrushchev gives Bomb: Gobarev pp. 18–31; Negin & Smirnov; Lewis & Xue 1988, pp. 62ff; Nie 1999, p. 623; Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 94–5. Missiles: Goncharenko, pp. 153ff; Baturov, Vladimir, “Kosmicheskii Skachok Pekina” (Peking’s Cosmic Leap), NV, nos. 2–3, pp. 38–9. Khrushchev, S., pp. 266–72.
8 “maximum help”: in Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 425. “they received a lot”: Gobarev, pp. 22–3, citing document from presidential archive. Superpower by end 1962: Nie 1999, p. 620. Cost of Bomb: Lewis & Xue 1988, p. 108. “must have Sputniks”: Mao CCRM, vol. 8, pp. 38–9; Chen Xiaodong, pp. 96–7; Dong Sheng, p. 341.
9 Baturov, p. 39; Khrushchev, S., pp. 266–72; Gobarev, p. 30; Goncharenko, pp. 156–9; Dolinin.
10 –403 Mao floated idea: Istochnik, no. 4, 1996, p. 113 (to Yudin, 29 Oct. 1957); cf. Micunovic, p. 198; Fursenko, pp. 279–81, 1022, n. 3. Mao in Moscow: Schoenhals 1986; interviews with eight participants (Alia, Carrillo, Heikal, Ingrao, Jotti, Li Yueran, Longo, Sidikhmenov); Gollan notes, cit.; Togliatti report, “Verbali della Direzione,” 26 Nov. 1957, p. 4 (Istituto Gramsci Archives, Rome); Sidikhmenov MS, pp. 213–15. Special treatment: Li Yueran, pp. 131–2; interview with Li Yueran, 24 Oct. 2000. Muscovite to Finn: Kuusinen, p. 221. Mao totted up: Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, p. 309; id. 1990, p. 198. Rejected birth control: China Today 1988, pp. 416–18; cf. Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 635.
11 “no text”: Sidikhmenov interview, 24 June 1996; Li Yueran, p. 144. “sick in the head”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 630; Micunovic, p. 322; Kapitsa 1996, p. 60. “Let’s contemplate”: 18 Nov. 1957, Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 636. Audience “shocked”: Ingrao interview, 17 July 1994. “four legs”: Borisov 1982, p. 72 (from records); Kapitsa 1996, p. 60.
12 Gollan: Gollan Notes, cit., p. 3. Zhivkov: id., p. 518; CWB nos. 14–15, p. 435 (to Deng, 7 May 1987). “tall tree”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 411. “overtake Britain”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 635 (E: Schoenhals 1986, p. 118). Like a teacher: Li Yueran, p. 137. “Everyone needs”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 640 (E: Schoenhals 1986, pp. 121–2). “very red”: Kardelj, p. 140.
13 Italian interpreter: interview with Longo, 29 May 1996.
14 Mao on Molotov: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 643 (E: Schoenhals 1986, p. 123); Micunovic, p. 322; cf. Vereshchagin, p. 93; Istochnik, no. 4, 1996, p. 112 (to Yudin, 29 Oct. 1957). Mao’s “megalomania”: Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 300, 321; cf. id. 1990, p. 154. Chou asked for nuclear submarines: Zhou 1997, vol. 2, p. 149; China Today 1992a, vol. 1, p. 342; cf. Fursenko, pp. 316, 1038–9. Mao — Yudin, 21 July 1958: Vereshchagin (present), pp. 119–21.
15 –406 Mao — Yudin, 22 July: minutes in CWB nos. 6–7, pp. 155–9; DDWX, 1994, no. 1, pp. 16–20; Wu Lengxi 1999, pp. 158–66; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 226–7. Khrushchev — Mao talks in China: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 250–62; Fedorenko 1990; Troyanovsky interviews, 20 June & 18 Aug. 1995; Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 306ff; interview with Kudashev, 28 June 1995. Second Taiwan Crisis: Wang Taiping 1998, p. 218; Ye Fei, pp. 649ff; cf. Eliades, p. 355; Tucker, pp. 128–32.
16 –407 Mao — Gromyko: Kapitsa 1996, pp. 61–3 (present); Kapitsa interview; Gobarev, pp. 25–7; Ford; Lewis & Xue 1994, p. 17; Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 310–12; Wang Taiping 1998, pp. 218–19; Wu Lengxi 1999, p. 180. Chou to Russian chargé: Dai Chaowu, p. 66.
17 Khrushchev letter, 27 Sept. 1958: in Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SSSR — KNR vol. 1, p. 232; cf. ibid., p. 233. “people dying”: Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 434. “Why do it”: Huang Kecheng, p. 255.
18 Mao 1977, pp. 136–7 (E: Kau & Leung, p. 516).
19 4 Feb. 1959 deal: China Today 1989a, vol. 2, p. 157; Zazerskaya 1997, pp. 173–4; Lewis & Xue 1994, p. 17.
CHAPTER 39 Killing the “Hundred Flowers”
1 “number of arrests”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 45–6. Colleagues on Eastern Europe: Liu 1991, p. 647; Zhou 1993, pp. 336, 344. Mao’s view: Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, p. 114; Mao 1977, pp. 317–23 (E: Leung & Kau, pp. 163, 167); Yang Kuisong 1999, p. 388.
2 27 Feb. 1957: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, pp. 190–232 (E: MacFarquhar et al., pp. 131–89). “brainwashing”: 17 Nov. 1957, Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, p. 211 (E: Leung & Kau, p. 775). Told few cronies: Mao CCRM, vol. 11A, pp. 168–72.
3 “catch the snakes”: 6 Apr. 1958, Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 115. Dissent: Niu & Deng, pp. 122–3, 200, 204, 208–10, 269; Ding Shu 1993, pp. 124, 132; Zhu Zheng, pp. 384, 447, 470–2; XB, 1957, no. 14, pp. 61–6.
4 –412 Uprising impossible: cf. instruction, 6 June 1957, Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 491–2; Niu & Deng, pp. 215–19. Pamphlet, appeals: in Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, p. 493; Niu & Deng, pp. 34, 143–7, 262. Ordered editorial: Wu Lengxi 1995, 39–42 (E: Leung & Kau, pp. 564–7).
5 Circular, 12 June: Mao 1987–98, vol. 6, pp. 469–76. Scientists: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 396; Zhu Zheng, p. 405. Sadistic theater: Mao CCRM, vol. 1, 362; Zhu Zheng, pp. 435–40. “denounced 100,000”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 201.
6 “Little Hungary”: Cai Gong; CCP Hubei Committee, p. 330. Education budget: Finance Ministry, vol. 2, p. 436; cf. Pan, p. 367.
7 –414 Dai Huang: Dai Huang.
8 –415 Chou attacked: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 636–9; Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 409; Mao 1977, pp. 225–6; Ke Hua, in BNC, 1999, no. 3, p. 45. Fatal breakdown: ZR vol. 10, pp. 187–9; Li Zhisui, p. 219 (E: p. 230); Bo Yibo 1993, p. 639.
9 Secretary recalled: Fan Ruoyu, in Jin Chongji et al. 1998, pp. 434–5; Chou speech in Teiwes with Sun 1999, pp. 253–7.
1 °Chief of Henan: Pan Fusheng, denounced by Mao, in Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 201, 205, 209–10; in Henan Ribao (Henan Daily), 4 July 1958; his successor Wu Zhipu, in XB, 1957, no. 15, pp. 19–20, Zhongzhou pinglun (Zhongzhou Comments), periodical, Henan, 1958, no. 1. Liu under attack: Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 642. Mao’s notes: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 205; Bo Yi-bo 1993, pp. 642–3. Chou battered: Jin Chongji et al. 1998, p. 438. “entertainer”: interview with Chen Yi’s son, 2 Oct. 1994. “has to be a … cult”: Schram 1974, pp. 99–100 (10 Mar. 1958, Chengdu); Cong Jin, p. 116; cf. Mao 1998, pp. 424–5; Snow 1974, p. 174 (talk with Mao, 9 Jan. 1965). “blind herd”: Cong Jin, p. 117.
11 People’s Daily wrote: 26 May 1958. Mao at restaurant: Quan, pp. 87–9. Mao vetoed double: interview with the man who made the suggestion, 14 Oct. 1994.
12 “godlike language”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 133 (E: MacFarquhar et al., p. 412).
CHAPTER 40 The Great Leap: “Half of China May Well Have to Die”
1 Shortened to: 28 Jan. 1958. Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 42; Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 90. “like an atom”: ibid. (E: Schram 1974, p. 92). “Great Leap” launched: Teiwes with Sun 1999, pp. 71ff; Schoenhals 1987; MacFarquhar 1983, pp. 51ff; Yang, D., pp. 33ff; Becker, pp. 58ff. “overtake all”: RR editorial, 29 May 1958. “Pacific Ocean”: Mao CCRM, vol. 11B, p. 80.
2 –419 “Earth Control Committee”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 131. Mao asserts enormous increase: Bo Yibo 1993, pp. 684–5. Provincial chiefs proclaim: ibid., p. 688. Henan Mao’s model: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 114; Wu Lengxi 1995, pp. 63–4; Domenach 1995. Potemkin fields: Chen Han, pp. 74–5; Wang Ding, in Xiao Ke et al., pp. 205–19. Transplanting stopped: Chen Liming, p. 337.
3 –420 “surplus food”: Qiu Shi, vol. 3, p. 235; RR, 11 Aug. 1958. 28 Jan.: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 44; Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 92. Guangxi “sputnik”: Wang Ding, in Xiao Ke et al., pp. 205–19. “When you order”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 129. Mao repeatedly accused: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 240, 253, 254.
4 “a big problem”: Mao 1987–98, vol. 8, p. 209. Yunnan report: Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 584–5. Earth compounds: Becker, pp. 206–7. Exports: Yang, D., p. 66; Lardy, pp. 373, 381; Hussain &
Feuchtwang, p. 51; Price, pp. 593, 601. Mao — Khrushchev 1958: CWB nos. 12–13, pp. 250ff (minutes of talks, 31 July & 3 Aug. 1958); Li Yueran, pp. 149–50. Food as fuel: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 168 (E: CWB nos. 6–7, p. 220); Dong Sheng, p. 493.
5 950 Suez Canals: Chi 1965, p. 50; cf. Becker, p. 78. “I think 30,000”: Jiang Weiqing, p. 421. Gansu: RR, 17 May 1958; Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, pp. 201, 205, 210. “Three Simultaneouslys”: Lo Fu speech, 21 July 1959, in Zhang Wentian 1990–5, vol. 4, 324; Qiu Shi, vol. 3, p. 224. One well-known project: Qiu Shi, vol. 3, pp. 222–32. Stupendous waste: Reminiscences about Tan Zhenlin, p. 418; Qian & Geng, pp. 771–8; Shapiro, pp. 63–4.
6 “human wave tactic”: Bo Yi-bo 1993, p. 683. “Reduce fertiliser imports”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 230. “country of pigs”: 31 Oct. 1959, Mao 1993c, p. 498. Pigs fell: Lardy, p. 373. “shit lakes”: Liu & Yi, pp. 144–5.
7 –423 Sparrows: Liu Zhende, pp. 80–1; Mao 1987–98, vol. 9, p. 81; cf. Shapiro, pp. 86–9. Sparrows from Russia: interview with a Russian insider June 1995. Dogs: SMMM, p. 271.
8 Interview with a Russian insider, June 1995.
9 –424 “Last year”: Bo Yibo 1993, p. 700. “bourgeois professors”: 22 Mar. 1958, Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 118. “forced”: 23 Nov. 1958, Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 217 (E. MacFarquhar et al., p. 515); Li Rui 1989, p. 236. “samovar” furnaces: Khrushchev 1977, vol. 1, p. 504. “To hand in”: CCP Zhenyuan Committee, p. 53.
10 –425 Work-days lost: MacFarquhar 1983, p. 119. “We must make it!”: Bo Yibo 1993, p. 706. “only 40 percent”: 21 Nov. 1958, Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 204 (E: MacFarquhar et al., p. 495); cf. MacFarquhar 1984, p. 128. Russian alloys: Doumkova, p. 133. “No good at”: Li Rui 1989, p. 88. Wasted much from Russia: Brezhnev, pp. 59ff. “slaves”: 16 May 1958, Mao 1987–98, vol. 7, p. 231. Zasyadko: Khrushchev 1977, vol. 2, pp. 324–5, 81; Vereshchagin, p. 114.
11 “grey-beard”: Bo Yibo 1993, p. 713. Quality problems: Huang & Zhang, p. 401; Contemporary Chinese Biographies team, pp. 546–65. “Communist spirit”: 30 Aug. 1958, Mao CCRM, vol. 13, p. 147 (E: MacFarquhar et al., p. 434). “Change from 1 Jan.”: Mao CCRM, vol. 13, pp. 176–7.