A Secret Country
Page 39
4 I am indebted to my cousin, Ken Marheine, the ‘family source’. Ken’s scholarly research into our antecedents allowed me to correct and add to the 1992 edition.
5 Hughes, The Fatal Shore, pp. 252, 253.
6 Ibid., p. 354.
7 Cited in Graham A. Edwards, Factory to Asylum, privately published, p. 23.
8 Cited by Michael Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man? Australia in the Victorian Age (Nelson, Melbourne, 1971), p. 56, originally published in Reminiscences of Thirty Years of Residence (London, 1863).
9 Cited by Cannon, Who’s Master? Who’s Man?, p. 56.
10 Cited in John Pilger, Heroes (Jonathan Cape, London, 1986), p. 9.
11 Cited in Sydney Morning Herald (July 6, 1988).
12 A. A. Calwell, Be Just and Fear Not (Lloyd O’Neill, Hawthorn, Australia, 1972), pp. 109, 126.
13 Australian Society (July 1987). I am indebted to Ken Inglis’s research for People of Australia (Penguin, Sydney, 1987).
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid. I am indebted to Andrew Markus’s research for his article in Labour History (November 1984).
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 See Jock Collins, Migrant Hands in a Distant Land (Pluto Press, Sydney and London, 1988), pp. 53–9, 140.
19 Ibid., p. 229.
20 Ibid., p. 207.
21 Morag Loh (ed.), With Courage in their Cases: the Experiences of Thirty-five Italian Immigrant Workers and Their Families in Australia (FILEF, Australia, 1980), pp. 47–50.
22 Sydney Morning Herald (April 10, 1987).
23 Ibid. (September 11, 1987).
24 Evidence of Rukiye Savigil, a Turkish woman.
25 Sydney Morning Herald (April 4, 1987).
26 Yass Courier (March 3, 1881). I am indebted to Andrée Wright’s research for Island of Dreams, Channel 7, Sydney, 1981.
27 Research by Andrée Wright.
28 Bulletin (November 1898).
29 Research by Andrée Wright.
30 Collins, Migrant Hands, p. 60.
31 Cited in Nancy Viviani, ‘Australian Government Policy on the Entry of Vietnamese Refugees in 1975’, CSAAR Research Paper No. 1 (Centre for the Study of Australian and Asian Relations, Griffith University, February 1980), p. 11.
32 Far Eastern Economic Review (May 10, 1984).
33 Geoffrey Blainey, All for Australia, cited by Collins, Migrant Hands, pp. 212–22.
34 Collins, Migrant Hands, p. 220.
35 DIEA Migrants Attitudes Survey (Dept of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Canberra, 1986).
36 Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, cited in Sydney Morning Herald (January 1, 1989).
37 This poem (edited) ‘Leaving Homeland’ was published in In a Strange Land I Live, a 1982 collection by Ken Cruickshank for the Materials Production Project, Sydney.
38 Interviewed by the author in 1980. He wishes to remain anonymous.
39 Sydney Morning Herald (April 19, 1991).
40 Sydney Morning Herald (March 10, 1988).
41 Ibid. (February 4, 1988).
42 Ibid. (March 3, 1988).
43 Ibid. (July 20, 1988).
44 Ibid. (January 1, 1989).
45 See New Statesman (August 26, 1988); also Sydney Morning Herald (August 6, 18 and 20, 1988).
46 Time (February 13, 1989).
47 Sydney Morning Herald (August 8, 1988; December 12, 1988).
48 Sydney Morning Herald (January 18, 1992).
49 Far Eastern Economic Review (May 10, 1984).
50 Sydney Morning Herald (August 3, 1987).
51 Ibid. (July 20, 1988).
52 Times on Sunday (March 8, 1987).
Chapter Four
THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE
1 Manning Clark, The Quest for an Australian Identity, James Duhig Memorial Lecture delivered at the University of Queensland in 1979 (published by University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, 1980), p. 18.
2 I am indebted to Donald Home for this and other quotations. See Donald Home, The Story of the Australian People, (Reader’s Digest, Sydney, 1985).
3 Geoff Page, ‘Inscription at Villers-Bretonneux’, in Shadows from Wire: Poems and Photographs of Australia in the Great War, ed. Geoff Page (Penguin, Sydney, 1983), p. 94.
4 Home, The Story of the Australian People, p. 199.
5 Ibid., p. 200.
6 Ibid., p. 207.
7 My grandfather wrote his seafaring autobiography, With Folly on My Lips, unpublished.
8 John ‘Togs’ Tognolini, ‘Red Anzacs’, Newswit (May 25, 1988).
9 Interviewed by the author, June 1987.
10 A. G. L. Shaw, A Story of Australia (Faber, London, 1955), p. 243.
11 See Miriam Dickson, ‘Stubborn Resistance’, Strikes: Studies in Twentieth-Century Social History (Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1973). See also Robin Gollan, The Coalminers of New South Wales, A History of the Union, 1860–1960 (Melbourne University Press, in association with the Australian National University, 1963).
12 Cinesound newsreel cited in The Last Dream, Central Television, January 1988.
13 Sydney Morning Herald (January 27, 1988).
14 Daily Telegraph (Sydney, December 12, 1938).
15 Hansard (Australia, April 22, 1940).
16 Sydney Morning Herald (October 11, 1986).
17 Ibid. (January 27, 1988).
18 Humphrey McQueen, ‘The Sustenance of Silence: Racism in the 20th Century’, Meanjin Quarterly (June, 1971).
19 David Day, The Great Betrayal: Britain, Australia and the Onset of the Pacific War (Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1988), p. 287.
20 Sydney Morning Herald (June 18, 1988).
21 McQueen, ‘The Sustenance of Silence’.
22 Denis Freney, The CIA’s Australian Connection (published by Freney, Sydney, 1977), p. 35.
23 I am indebted to Bruce McFarlane’s insights in Australia’s First Cold War, 1945–53 (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1984), pp. 23, 37.
24 The Australian (February 19, 1972).
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Dennis H. Phillips, Cold War Two and Australia (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1983), p. 30.
28 McFarlane, Australia’s First Cold War, p. 27; Sydney Morning Herald (November 25, 1949).
29 Interviewed by the author, Sydney, January 1988.
30 Argus (Melbourne, March 24, 1950).
31 Gavan McCormack, ‘The Korean War: Comments on “Review Article”’ (1986).
32 Ibid.
33 Phillips, Cold War Two and Australia, p. 28.
34 Ibid., pp. 28–9.
35 Interviewed by the author, Sydney, October 1986.
36 Phillips, Cold War Two and Australia, p. 43.
37 Ibid., p. 44.
38 I am indebted to Allan Fox for his description of central Australian fauna in the brochure ‘Welcome to Aboriginal Land’, produced with the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Canberra.
39 Interviewed by the author, Sydney, January 1988.
40 Joan Smith, Clouds of Deceit (Faber & Faber, London, 1985), p. 33.
41 Robert Milliken, No Conceivable Injury (Penguin, Sydney and London, 1986), pp. 104–5.
42 I am indebted to the author of the Uluru tourist brochure for this outline of Tjukurpa.
43 Adrian Tame, ‘Maralinga: Britain’s Atomic Legacy’, Penthouse (November, 1980).
44 Jan Roberts, Massacres to Mining: the Colonisation of Aboriginal Australia (Dove Communications, Melbourne, 1981), p. 47.
45 Milliken, No Conceivable Injury, p. 116.
46 Sydney Morning Herald (May 22, 1991).
47 Ibid.
48 Melbourne Age (April 11, 1987).
49 Sydney Morning Herald (April 28, 1987).
50 Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years: Mandate for Change 1953–1956 (Doubleday, New York, 1963), p. 372.
51 Michael Sexton, War for the Asking: Australia’s Vietnam Secrets (Penguin, Sydney, 1981), p. 41.
52 Sydney Morning Herald (J
anuary 18, 1986).
53 Noam Chomsky, ‘The Vietnam War in the Age of Orwell’, Race and Class (Spring 1984), p. 46.
54 Ian McNeill, The Team: Australian Army Advisers in Vietnam, Australian War Memorial (Canberra, 1984).
55 Time Australia (August 10, 1987).
56 Ibid.
57 National Times (April 20–6, 1984). See also Time Australia (August 10, 1987).
58 Allies, documentary film directed by Marian Wilkinson, produced by Sylvie Chezio, Cinema Enterprises Property Ltd, Australia, 1981.
59 Interviewed by the author, January 1988.
60 Time Australia (August 10, 1987).
61 Ibid.
62 Greg Pemberton, All the Way (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1987), pp. 197, 198.
63 Greg Lockhart, ‘Fear and Dependence, Australia’s Vietnam Policy, 1965–1985’, a paper (1987).
64 Neville Meaney, Australia and the World: A Documentary History from the 1870s to the 1970s (Longman, Melbourne, 1985), p. 679.
65 Don Chipp and John Larkin, Don Chipp: the Third Man (Rigby, Adelaide, 1978), p. 50.
66 Sydney Morning Herald (May 7, 1987).
67 Sexton, War for the Asking, p. 94.
68 Allies.
69 Alan Renouf, The Frightened Country (Macmillan, Melbourne, 1979), p. 279.
70 Allies; also quoted to the author by former US Ambassador Marshall Green, August 1987.
Chapter Five
THE COUP
1 Joan Coxsedge, Gerry Harant and Ken Coldicutt, Rooted in Secrecy (CAPP, Melbourne, 1982), p. 6.
2 Ibid., p. 8.
3 Cited in James A. Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia: America’s Foreign Watergate’, Foreign Policy, no. 49 (Washington, Winter 1982–3).
4 Cited in Coxsedge et al., Rooted in Secrecy, p. 22.
5 Cited by William Pinwill in The Last Dream, Central Television, January 1988.
6 Acting Justice White, Special Branch Security Records Report (Government Printer, Adelaide, 1977).
7 The Bulletin (June 22, 1974).
8 My own experience of ASIO was instructive. In 1982 I was in contact with a person who had access to files at the Australian High Commission in London. This person said he wanted to warn me that an ASIO officer, who he named, had recently travelled to London to ‘do a job on Pilger’. He said that the ASIO officer was based at the Australian Embassy in Rome, ostensibly as an immigration officer. (It is common practice for ASIO to use the Australian Department of Immigration as a cover for its officers abroad.)
My informant said that the ASIO officer had deposited in my file a document in Arabic allegedly published in Libya, which described my support for Aboriginal ‘freedom fighters’ and implied that I had visited Libya to help these ‘freedom fighters’ buy arms in preparation for their ‘struggle’ against the Queensland authorities during the forthcoming Commonwealth Games in Brisbane. My collaborator in this venture, according to the document, was Charles Perkins, a former Aboriginal activist, then an officer of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in Canberra. According to my informant, the document was illustrated by a photograph of Perkins and me ‘taken in Libya’. (The photograph was taken near Alice Springs in 1976. Perkins has never been to Libya. I was there once, in 1973, on my way to the Middle East war.)
My informant gave me a number in Rome, which I rang. I asked for the ASIO officer, who came to the phone and was clearly in a state of some apprehension. I told him something of what I knew. He was hesitant, but expressed no surprise and offered no denial. He replied that I should ‘forget the whole thing’. ‘Are you ASIO?’ I asked him. ‘And have you been concerned with me?’ He replied, ‘I can’t tell you anything. You have nothing to be worried about. Whatever you know isn’t going to happen. I give you my word, Mr Pilger. I’m sorry you’re upset. Can’t we just forget it?’
The ASIO officer called me back twice to reinforce these assurances. Some time later I was phoned by a person who said he had worked for the ASIO officer in Italy and Libya. He knew about the document. He said he no longer worked for the ASIO officer, who had treated him badly. He said the ASIO officer was ‘furious about the tip-off’ I had received because it had ‘blown his cover’.
9 National Times (May 6, 1983).
10 Cited in Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia’.
11 Correspondents Report, ABC radio, June 12, 1977.
12 Ibid.
13 National Times (December 2–8, 1983; originally published August 1983).
14 Desmond Ball, A Suitable Piece of Real Estate (Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1980), p. 153.
15 National Times (May 23–8, 1977).
16 From the forthcoming memoirs of an Australian diplomat (anonymous) cited by William Pinwill, The Eye, March quarter, 1990.
17 Department of Foreign Affairs Minute, cited in The Eye (July 1987).
18 I am indebted to Adèle Horin for this description in the National Times (May 24, 1985).
19 Tribune (Australia, August 24, 1988).
20 Broadband, ABC radio interview by Ray Martin, June 12, 1977.
21 See Ball, A Suitable Piece of Real Estate, p. 138; Melbourne Age (November 22, 1984).
22 Interviewed by the author, Washington, October 1988.
23 Interviewed by the author, Washington, August 1987.
24 National Times (December 30, 1978).
25 Sydney Morning Herald (May 16, 1977).
26 Hansard (Australia, April 29, 1969).
27 Ibid.
28 Greg Lockhart, ‘Fear and Dependence: Australia’s Vietnam Policy, 1965–1985’, a paper (1987), p. 13.
29 Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia’.
30 Interviewed by the author, Washington, October 1988.
31 Canberra Times (May 11, 1977). I am indebted to Desmond Ball for this and other references.
32 Ball, A Suitable Piece of Real Estate, p. 50.
33 Daily Mirror (Sydney, May 1, 1963).
34 Cited in The Last Dream.
35 Hansard (Australia, February 28, 1973).
36 The Age (March 29, 1973).
37 Denis Freney, The CIA’s Australian Connection (Freney, Sydney, 1977), p. 31.
38 John Pilger, Heroes (Jonathan Cape, London, 1986), p. 377.
39 Gil Scrine, Home on the Range, a documentary film for the Association for International Co-operation and Disarmament, 1981.
40 Freney, The CIA’s Australian Connection, p. 17.
41 Coxsedge et al., Rooted in Secrecy, p. 24.
42 Interviewed by the author, Washington, August 1987.
43 Cited in an ABC transcript of Kep Enderby’s remarks, US Consulate, Sydney, February 1988.
44 Bulletin (June 22, 1974).
45 Ibid. (July 13, 1974).
46 See Philip Frazer, Mother Jones (March 1984).
47 National Times (August 30–September 9, 1981).
48 Denis Freney, Get Gough! & Dr Jim & Rex & Lionel & All, (Freney, Sydney, 1985), p. 13. (Jim Cairns supported this in parliamentary statements at the time.)
49 Daily Mirror (Sydney, July 8, 1975).
50 Wall Street Journal (February 17, 1981).
51 Brian Toohey and Marian Wilkinson, The Book of Leaks (Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1987), p. 107.
52 Bulletin (June 5, 1976).
53 National Times (August 16–22, 1981).
54 Sunday Times (London, September 7, 1980); National Times (January 4–10, 1981).
55 Coxsedge et al., Rooted in Secrecy, p. 197.
56 Melbourne Age (February 16, 1981).
57 Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia’.
58 The Schuller story first was reported by Nancy Grodin in Covert Action (March 1982); the Marchetti story appeared in the Sun (Sydney, May 4, 1977).
59 Brian Toohey and Nancy Grodin made the Freedom of Information requests, cited in Covert Action.
60 Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia’.
61 Toohey and Wilkinson, The Book of Leaks, p. 216.
62 Nathan, ‘Dateline Australia’.
63 Freney, The CIA’s Au
stralian Connection, pp. 22, 23; also William Pinwill, Secret Partners (unpublished).
64 Court records, cited by Pinwill in Secret Partners.
65 Assessment by Pinwill in ibid.
66 Interview by Ray Martin, 60 Minutes, Channel 9, Sydney, 1982.
67 Interviewed by William Pinwill, National Times (1978).
68 Jonathan Kwitny, The Crimes of Patriots (Norton, New York, 1987), p. 140.
69 Ibid., pp. 140–1.
70 Ibid., p. 141.
71 Richard Hall, The Real John Kerr: His Brilliant Career (Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1978), p. 116.
72 Ibid., pp. 119, 120.
73 Ibid., p. 140.
74 Interviewed by the author, Washington, August 1987.
75 I am indebted to Joseph Trento and William Pinwill for much of this research.
76 National Times (December 13, 1985).
77 Jeffrey T. Richelson and Desmond Ball, The Ties that Bind (Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1985), pp. 153, 154, 161.
78 Ibid., p. 154.
79 Interview with David Leigh by Bruce Phillips, The World Today, ABC Radio, October 19, 1988.
80 Diaries of Clyde Cameron, cited in Times on Sunday (February 21, 1988).
81 Freney, Get Gough!, p. 59.
82 This was told to the author by a former Government official, who must remain anonymous.
83 Toohey and Wilkinson, The Book of Leaks, p. 97.
84 Pinwill, Secret Partners.
85 Weekend Australian (January 30–1, 1988).
86 Times of Sunday cites reporting by Mungo McCallum (February 21, 1988).
87 Hansard (Australia, May 3, 1977).
88 Melbourne Age (November 12, 1975).
89 Interviewed by Ray Martin for ABC Radio, May 13, 1977.
90 Freney, The CIA’s Australian Connection, p. 49.
91 Interviewed by David Langsam, Sydney Morning Herald (February 9, 1988).
92 Cameron, diaries; see also Coxsedge et al., Rooted in Secrecy, p. 38.
93 Sydney Morning Herald (November 12, 1975).
94 Coxsedge et al., Rooted in Secrecy, p. 38.
95 Daily Mirror (Sydney), cited in Freney, Get Gough!, p. 33.
96 Ibid.
97 Nucleonics Week (November 6, 1987).
98 Hall, The Real John Kerr, p. 144.
99 Cameron, diaries.
100 Ibid., also Cameron interviewed by the author, February 1988.
101 Hansard (Australia, May 4, 1977).
102 A Current Affair, Channel 9, Sydney, May 4, 1977.
103 Gough Whitlam, The Whitlam Government 1972–75 (Viking, London, and Penguin, Sydney, 1985), p. 52.