The Return of George Washington

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The Return of George Washington Page 42

by Edward Larson


  Rhode Island, 112, 136; and Constitutional Convention, 95, 168, 173, 225; paper money in, 77–79; ratification by, 197, 202–3, 215, 232, 249, 278, 300

  Richmond (Virginia), 54–55, 219–20, 228

  Rochambeau, Comte de, 246, 264

  Rome, 20, 104, 141, 144

  Royal Navy, 25, 279, 301

  Rumsey, James, 41

  Rush, Benjamin, 195

  Rutledge, John, 119–20, 132, 217, 289, 298

  St. Lawrence River, 48

  St. Mary’s Chapel, 118

  St. Paul’s Chapel, 288, 294

  Saratoga, Battle of, 12

  Savanah (Georgia), 12, 102

  School for Scandal, 162

  Schuylkill River, 56, 107, 147, 177, 284

  Scotch-Irish, 43

  Scottish, 111

  seceders: in Pennsylvania politics, 189–90; religious sect of, 43–46

  Sedgwick, Theodore, 254

  Senate, U.S., 140–41, 155–56, 160–65, 170, 322n83; first federal, 247, 257–61, 278–82, 287–88, 291–93

  “Sentiments on a Peace Establishment,” 20–21

  separation of powers, 89–91, 93–95, 115, 127–28, 140–41, 162–65, 222, 247. See also balanced government

  Shays, Daniel, 81, 83

  Shays’s Rebellion, 78–84, 88, 124, 206, 212–13, 238, 298

  Shenandoah Valley, 54

  Sherman, Roger, 35, 126–31, 142, 167, 171

  Simpson, George, 42–44

  slavery: as issue at Constitutional Convention, 103, 156–60, 203, 248, 321n76; Washington’s view of, 37, 103, 160, 294, 321n79

  slaves, 67, 103; at Mount Vernon, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 103, 160, 269, 302, 309n13, 354n3; use of, 60, 97, 101, 211, 281–82; Washington’s treatment of, 60, 92, 269

  Smilie, John, 194

  South, American, 22, 48, 103, 197, 289. See also specific states

  South Carolina, 103, 292; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 112, 158; first federal election in, 250, 260–61, 273–74; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 159–60; ratification of Constitution by, 180, 185, 215–17

  sovereignty: national, 89–90, 94, 105, 112, 125–28; state, 89–90, 222

  Spaight, Richard Dobbs, 122

  Spain, 48, 68, 73, 293; treaty with, 49, 63–64, 68–69, 189, 223, 301

  Sparks, Jared, 151

  specie, 73

  speculation, in land, 45, 48

  Springfield (Massachusetts), 82

  Springsbury Manor, 144, 151

  Spurrier’s Tavern, 283

  states, 49, 243–50; under Articles of Confederation, 8–11, 61, 127; large versus small, 112–13, 119, 121, 149–52, 155–56, 171, 245; north versus south, 156–60, 248

  States’ rights, 26, 90, 128, 238–39; limiting, 89–94, 105–6, 112–15, 127–28

  State Gazette of South Carolina, 217

  Strong, Caleb, 212

  Stuart, David, 191, 219, 273

  Sullivan, John, 215–16

  supremacy clause, 130, 202–3

  Susquehanna River, 56, 58, 101

  Swiss cantons, 20–21, 114

  Taunton (Massachusetts), 79

  tax power, 19, 73–78, 137, 165, 169, 202–3, 213, 222, 231, 299, 300, 317n8, 323n98

  Thomson, Charles, 282–83

  Tilghman, Tench, 3

  Travels (Bartram), 148

  Trenton (New Jersey), 162, 266

  Trenton, Battle of, 11, 28, 285

  Trumbull, John, 6–7, 30

  Trumbull, Jonathan, 36, 38

  Trumbull, Jonathan, Jr., 206, 245, 257

  Twelfth Amendment, 247

  unicameral legislature, 74

  union: of states, 21–22, 55, 58, 303; threats to, 64, 83–84, 174, 221–23, 228, 301

  United States, 47–50, 64; as nation, 149, 167, 283–96, 300–1. See also states; Confederation Congress; Congress, U.S.

  Valley Forge, 12, 153, 162

  Vaughan, Samuel, 240

  Venice, Doge of, 141

  Vermont, 80, 82–83, 168, 300, 324n6

  veto: executive, 146, 163, 319n32; of state laws, 94, 113, 124, 130

  vice presidency, 249–56, 272–77, 287–88, 292, 298, 302, 326n26, 352n78

  Virginia, 12, 47, 62–63, 112; delegates to Constitutional Convention from, 85–86, 110–16; first federal election in, 239, 249–51, 256–59, 262–65, 272–73; politics in, 30, 71, 80, 203–4, 208, 220, 245; and Potomac River navigation, 51–65; ratification of Constitution by, 187, 197–98, 202–4, 209, 215–25, 228–29, 236; slavery in, 103, 203; votes at Constitutional Convention by, 130–33, 137, 145, 147, 152, 159–60, 173–75, 247–48; western regions of, 21, 36–55. See also Kentucky

  Virginia Plan, 111–16, 119, 124–35, 141–42, 146, 149, 169, 247, 264

  Virginians, 45, 51, 102, 109, 273, 283, 298–99, 336n66

  voting, property qualification for, 74, 81

  war powers, 142–43, 146, 163, 193, 319n33, 322n89

  Washington, Bushrod, 39, 53, 55, 111, 191

  Washington, D.C., 237, 281, 299, 303, 339n6

  Washington, George: as actor, 15, 120, 148, 247, 290; administration of, 297–301; on antifederalists, 203–4, 243–44, 262–64, 270, 330n86; on Articles of Confederation, 35, 70–71, 91–95, 181, 271; as consensus builder, 151–52, 156–59, 210, 321n72, 326n30; on attending Constitutional Convention, 84–97, 172; at Constitutional Convention, 109–77, 248; as Constitutional Convention president, 119–22, 133–34, 136–37, 151, 158, 170–77, 241; and constitutional amendments, 238–39, 256, 263, 271, 294, 299; death of, 302–3; diary of, 39, 43, 60, 109, 177; election as president of, 243, 249, 271–80; Farewell Address of, 301; as farmer, 33–38, 116, 147–49, 162, 178, 218–19, 235, 241, 261–62, 279–80, 302; finances of, 34, 36, 47, 279–80, 302, 350nn46–47; and first federal election, 135–47, 252–63; fishing by, 28, 161–62; health of, 84–85, 92, 97, 101, 302–3, 313n56; on human nature, 58, 70–71, 83, 91, 114, 232, 289–90, 311n65, 333n2; inaugural address of, 265, 269–71, 289, 291, 293–94, 353n97; inauguration of, 275–76, 283–95, 287–95; as indispensable, xii–xiv, 244, 303; to job seekers, 241–43, 341n31; as model for presidency, 141, 145, 163, 288; and his mother, 96, 279; as nationalist, 16, 19–24, 30, 55, 62, 70–71, 78, 93, 104, 120, 124–33, 152, 210, 233, 270–71, 283–301; and Newburgh Conspiracy, 9, 12–17; and Potomac Company, 50–62; as first president, 181, 184, 192–93, 195, 198, 202, 205, 224, 232, 239–46, 250–51, 265, 288–95, 303; portraits of, 2, 134, 154–55, 172, 261, 264, 295–96; and ratification, 177–79, 193, 205, 207–9, 215, 217–25, 231–32, 235, 285, 332n109; and religion, 44, 102, 116–18, 120, 198, 232, 246, 268–69, 288, 293–94, 315n36, 342n57, 347n5; resignation as Commander in Chief of, 3–9, 23, 28–31; reputation of, 11, 16, 29, 69, 104–5, 179–81, 192, 230, 244, 283–90, 295, 297, 301–3, 330n89; retirement of, 33–38, 55, 70, 84, 104, 244, 262, 301; in Revolutionary War, 8, 10–12, 22–28, 297, 303; on Rhode Island, 78, 197, 232, 339n121; on Shays’s Rebellion, 78–84; as slaveholder, 33–39, 103, 160, 269, 279. See also slaves; and Society of Cincinnatus, 25, 85–88, 96, 119, 153, 183, 196; travels by, 28–31, 38–47, 53–55, 101–7, 177–78, 280–89; on vice presidency, 255; vision for America of, 233, 246–47, 270–71, 293–95; western holdings of, 39–47, 189, 279–80

  Washington, George Augustine, 116, 165, 279–80

  Washington, John, 24

  Washington, Martha: grandchildren of, 38, 101–2; and inauguration, 276, 281, 295; at Mount Vernon, 6, 102, 241, 279; slaves of, 37, 103, 309n13; travels by, 5, 22–23

  Washington, Mary Ball, 95–97, 279

  Washington’s Bottom (Pennsylvania), 42–43, 47, 51

  weather: at Mount Vernon, 33, 178, 218–19, 261, 267–69, 279, 302; in Philadelphia, 137, 148, 161; during Washington’s travels, 53–54, 97, 101–4, 107

  Wereat, John, 196

  West, Benjamin, 6

  West Indies, 18, 102, 301

  West Virginia, 46

  western frontier, 21, 39–55. See also frontier

>   whiskey, 299, 300, 302

  White, William, 268–69, 347n5

  Will (slave), 281

  Willing, Thomas, 139

  Wilmington (Delaware), 29, 107, 196, 284

  Wilson, John, 209, 298; as Constitutional Convention delegate, 87, 111–12, 122, 174; positions at Constitutional Convention of, 131–32, 144–47, 150–52, 156–58, 162, 247–48; on ratification, 190–9, 207

  Wise’s Tavern, 225

  Witherspoon, John, 35

  Woodbridge (New Jersey), 286

  Wythe, George, 35, 85, 120, 122, 178

  Yates, Robert, 90, 125, 129, 135, 173, 186

  York and Albany, Duke of, 136

  Yorktown, Battle of, 8–9, 12, 28, 31, 107

  About the Author

  EDWARD J. LARSON is University Professor of history and holds the Hugh & Hazel Darling Chair in Law at Pepperdine University. He received the Pulitzer Prize in History for Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion. His other books include A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign. From 2013 to 2014, Larson was an inaugural Library Fellow at the Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington located on the grounds of Mount Vernon. He lives in Georgia and California.

  Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.

  Also by Edward J. Larson

  An Empire of Ice: Scott, Shackleton, and the Heroic Age of Antarctic Science

  A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America’s First Presidential Campaign

  The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison (with Michael P. Winship)

  Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and America’s Continuing Debate over Science and Religion

  Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory

  Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution

  Evolution’s Workshop: God and Science on the Galapagos Islands

  Sex, Race, and Science: Eugenics in the Deep South

  Credits

  Cover design by Adam Johnson

  Cover illustrations: Portrait of George Washington, 1853 by Rembrandt Peale © collection of the New-York Historical Society/Bridgeman Images; The East Front of Mount Vernon, c. 1787–1792 by Edward Savage, courtesy of Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association

  Author photograph by Ron Hall

  Title page illustration: Reception of President Washington at New York, by John Rogers, 1857, courtesy of Library of Congress

  Copyright

  THE RETURN OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. Copyright © 2014 by Edward Larson. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

  FIRST EDITION

  ISBN 978-0-06-224867-1

  EPub Edition OCTOBER 2014 ISBN 9780062248695

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