by Morris, Ian;
Wang, Eric, et al. “Recent Acceleration of Human Adaptive Evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007), pp. 20753–58.
Wang, Gungwu. Divided China: Preparing for Reunification, 883–947. Singapore: National University of Singapore University, 2007.
Wang, Mingke. “From the Qiang Barbarians to the Qiang Nationality: The Making of a New Chinese Boundary.” In Shu-min Huang and Cheng-kuang Hsu, eds., Imagining China: Regional Division and National Unity, pp. 43–80. Taipei: Academica Sinica, 1999.
Wang, Xiaoqing. “The Upper Paleolithic Longwangcan Site at Yichuan in Shaanxi.” Chinese Archaeology 8 (2008), pp. 32–36.
Wang, Zhongshu. Han Civilization. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982.
Ward, Steven, and Erik Asphaug. “Asteroid Impact Tsunami: A Probabilistic Hazard Assessment.” Icarus 145 (2000), pp. 64–78.
Ward-Perkins, Bryan. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Watson, Andrew. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Watson, Burton. The Tso Chuan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
———. Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty I. Rev. ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Webb, Stephen. If the Universe Is Teeming with Aliens … Where is Everybody? Fifty Solutions to Fermi’s Paradox and the Problem of Extraterrestrial Life. New York: Springer, 2002.
Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner’s, 1958. First published in German, 1905.
Weinberg, Gerhard. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Weiss, Harvey, et al. “The Genesis and Collapse of North Mesopotamian Civilization.” Science 261 (1993), pp. 995–1004.
Wells, Spencer. Pandora’s Seed: The Unforeseen Cost of Civilization. New York: Random House, 2010.
Wengrow, David. The Archaeology of Early Egypt. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Wertime, Theodore, and James Muhly, eds. The Coming of the Age of Iron. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.
Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Wheeler, Mortimer. Still Digging: Adventures in Archaeology. London: Pan, 1955.
White, Leslie. The Science of Culture. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1949.
White, Richard. “It’s Your Misfortune and None of My Own”: A New History of the American West. 2nd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Whittaker, C. R. Frontiers of the Roman Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Whittow, Mark. The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Wickham, Chris. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
———. The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages, 400–1000. New York: Viking, 2009.
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry. Early Modern Europe 1450–1789. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Wilhelm, Gernot. The Hurrians. Warminster, UK: Aris and Philips, 1989.
Wilkinson, Toby. Genesis of the Pharaohs. London: Routledge, 2003.
Willcox, George, et al. “Early Holocene Cultivation Before Domestication in Northern Syria.” Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17 (2008), pp. 313–25.
Williams, Michael. Deforesting the Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.
Wills, John. 1688: A Global History. New York: Norton, 2002.
Wilson, Andrew. “Indicators for Roman Economic Growth.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 22, 2009, pp. 46–61.
Wilson, Dominic, and Anna Stupnytska. The N-11: More Than an Acronym. Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper no. 153, March 28, 2007. Available at https://portal.gs.com.
Wilson, Edward O. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. 25th anniversary ed. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Wilson, Peter. The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Winchester, Simon. The Man Who Loved China. New York: Harper, 2008.
Witakowski, Witold. Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle III. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1996.
Wolpoff, Milford. Human Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Wolpoff, Milford, and Rachel Caspari. Race and Human Evolution: A Fatal Attraction. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002.
Wong, Bin. China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Wood, Frances. The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Wood, James. “A Theory of Preindustrial Population Dynamics.” Current Anthropology 39 (1998), pp. 99–135.
Woodhouse, A. S. P., ed. Puritanism and Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1938.
Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith. iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon. New York: Norton, 2007.
Wrangham, Richard. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books, 2009.
Wright, Arthur. The Sui Dynasty: The Unification of China, AD 581–617. New York: Knopf, 1978.
Wright, Arthur, and Denis Twitchett, eds. Perspectives on the T’ang. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973.
Wrigley, E. A. Continuity, Chance, and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Wu, Hung. Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
Xie, C. Z., et al. “Evidence of Ancient DNA Reveals the First European Lineage in Iron Age Central China.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (2007), pp. 1597–1601.
Xiong, Victor. Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000.
———. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006.
Yamada, Shigeo. The Construction of the Assyrian Empire. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2000.
Yang, B., et al. “General Characteristics of Temperature Variation in China During the Last Two Millennia.” Geophysical Research Letters 29 (2002), 10.1029/2001GL014485.
Yang, Liensheng. “Notes on the Economic History of the Chin [Jin] Dynasty.” In Liensheng Yang, Studies in Chinese Institutional History, pp. 119–97. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961.
Yang, Xiaoneng, ed. New Perspectives on China’s Past: Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. 2 vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
Yanko-Hombach, Virginia, et al., eds. The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2007.
Yates, Robin, et al. Military Culture in Imperial China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. Rev. ed. New York: Free Press, 2002.
Yinxu Archaeological Team. “The Shang Bronze Foundry-Site at Xiaomintun in Anyang City.” Chinese Archaeology 8 (2008), pp. 16–21.
Youlton, John, ed. The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.
Yuan, Jing. “The Origins and Development of Animal Domestication in China.” Chinese Archaeology 8 (2008), pp. 1–7.
Yuan, Jing, and Rowan Flad. “Pig Domestication in Ancient China.” Antiquity 76 (2002), pp. 724–32.
Zakaria, Fareed. The Post-American World. New York: Norton, 2008.
Zeman, Adam. A Portrait of the Brain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008.
Zhang, De’er. “Evidence for the Existence of the Medieval Warm Period in China.” Climatic Change 26 (1994), pp. 289–97
.
Zhang, E., et al. “Quantitative Reconstruction of the Paleosalinity at Qinghai Lake in the Past 900 Years.” Chinese Science Bulletin 49 (2004), pp. 730–34.
Zhang, Juzhong et al. “The Early Development of Music. Analysis of the Jiahu Bone Flutes.” Antiquity 78 (2004), pp. 769–78.
Zhang, Lijia. “Socialism Is Great!” A Worker’s Memoir of the New China. New York: Anchor, 2008.
Zhang, Xuelian, et al. “Establishing and Refining the Archaeological Chronologies of Xinzhai, Erlitou and Erligang Cultures.” Chinese Archaeology 8 (2008), pp. 197–211.
Zhao, Dingxin. “Spurious Causation in a Historical Process: War and Bureaucratization in Early China.” American Sociological Review 69 (2004), pp. 603–607.
———. The Rise of the Qin Empire and Patterns of Chinese History. Forthcoming.
Zheng, Bijian. “China’s ‘Peaceful Rise’ to Great-Power Status.” Foreign Affairs 84.5 (2005), pp. 18–24.
Zheng, Pingzhong, et al. “A Test of Climate, Sun, and Culture Relationships from an 1810-Year Chinese Cave Record.” Science 322 (2008), pp. 940–42.
Zheng, Yongnian. Will China Become Democratic? Elite, Class and Regime Transition. Singapore: East Asian Institute, 2004.
———. The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor: Culture, Reproduction, and Transformation. London: Routledge, 2010.
Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. New York: Harper, 1969.
Zilhao, João. “Neandertals and Modern Humans Mixed, and It Matters.” Evolutionary Anthropology 15 (2006), pp. 183–95.
Zimansky, Paul. Ecology and Empire: The Structure of the Urartian State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Zong, Yeng et al. “Fire and Flood Management of Coastal Swamp Enabled First Rice Paddy Cultivation in Eastern China.” Nature 449 (2007), pp. 459–63.
Zürcher, Erik. The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adoption of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2007.
Zweig, David, and Bi Jianhai. “China’s Global Hunt for Energy.” Foreign Affairs 84.5 (2005), pp. 25–38.
Acknowledgments
Like most books, this one could not have been written without the input of many people besides the author. I probably would never have thought of writing a book like this if I had not spent so long in the open-minded atmosphere of Stanford University’s School of Humanities and Sciences, where no one worries too much about traditional academic boundaries. I would like to thank Steve Haber, Ian Hodder, Adrienne Mayor, Josh Ober, Richard Saller, Walter Scheidel, and particularly Kathy St. John for their support, conversation, encouragement, and patience over the years.
Jared Diamond, Constantin Fasolt, Niall Ferguson, Jack Goldstone, John Haldon, Ian Hodder, Agnes Hsu, Mark Lewis, Barnaby Marsh, Neil Roberts, and Richard Saller all read parts of the book while I was writing it, and Eric Chinski, Daniel Crewe, Al Dien, Dora Dien, Martin Lewis, Adrienne Mayor, Josh Ober, Michael Puett, Jim Robinson, Kathy St. John, and Walter Scheidel read the entire manuscript. I am enormously grateful for their comments and advice, and apologetic for the places where I failed to understand it or was too stubborn to take it.
Bob Bellah, Francesca Bray, Mark Elvin, Ian Hodder, Richard Klein, Mark Lewis, Li Liu, Tom McClellan, Douglass North, Walter Scheidel, Nathan Sivin, Adam Smith, Richard Strassberg, Donald Wagner, Barry Weingast, and Zhang Xuelian allowed me to read unpublished or recently published writings, and, in addition to everyone I have already mentioned, conversations with Chip Blacker, David Christian, Paul David, Lance Davis, Paul Ehrlich, Peter Garnsey, David Graff, David Kennedy, Kristian Kristiansen, David Laitin, Geoffrey Lloyd, Steve Mithen, Colin Renfrew, Marshall Sahlins, Jim Sheehan, Steve Shennan, Peter Temin, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Chris Wickham, Bin Wong, Gavin Wright, Victor Xiong, Xiaoneng Yang, Dingxin Zhao, and Yiqun Zhou helped me think through various ideas in the book. Participants in the “Ancient Mediterranean and Chinese Empires” and “First Great Divergence” conferences at Stanford and at talks in Abu Dhabi, Anaheim, Athens (Greece), Austin, Big Sky (Montana), Cambridge (MA and UK), Los Angeles, Medford, Montreal, New Haven, Seattle, Stanford, and Victoria (British Columbia) also listened to parts of the argument and made very helpful suggestions.
Stanford’s School of Humanities and Sciences provided financial support that made it possible for me to see the book through. I would like to thank Michele Angel for drawing the final versions of the maps and graphs and Pat Powell for securing permissions to reproduce pictures and texts previously published elsewhere.
Last but certainly not least, the book would never have been written without the encouragement of Sandy Dijkstra and the team at the Sandra Dijkstra Literary Agency; my editors, Eric Chinski at Farrar, Straus and Giroux and Daniel Crewe at Profile Books; and Eugenie Cha at FSG.
Index
Abelard, Peter, 370–71
Abraham, 351
Abu Hureyra (Syria), 90–91, 94, 97, 104, 122
Achaemenids, 249
Acheulean hand axes, 47–50
Act of Union (Britain, 1707), 472n
Adam, African, 71
Adams, Thomas, 618
Adrianople, battle of, 313
Aeneas, 241, 244
Afghanistan, 249, 271, 604
Soviet invasion of, 548
African-Americans, 71
Agassiz, Louis, 91
agriculture, see farming
Ahhiyawa, 197–98, 218
Ahuramazda, 249, 269
Ai, Marquis, 233
AIDS, 536, 603
‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan), 100, 102, 124
‘Ain Mallaha (Israel), 86, 88, 91, 94, 96, 100
Ainu, 450
Akaiwasha people, 218
Akhenaten, Pharaoh, 261–62
Akkadian Empire (Mesopotamia), 189, 192–94, 209
Albert, Prince, 6, 9–11, 14, 18, 19, 32, 36
Alberti, Leon Battista, 419, 420n
Aleutian Islands, 421
Alexander of Macedon (the Great), 186–87, 268–71, 275, 292
Alexandria (Egypt), 352
Allen, Paul, 542
‘Ali, 357, 358, 361, 444
al-Qaeda, 605
Altamira (Spain), 73–75, 74, 79–80
Alvarez Cabral, Pedro, 430
Amarna (Egypt), 197, 215
America, 160, 428, 482, 486, 519–20, 564
diseases in, 295
European colonization of, 19, 460, 462–67
farming in, 117–18
Ice Age in, 64, 65, 68, 75, 81, 91
native peoples of, 19, 109, 119, 430, 450, 464, 522
oil in, 511
prehistoric, 80, 84–85
Vikings in, 371, 421; see also United States
American Journal of Human Genetics, 111
American Revolution, 260, 488, 490
Amorites, 191, 192, 194, 209, 353
Analects (Confucius), 256
Anatolia, 197, 199, 200, 225, 233n, 250, 311, 352, 366, 372, 401, 444
Anban (China), 125, 126
ancestor cults, 102, 231
Andun, King, 273
Anglo-Saxons, 346
Angola, 535
An Lushan, 355, 356, 375, 424
anti-Semitism, 514
Antonina, 345, 346
Antony, 283, 284
Anyang (China), 212–15, 220–22, 229
Apocalypse Now! (film), 520n
Apollo 11, 182
Apollo 11 Cave (Namibia), 77
Apple computers, 542
Aquinas, Thomas, 371
Arabia, 16, 67, 275, 349
Arabs, 349–52, 360, 362, 370, 377, 427, 566
in China, 342, 407n, 478
lands conquered by, 33n, 350, 352–54, 356–57, 365, 367, 445, 563–64
modern, 535, 548
technologies of, 395–96
Arameans, 218, 220
Archaeology (magazine), 125
Arctic Dryas, 92
Argentina, 464
Arikamedu (India), 274, 2
75