17
Vergil, p.153.
18
Paul’s Cross was a preaching cross on the north side of St Paul’s Cathedral. Bishop Thomas Kempe rebuilt it in the late fifteenth century, with a lead-covered roof and a low surrounding wall. There was room inside for three or four persons. The open-air pulpit was destroyed in 1643 by radical Protestants.
19
Hall, pp.503 and 505.
20
Brodie, p.160.
21
Many were put in the pillory, subjected to the jeers of the crowd and pelted with rotten fruit (Vergil, p.153).
22
TNA SP 1/1/3; LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.7; Hughes & Larkin, nos. 59 and 60, pp.79 – 83.
23
Sharpe, p.34. The French printer Pynson (1448 – 1529) worked in the parish of St Clement Danes, between Westminster and the City of London, but moved inside Temple Bar in 1501, possibly because of riots against foreign traders that year. He became King’s Printer in 1506 at a wage of £2 a year, later doubled. He became a naturalised citizen in 1513. See Henry Plomer, ‘Two Lawsuits of Richard Pynson’, The Library, 2nd ser., vol. 10 (1909), pp.115 – 33 and Pamela Neville, Richard Pynson, King’s Printer: Printing and Propaganda in Early Tudor England, Diss and London, 1990.
24
‘Correspondence de Fuensalida’, p.517.
25
TNA C 82/335/6 – Exemptions from the general pardon signed by Henry VIII; Tower of London, 30 April 1509. In an administrative slip, poor Ralph Hackelet of Herefordshire was included in this list of exemptions but the error was quickly spotted the same day and he was included in the general pardon (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, p.5). On 30 May, the unfortunately named ‘Thomas Thomas’ was granted a pardon (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.33).
26
CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.7 – 8. The marriage portion initially was to be paid thus: 65,000 scudos in cash, 15,000 scudos in gold and silver, and 20,000 in jewels and ornaments. A few days later, Ferdinand agreed to pay it all in cash ‘in order to show the new king how much more he loved him and how much more he valued his friendship than that of his father’.
27
TNA SP 1/1/18.
28
CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.10.
29
Not knowing of his death, Stile had written to Henry VII on 26 April warning that Ferdinand was so enraged by Katherine’s harsh treatment that he was considering a declaration of war against England (Ridley, p.40).
30
Four thousand Venetian troops were killed in a defeat inflicted by the French at the Battle of Agnadello, between Milan and Bergamo, on 14 May 1509.
31
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 1st ed., p.4.
32
The Doge and Senate to Andrea Badoer, Venice, 28 April 1509 (CSP Venice, vol. 1, p.345).
33
Doge and Senate to Badoer, Venice, 16 May 1509. CSP Venice, ibid., p.346.
34
CSP Venice, ibid., p.346.
35
In practice, the English king’s writ only ran within a forty-mile (64.37 km) area around Dublin.
36
Starkey, Henry VIII, p.13.
37
The population was forbidden to eat butter, cheese and meat during Lent and Advent and on Friday or Saturdays, without obtaining a licence on health grounds.
38
Muller, p.280.
39
‘Relation of England’, p.21.
40
Ibid., pp.42 – 3.
41
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xv, pp.572 – 5.
42
‘The Little Office’ or ‘Hours of Our Lady’ was customarily recited by the pious laity in the pre-Reformation church in England.
43
‘Relation of England’, pp.22 – 3.
44
‘Wriothesley Chronicle’, vol. 1, p.6.
45
‘Sanuto Diaries’, vol. 5, xvii, p.78.
46
‘Relation of England’, pp.24 – 5.
47
Chronicle of Calais, p.7.
48
TNA SP 1/1/11.
49
BL Arundel MS 26, f.28; Harley MS 6,079, f.31.
50
Anglo, Images, pp.100 – 1.
51
See C. Galvin and P. Lindley, ‘Pietro Torrigiano’s Portrait Bust of King Henry VII’ in Gothic to Renaissance: Essays on Sculpture in England, P. Lindley (ed.), Stamford, 1995, pp.170 – 87; R. P. Howgrave-Graham, ‘Royal Portraits in Effigy: Some New Discoveries in Westminster Abbey’, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, vol. 101 (1952 – 3), pp.465 – 71; and Frederick Hepburn, ‘The 1505 Portrait of Henry VII’, Antiquaries Journal, vol. 88 (2008), pp.235 – 6. The effigy remains in the museum of Westminster Abbey.
52
‘Fisher: Works’, vol. 1, pp.269 – 70.
53
Anglo, Images, pp.101 – 2.
54
The name is the origin of the vernacular phrase ‘in the clink’ – meaning being ‘in prison’.
55
Leland, vol. 4, p.309.
56
BL Harley MS 6,079, f.31.
57
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.31 – 2.
58
Groveley Forest remains the largest area of woodland in South Wiltshire. It is situated on a chalk ridge south of the village of Great Wishford, and lies within the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
59
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.11. A ‘corrody’ was provision for maintenance, given regularly by a religious house, rather like an annuity. Both preferments were available because of the death of James Braybroke.
60
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.30.
61
TNA SP 1/1/33. Darcy, the previous Captain of the Guard, acted in that capacity at Henry VII’s funeral. He received some compensation by soon after being elected a Knight of the Garter at a meeting of the order’s chapter at Greenwich (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.24).
62
Marney (c.1457 – 1523) had fought at Bosworth and Stoke Field and in the final campaign against Perkin Warbeck in 1497. He was also one of the witnesses to Henry’s protestation at the marriage with Katherine of Aragon. Marney was appointed Lord Privy Seal and created Baron Marney shortly before his death.
63
TNA SP 1/1/28.
64
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.24.
65
Ibid., p.11.
66
‘Correspondence de Fuensalida’, pp.519 – 20.
67
BL Cotton MS Vitellius B XII, f.123v – deposition of Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely, relating to Katherine’s marriage with Henry. He recalled a disagreement between Warham and Fox about the legality of the marriage.
68
Lambeth Palace MS CM 51/115. The parchment is sadly torn at its right-hand edge and has thirteen holes.
69
TNA SP 1/1/43 – Ferdinand of Spain to Katherine, Princess of Wales, 18 May 1509.
70
Starkey, Henry – Virtuous Prince, p.281. Thomas had previously been in the service of Prince Arthur, also as Groom of the Privy Chamber. He was clearly a new favourite of Henry’s; on 17 May he was appointed Keeper of Ockeley Park, Shropshire, and the same day appointed ‘troner and pieser’ in the port of London. This official oversaw the weighing of produce – rather like a modern-day trading standards inspector (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.29). The following year, he was made Keeper of Netherwood Park, Herefordshire (ibid., p.276).
71
Mattingly, p.97; Antonia Fraser, p.49.
72
TNA SP 1/1/45 – formal words pronounced at wedding of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon.
73
LP Henry VIII, vol. 6, p.169; CSP Spain, Supplement to vols. 1 and 2, p.450.
&nbs
p; 74
CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.20.
75
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.48 – 50.
76
BL Cotton MS Tiberius E VIII, f.100v.
77
Hayward, p.43.
78
Ibid., p.44.
79
Jones & Underwood, p.236.
80
Thomas & Thornley, pp.339 – 40.
81
My italics. LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.54.
82
Hall, p.508.
83
Ibid.
84
The London chronicler described her crown as a ‘circlet of silk, gold and pearl about her head’ (Thomas & Thornley, p.340).
85
Hall, p.508.
86
Thomas & Thornley, p.340.
87
Neville Williams, Henry VIII and his Court, p.15.
88
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.42.
89
Ibid., p.38.
90
The Coronation Chair was made on the orders of Edward I in 1300 – 1 to hold the captured Stone of Scone (on which Scottish kings were crowned) beneath its seat. The Stone was removed to Scotland in 1996. For coronations, the Chair is placed in the sacrarium, facing the abbey’s high altar.
91
‘Rutland Papers’, pp.14 – 15. This relates to the coronation of Henry VII, but the ritual of that day was closely followed for the crowning of his son, doubtless also in the wording of the oath.
92
BL Harley MS 6,079, f.21v.
93
BL Cotton MS Tiberius D VIII, f.89.
94
A vassal owing feudal allegiance and service to their sovereign lord.
95
BL Add. MS 6,113, f.72.
96
Hayward, p.44. During the coronation, she donned two sets of crimson and purple robes.
97
Antonia Fraser, p.50.
98
Miller, p.93.
99
Thomas & Thornley, pp.341 – 3.
100
Cheyneygates was originally part of the abbot’s house of the Benedictine monastery. During Edward IV’s reign, his queen Elizabeth Woodville probably lived at Cheyneygates when she sought sanctuary at Westminster. Later in Henry VIII’s reign, Sir Thomas More was detained there before his removal to the Tower. The rooms were badly damaged by German bombing in 1941 but have since been rebuilt.
101
BL Add. MS 12,060, f.23v.
102
H. F. Pearce, ‘The Death of Lady Margaret’ in Rackham, pp.15 – 20.
103
BL Add. MS 12,060, f.23v and Jones & Underwood, p.237.
104
Pole, vol. 4, pp.94 – 5. Pole said Henry boasted that ‘no other prince had in his kingdom a bishop so endowed with learning and virtue’ as John Fisher. The bishop himself said he was more bound to the king than others because Henry was born in his diocese and he had been confessor to his grandmother. Henry VIII still had Fisher beheaded for treason on Tower Hill on 22 June 1535.
105
‘Fisher: Works’, pp.291, 301.
CHAPTER 6: A GOLDEN WORLD
1
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.27.
2
Addressed to the ‘most serene and most mighty, Lord Ferdinand, by the grace of God, King of Aragon, Sicily and Jerusalem, our most beloved Father’ (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.20). Henry sent a similar account of the coronation to Cardinal Sixtus della Rovere that July, describing the ‘incredible demonstrations of joy and enthusiasm’ over the event (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.56).
3
BL Egerton MS 616, f.43. Endorsed: ‘pro Johanne Style’ – to be delivered by the English ambassador to Ferdinand.
4
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.118.
5
CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.20. Henry begged the king to assist in obtaining a legacy left to Mountjoy’s wife by Queen Isabella: ‘She has sent a power of attorney to some of her relatives.’
6
BL Egerton MS 616, f.45. A jennet is a small Spanish horse, which was ridden by light cavalrymen. Ferdinand was quick to respond: the English envoy John Stile reported in early September that ‘the king your good father has provided a certain goodly horse of this country’s jennets that he will send to be presented unto your highness’ (BL Cotton MS Vespasian C l, f.58v). The jennet and the other horses were sent by land (LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.89).
7
CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.21 – 2.
8
Ferdinand to Katherine, Queen of England; Mansilla, 18 November 1509 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, pp.25 – 6.
9
Henry to Ferdinand; Greenwich Palace, 1 November 1509 (CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.23).
10
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.1,473. When Maria married Lord Willoughby, Master of the Royal Hart Hounds, in June 1516, Katherine allowed her to use Greenwich Palace for the ceremony (Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court, p.32).
11
Vives (1493 – 1540) wrote a commentary on Augustine’s De Civitate Dei (‘The City of God’) published in 1522, dedicated to Henry VIII.
12
CSP Spain, vol. 2, p.24.
13
ibid., p.30.
14
Roper, p.11.
15
Allen & Allen, ‘Opus Epistolarum’, epistle 215; LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.27. Warham gave Erasmus a further £5.
16
Singer, p.79.
17
R. W. Chambers, p.169.
18
BL Cotton MS Titus D IV – quarto volume of 138 ff. The poems were published in print in 1518, as an addendum to the Froben edition of More’s Utopia; f.12v has an illustration with the Tudor rose, Katherine’s badge of the pomegranate and the Beaufort portcullis.
19
TNA E 36/228, f.7.
20
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 1st ed., p.30. It was increased by a further £20 a year from the treasury in July 1515. Luke was one of those gentry who were ordered to create an inventory of the disgraced Empson’s possessions in Northamptonshire.
21
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.1,444.
22
A tun of wine held 210 British gallons, or 954·68 litres. Was she a hard drinker or just a generous hostess to her guests?
23
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp.64 and 309.
24
Ibid., p.96.
25
Ibid., p.76.
26
Ibid., p.319.
27
Ibid., p.305.
28
Ibid., p.77; Greenwich, 25 July 1509. The following day Henry gave permission for the executors to found a perpetual chantry for one chaplain within the Collegiate Church of Wimborne, Dorset.
29
TNA SP 1/1/100. These estimates were drawn up during the last two years of Henry VII’s reign, but were endorsed by his son in December 1509. They were considerably less than the eventual cost of the work by Torrigiano.
30
Higgins, p.141. See also: R. F. Scott, ‘On the Contracts for the Tomb of the Lady Margaret Beaufort …’, Archæologia, vol. 66 (1915), pp.365 – 76.
31
Darcy (1467 – 1537) was later executed on 30 June 1537 for his role in the Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion in the North of England, despite a pardon and his plea that he had ‘never fainted or feigned’ in his service, at home or overseas, to the king or his father in more than fifty years.
32
LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 1st ed., p.29.
33
This is a piece of sixteenth-century black propaganda. Rhys ap Thomas (1448 – 1525) was a staunch supporter of Henry VII and is traditionally supposed to have killed Richard III at the end of the Battle of Bosworth. After his death, his tom
b was moved from the Augustinian priory at Carmarthen at the Dissolution of the Monasteries to St Peter’s Church, Carmarthen, where it remains. His grandson, Rhys ap Gruffudd (b.1509), was beheaded by Henry VIII for treason on 4 December 1531.
34
Allen & Allen, Letters of Richard Fox, pp.43 – 4.
35
BL Cotton MS Vespasian C XIV, f.106.
36
Sir William Bulmer was rebuked in 1519 for wearing the livery of Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, while he was in the king’s service, probably during the king’s visit to Buckingham’s seat at Penshurst, Kent, in August that year (Thiselton, p.12).
37
BL Cotton MS Titus A XIII , f.186. The force was reconstituted by Thomas Cromwell in December 1538 (BL Harley MS 6,807, f.25) under Sir Anthony Browne, later Master of the King’s Horse. These ‘Gentlemen Pensioners’ became the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms on 17 March 1834 and their forty members still accompany the sovereign on state occasions. Their captain is now a political appointment and is normally the government Chief Whip in the House of Lords (see Hutchinson, Thomas Cromwell, p.226).
38
CSP Venice, vol. 1, p.5; LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.75.
39
Neville (1471 – 1538), brother of George, Third Baron Abergavenny, was a close friend to both Henry and Katherine (Mattingly, p.160) and was an accomplished ballad singer. He occupied many positions at Henry VIII’s court – Esquire of the Body, Gentleman of the Privy Chamber, Master of the Hounds and Standard Bearer – but was beheaded for treason on 8 December 1538. Neville’s resemblance in looks created the unfounded rumour that he was a bastard son of Henry VII. During a masque at one of his banquets, Wolsey mistook Neville for the king (R. Sylvester, ‘Cardinal Wolsey’, pp.27 – 8). Many years later, Elizabeth I met Neville’s son Henry during a progress in Berkshire and greeted him jocularly with the words: ‘I am glad to see thee, brother Henry’ (Scarisbrick, Henry VIII, p.18, fn.).
40
Hall, p.513.
41
Kendal was a coarse woollen cloth, normally dyed green.
42
A buckler was a small round shield with a boss on the front and a handle behind.
43
Hall, p.513.
44
BL Add. MS 5,758, f.8; LP Henry VIII, vol. 1, 2nd ed., p.156.
45
BL Add. MS 21,481; Stowe MS 146, f.3.
46
1 Henry VIII, cap.7.
47
1 Henry VIII, cap.11.
48
1 Henry VIII, cap.13.
49
1 Henry VIII, cap.14.
50
1 Henry VIII, cap.12. See Elton, ‘A Restatement’, pp.7 – 10.
Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII Page 37